Influence of Milk Fat Higher in Unsaturated Fatty Acids on the Accuracy of Milk Fat Analyses by the Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Method

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 890-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
GENE A. STEGEMAN ◽  
ROBERT J. BAER ◽  
DAVID J. SCHINGOETHE ◽  
DAVID P. CASPER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopic

An experiment was conducted to investigate the reliability of milk fat measurement by the mid-infrared spectroscopic method when analyzing milk fat containing greater than normal amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. Sixteen mid-lactation Holstein cows were divided into four treatments including a control (C), control with bovine somatotropin (C+), bovine somatotropin and added dietary fat from sunflower seeds (Sun+), or bovine somatotropin and added dietary fat from safflower seeds (Saff+). Milks were sampled weekly for 16 weeks (n=256). Unsaturated fatty acid percentages in milk fat were 25.0, 28.4, 39.6, and 37.9 for C, C+, Sun+, and Saff+ treatments, respectively. Milk fat percentages measured by the Mojonnier fat extraction and mid-infrared spectroscopic methods were 2.99, 2.97; 3.06, 3.01; 2.73, 2.56; and 2.86, 2.74 for C, C+, Sun+, and Saff+ treatments, respectively. Results indicate the mid-infrared spectroscopic method underestimates the fat content in milk which is higher in unsaturated fatty acids. Dairy producers feeding diets with added fat from unsaturated fat sources may be underpaid for milk fat content when the milk is analyzed by the mid-infrared spectroscopic method. A possible remedy for this problem may be to have milk plants calibrate the mid-infrared spectroscopic instrument with milk samples containing higher than normal amounts of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat.

Fatty acid profile of milk from Nordestina donkey breed raised on Caatinga pasture

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Tayanna Bernardo Oliveira Nunes Messias ◽  
Susana Paula Alves ◽  
Rui José Branquinho Bessa ◽  
Marta Suely Madruga ◽  
Maria Teresa Bertoldo Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Donkey Milk ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Third ◽  
Commercial Viability

Abstract In this research communication we describe the composition of fatty acids (FA) present in the milk of the Nordestina donkey breed, and how they differ during lactation. Milk samples were taken from 24 multiparous lactating Nordestina donkeys that grazed the Caatinga, comprising 5 animals at each of around 30, 60 and 90 d in milk (DIM) and a further 9 animals ranging from 120 to 180 DIM. The milk fat content was analysed by mid infrared spectroscopy and the FA profile by gas chromatography. The milk fat percentage ranged from 0.45 to 0.61%. The main FA found in milk were 16:0 and 18:1c9. These did not differ among DIM classes and comprised 23% and 25% of total FA. Notably, the α-Linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) was the third most abundant FA and differed (P < 0.05) with DIM, being lowest in the 30 and 60 DIM samples (around 10.7% of total FA) and highest in the 60 and 90 DIM classes (around 14.6% of total FA). The low-fat content and the FA profile of the donkey milk gives it potential as a functional ingredient, which could help to preserve the commercial viability of the Nordestina donkey breed.

Alteration of the Fatty Acid Content of Milk Fat

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. BAER
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Stage Of Lactation

Milk fatty acid composition can be influenced by several factors, many of which are interactive. These include stage of lactation, seasonal variation, low milk fat syndrome, feeding, genetic variation, and changes in the energy status of the cow due to administration of bovine somatotropin. Utilization of feeding, genetic variation, and bovine somatotropin should produce a milk fat lower in saturated and higher in unsaturated fatty acids. This may be beneficial to consumers, as many health professionals are recommending diets lower in saturated fatty acids. Giving consumers the option of purchasing low saturated fatty acid dairy products may also assist in alleviating the current milk fat surplus in the dairy industry.

scholarly journals PRINCIPAIS ASPECTOS RELACIONADOS ÀS ALTERAÇÕES NO PERFIL DE ÁCIDOS GRAXOS NA GORDURA DO LEITE DE RUMINANTES

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.G. OLIVEIRA ◽  
J.M.C. SIMAS ◽  
F.A.P. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Cla Isomers ◽  
Lipid Supplementation ◽  
Stimulation Of

