Cryptosporidium and Giardia as Agents of Foodborne Disease

Infections by the protozoan parasites of the genera Cryptosporidium and Giardia can be asymptomatic or cause gastroenteritis in immunocompetent people. However, in immunocompromised individuals, the infections can be more severe and even life threatening. Both parasites are common waterborne pathogens, but on occasion they may be foodborne or transmitted by body contact. In this review, several aspects of Cryptosporidium and Giardia are discussed including their life cycles, resistance to physical and chemical agents, routes of transmission to humans, the nature of the disease caused by the parasites, and detection of the organisms in water, feces, and food. Documented incidents in which Cryptosporidium or Giardia contaminated foods were implicated as cause of gastroenteritis are discussed to illustrate conditions leading to foodborne outbreaks and to suggest means of prevention and control of the parasites when present in foods.

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Yeast killer systems.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.10.3.369 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 369-400 ◽

Cited By ~ 228

Author(s):

W Magliani ◽

S Conti ◽

M Gerloni ◽

D Bertolotti ◽

L Polonelli

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Biological Significance ◽

Fungal Diseases ◽

Idiotypic Network ◽

Widespread Occurrence ◽

Practical Applications ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Yeast Killer ◽

And Control

The killer phenomenon in yeasts has been revealed to be a multicentric model for molecular biologists, virologists, phytopathologists, epidemiologists, industrial and medical microbiologists, mycologists, and pharmacologists. The surprisingly widespread occurrence of the killer phenomenon among taxonomically unrelated microorganisms, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens, has engendered a new interest in its biological significance as well as its theoretical and practical applications. The search for therapeutic opportunities by using yeast killer systems has conceptually opened new avenues for the prevention and control of life-threatening fungal diseases through the idiotypic network that is apparently exploited by the immune system in the course of natural infections. In this review, the biology, ecology, epidemiology, therapeutics, serology, and idiotypy of yeast killer systems are discussed.

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Organizational culture and its implications on infection prevention and control

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v5i10.15644 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 865-868

Author(s):

R Baral

Keyword(s):

Organizational Culture ◽

Hand Hygiene ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Hospital Acquired Infection ◽

Hygiene Practices ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Hospital Acquired ◽

And Control

The hospital acquired infections are becoming common in our hospitals lately. These infections are difficult to treat and maybe life threatening. Hospital acquired infection can be minimized or eradicated by good Infection Prevention and Control guidelines and good hand hygiene practices. The success of Infection Prevention and Control guidelines program in any hospital is largely impacted by the organizational culture. In any health care setting the management is challenged by the organizational culture to change of any kind. Where implementation of Infection Prevention and Control guidelines program is easily implemented in some hospitals it is very difficult in others. Moreover, hand hygiene is not only biomedical practice but also has more behavioral factors.

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Utility of Clinical-Epidemiological Profiles in Outbreaks of Foodborne Disease, Catalonia, 2002 through 2006

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-73.1.125 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 125-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. DOMÍNGUEZ ◽

S. BRONER ◽

N. TORNER ◽

A. MARTÍNEZ ◽

J. M. JANSÀ ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Foodborne Disease ◽

Contributing Factors ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Outbreak Investigations ◽

And Control

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of clinical-epidemiological profiles for classifying non–laboratory-confirmed outbreaks of foodborne disease (FBD) in Catalonia between 2002 and 2006 and for elucidating associations among factors contributing to these outbreaks. A total of 275 nonfamily outbreaks were studied, of which 190 (69.1%) were laboratory confirmed and 85 (30.9%) were not. In 176 (92.6%) of laboratory-confirmed outbreaks and 69 (81.2%) of non–laboratory-confirmed outbreaks, information was obtained on contributing factors (P = 0.009). In 72% of non–laboratory-confirmed outbreaks, the etiology was assigned by using clinical-epidemiological profiles; thus, 93% of outbreaks eventually were associated with an etiology. In laboratory-confirmed outbreaks, poor personal hygiene was positively associated with norovirus (odds ratio [OR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47 to 4.89; P = 0.0007) and negatively associated with Salmonella and Campylobacter (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.89; P = 0.01), and an unsafe source was positively associated with Salmonella and Campylobacter (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.72 to 10.09; P = 0.001) and negatively associated with norovirus (OR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.58; P = 0.001). No differences were found among contributing factors associated with outbreaks with a laboratory-confirmed etiology and those associated with outbreaks with an etiology assigned according to the clinical-epidemiological profiles. Clinical-epidemiological profiles are useful for determining what prevention and control strategies are appropriate to the agents involved in each community and for designing outbreak investigations.

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Human Listeria monocytogenes infections in Europe - an opportunity for improved European surveillance

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.13.13.08082-en ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 9-10

Author(s):

J Denny ◽

J McLauchlin

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Listeria Monocytogenes ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Summary Report ◽

Surveillance Network ◽

Eu Member States ◽

Zoonotic Infections ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks ◽

And Control

The 2006 Community Summary Report from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) was published recently with the latest trends and figures on the occurrence of zoonotic infections and agents, antimicrobial resistance and foodborne outbreaks in the then 25 European Union (EU) Member States and five non-EU countries. This article seeks to expand further upon reports of human listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes infections) and changes in the epidemiology of this disease, in order to inform of important developments as they relate to an opportunity for the establishment of a formalised listeriosis surveillance network in Europe.

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A REVIEW ON THE FIFTH PANDEMIC: CORONAVIRUS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i12.39823 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 25-31

Author(s):

KAUR NAVDEEP ◽

KAUR SIMRANPREET ◽

KAUR MANJINDER

Keyword(s):

Prevention And Control ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Young Generation ◽

The Novel ◽

Human Coronavirus ◽

Appropriate Treatment ◽

The World ◽

Life Threatening ◽

And Control

Since the 1918 flu pandemic, the novel human coronavirus outbreak COVID-19 has been the fifth known pandemic. COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China, and later spread across the world. It is an infectious disease caused by