A busca por recursos que possibilitem aos animais atingir o seu potencial de produção é uma constante na área de pesquisa animal. A suplementação com lipídeos é uma estratégia que possibilita, além de benefícios ao desempenho animal, alterar características relacionadas principalmente ao perfil da gordura de produtos de origem animal. No entanto, os lipídeos fornecidos na dieta são modificados no rúmen sofrendo um processo de saturação através da lipólise e biohidrogenação, sendo esses os primeiros mecanismos de alteração dos ácidos graxos (AG) presentes na dieta. O aumento na proporção de ácidos graxos insaturados nos produtos de origem animal, em especial o ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA), está diretamente ligados à manipulação do ambiente ruminal, assim como outros recursos que propiciem uma sua maior incorporação. A produção dos isômeros de CLA no rúmen é altamente dependente do ambiente ruminal, onde dietas que causem uma redução no pH ruminal podem se constituir em estratégia para a proteção de fontes suplementares de lipídeos insaturados (óleos) contra a biohidrogenação. São atribuídas diferentes funções no organismo aos isômeros de CLA, sendo ao cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 a responsabilidade pela inibição no crescimento de tumores, redução de doenças cardiovasculares e estímulo ao sistema imune, enquanto os isômeros cis-8, trans- 10 C18:2 e trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 possuem ação sobre determinadas enzimas responsáveis pela síntese de gordura na glândula mamária, reduzindo assim sua produção e concentração no leite. Main aspects related to changes in the profile of fatty acids in ruminant milk fat Abstract The search for resources that allow animals to reach their production potential is constant in animal research. Lipid supplementation is a strategy that, besides enhancing animal performance, also changes characteristics related to the fat profile of animal products. However, lipids supplied by the diet are submitted to changes, undergoing saturation through lipolysis and biohydrogenation, which are the first mechanisms of change of the dietary fatty acids (FA). The increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in animal products, particularly of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is directly related to the manipulation of the rumen environment, as well as other resources allowing its higher incorporation. The production of CLA isomers is largely dependent on the ruminal environment, where diets causing pH reduction may be used as a strategy to protect unsaturated fat (oil) supplements against biohydrogenation. Different functions are attributed to CLA isomers in the organism: cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 is responsible for the inhibition of tumors, reduction of cardiovascular diseases, and stimulation of the immune system, whereas cis-8, trans-10 C18:2 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 act on some enzymes that are responsible for fat synthesis in the mammary gland, thus reducing their production and concentration in the milk.

Relative impact of α-tocopherol, copper and fatty acid composition on the occurrence of oxidized milk flavour

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 302-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Juhlin ◽  
Freddy Fikse ◽  
Anne Lundén ◽  
Jana Pickova ◽  
Sigrid Agenäs
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Relative Impact ◽  
Oxidative Process ◽  
Unsaturated Fat

The oxidative process in milk fat, resulting in spontaneous oxidized off-flavour (SOF), is commonly assumed to depend on contents of pro- and antioxidants in milk and availability of fatty acids acting as their substrate. An important antioxidant in milk is α-tocopherol whereas the most potent prooxidant is the metal ion copper. The separate effects of α-tocopherol, copper, and milk fatty acid profile, and their combined effect on SOF development were examined in milk from 44 multiparous cows fed different roughage types and different amounts of dietary, unsaturated fat. A clear association between concentrations of copper and poly-unsaturated fatty acids in milk and the risk for developing SOF was found. Heritability estimates suggest that occurrence of SOF is partly under genetic control which indicates that milk quality may be compromised if breeding bulls are selected that carry genotypes predisposing for milk prone to develop SOF.

scholarly journals Daytime Grazing in Mountainous Areas Increases Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Decreases Cortisol in the Milk of Holstein Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3122
Author(s):  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Bae-Hun Lee ◽  
Ji-Yung Kim ◽  
Kyung-Il Sung ◽  
Hong-Gu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Lactating Cows

The effects of grazing lactating cows in mountainous areas for 12 and 24 h compared with the confined indoor system were evaluated by examining the overall milk fatty acid and cortisol. Twenty-one dairy cows were allocated to three treatment groups: (1) control (confined management system in a free-stall barn; TMR based), (2) grazing for 12 h (12hG; TMR plus grazing pasture), and (3) grazing for 24 h (24hG; pasture-based feeding system). Dry matter intake was higher in the control and 12hG groups than in the 24hG group. The yields of total milk and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk were the lowest in the 24hG group. Milk fat was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in 12hG compared with the control group. Milk protein and lactose levels were the highest in the 12hG group. The highest somatic cell count was observed in the 24hG group. The saturated fatty acid levels were higher in the control group compared with the 12hG and 24hG groups. There was no difference in overall mono-unsaturated fatty acids between 12hG and 24hG groups. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group compared with the control and 24hG groups. There was no difference in omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids among the groups, and omega-3 fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group than in the control group. Milk cortisol was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in the control group compared with the 12hG group. Taken together, grazing for 12 h is advisable for farms that have access to mountainous areas to improve the milk fatty acid profile and decrease the stress levels in high-yielding Holstein lactating cows.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary fat quantity and composition on fasting and postprandial levels of coagulation factor VII and serum choline-containing phospholipids

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Schou Lindman ◽  
Hanne Müller ◽  
Ingebjørg Seljeflot ◽  
Hans Prydz ◽  
Marit Veierød ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Coagulation Factor Vii ◽  
Low Fat Diet

Dietary fat influences plasma levels of coagulation factor VII (FVII) and serum phospholipids (PL). It is, however, unknown if the fat-mediated changes in FVII are linked to PL. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary fat on fasting and postprandial levels of activated FVII (FVIIa), FVII coagulant activity (FVIIc), FVII protein (FVIIag) and choline-containing PL (PC). In a randomized single-blinded crossover-designed study a high-fat diet (HSAFA), a low-fat diet (LSAFA), both rich in saturated fatty acids, and a high-fat diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) were consumed for 3 weeks. Twenty-five healthy females, in which postprandial responses were studied in a subset of twelve, were included. The HSAFA diet resulted in higher levels of fasting FVIIa and PC compared with the LSAFA and the HUFA diets (all comparisonsP≤0·01). The fasting PC levels after the LSAFA diet were also higher than after the HUFA diet (P<0·001). Postprandial levels of FVIIa and PC were highest on the HSAFA diet and different from LSAFA and HUFA (all comparisonsP≤0·05). Postprandial FVIIa was higher on the HUFA compared with the LSAFA diet (P<0·03), whereas the HUFA diet resulted in lower postprandial levels of PC than the LSAFA diet (P<0·001). Significant correlations between fasting levels of PC and FVIIc were found on all diets, whereas FVIIag was correlated to PC on the HSAFA and HUFA diet. The present results indicate that dietary fat, both quality and quantity, influences fasting and postprandial levels of FVIIa and PC. Although significant associations between fasting FVII and PC levels were found, our results do not support the assumption that postprandial FVII activation is linked to serum PC.

scholarly journals The Effect of CLA-Rich Isomerized Poppy Seed Oil on the Fat Level and Fatty Acid Profile of Cow and Sheep Milk

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bodkowski ◽  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Anna Wyrostek ◽  
Paulina Cholewińska ◽  
Ewa Sokoła-Wysoczańska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Poppy Seed ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Δ9 Desaturase

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of isomerized poppy seed oil (IPO) enriched with conjugated dienes of linoleic acid (CLA) on cow and sheep milk parameters (fat content, fatty acid profile, Δ9-desaturase index, and atherogenic index). The process of poppy seed oil alkaline isomerization caused the formation of CLA isomers with cis-9,trans-11, trans-10,cis-12, and cis-11,trans-13 configurations in the amounts of 31.2%, 27.6%, and 4.1% of total fatty acids (FAs), respectively. Animal experiments were conducted on 16 Polish Holstein Friesian cows (control (CTRL) and experimental (EXP), n = 8/group) and 20 East Friesian Sheep (CTRL and EXP, n = 10/group). For four weeks, animals from EXP groups received the addition of IPO in the amount of 1% of dry matter. Milk was collected three times: on days 7, 14, and 30. Diet supplementation with IPO decrease milk fat content (p < 0.01). Milk fat from EXP groups had higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including FAs with beneficial biological properties, that is, CLA and TVA (p < 0.01), and lower levels of saturated fatty acids, particularly short- (p < 0.01) and medium-chain FAs (p < 0.05). The addition of IPO led to a decrease in the atherogenic index.

scholarly journals The Mode of Grass Supply to Dairy Cows Impacts on Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Profile of Milk

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1256
Author(s):  
Senén De La Torre-Santos ◽  
Luis J. Royo ◽  
Adela Martínez-Fernández ◽  
Cristina Chocarro ◽  
Fernando Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Zero Grazing

The optimization of milk production includes a rational use of forages, respect for the environment and offers the best quality to consumers. Milk production based on grass and forages produces healthier milk and it is widely spread throughout the Atlantic arc to maximize milk yield per hectare. However, the mode of offering the grass can have a major influence on milk composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grass supply mode (grazing, zero-grazing or ensiling) on dairy cows’ performance, with particular reference to fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants concentration. A three by three Latin square experiment was performed with 18 dairy cows. Experimental treatments consisted of exclusive feeding with grass silage and zero-grazing, both offered ad libitum indoors, or grazing for 24 h. The results showed that grazing cows had a higher dry matter intake and greater milk yield than cows feeding on grass silage and zero-grazing, as well as higher concentrations of protein, lactose, nonfat-solids and urea in milk than housed cows. Milk fat from grazing cows had a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than from cows feeding on grass silage and zero-grazing, with significant differences in the proportion of vaccenic and rumenic acids. The 18:1 trans-11 to 18:1 trans-10 ratio is proposed as biomarker to identify the milk produced from the management system of grazing cattle. Milk from grazing cows had a greater proportion of lutein than cows eating grass silage, with the zero-grazing system having intermediate values. In conclusion, the mode of grass supply affects fatty acid and antioxidant profiles of milk.

Effect of dietary fat supplements on levels of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids,transacids and conjugated linoleic acid in bovine milk

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Offer ◽  
M. Marsden ◽  
J. Dixon ◽  
B. K. Speake ◽  
F. E. Thacker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Trans Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fat Supplements

AbstractThe effects of three fat supplements on milk yield and composition were measured using 12 mid-lactation in-calf Hoistein-Friesian cows in a balanced incomplete change-over design over three periods each of 3 weeks. All cows received a basal diet consisting of 36 kg/day grass silage (dry matter (DM) 270 g/kg, metabolizable energy (ME) 11·6 MJ/kg DM) and 7 kg/day o f a concentrate mixture containing (g/kg) rolled barley (501), molassed sugar-beet pulp shreds (277), soya-bean meal (208) and a standard cow mineral supplement (14). Treatments were CON (control-no supplement); LIN and FISH (250 gl day of either linseed oil or marine oil, providing approximately 0·046 of ME intake) or TOA (95 glday of tuna orbital oil, providing 0·018 of total ME intake).There were no significant effects on silage DM intake or milk yield (means 9·25 and 17·2 kg/day respectively). The FISH and TOA treatments depressed (F < 0·05) milk fat concentration (45·4, 44·6, 34·5 and 41·6 (s.e.d. 1·08) g/kg for CON, LIN, FISH and TOA respectively; note — the same treatment order is used for all results quoted). Compared with values for CON, yield of f at (glday) was significantly (F < 0·05) greater for LIN and significantly lower for FISH (739, 808, 572 and 732, s.e.d. 28·7). All three oil supplements reduced (F < 0·05) milk protein content (33·6, 32·5, 30·6 and 32·4 (s.e.d. 0·43) g/kg) but, apart from a small increase for LIN, protein yield (glday) was unaffected (545, 586, 510 and 574, s.e.d. 20·2).The concentrations (g/100 g) of short-chain fatty acids (< C14) and C16 : 0 in milk f at were lower (F < 0·05) for LIN than for the other treatments. All supplements increased the concentrations ofC18:1 (F < 0·05), the value for LIN being greater (F < 0·05) than for the other treatments (21·0, 27·2, 25·3 and 23·7, s.e.d. 0·74). The FISH and TOA treatments increased (F < 0·05) the concentrations of long chain (< C2O) (n-3) poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), (0·19, 0·17, 0·49 and 0·27, s.e.d. 0·026) but less than proportionately 0·03 of dietary intake of these acids was transferred to milk, probably because they were found to be mostly in the phospholipid and cholesterol ester fractions of plasma. The FISH and TOA treatments increased (F < 0·05) the percentages of total trans fatty acids in milk fat (1·13, 2·19, 10·26 and 3·62, s.e.d. 0·728) whilst a significant (F < 0·05) increase in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was observed only for FISH (0·16, 0·28, 1·55, and 0·52, s.e.d. 0·154). Concentrations of CLA and total trans acids in milk were highly correlated (r = 0·91, no. =36, F < 0·001) whilst trans acids in milk were inversely correlated with milk fat content (r = -0·63, no. = 36, F < 0·001) supporting the theory that milk fat depression may be caused by increased supply of trans fatty acids to the mammary gland. The health implications of these changes in milk fat composition are discussed.

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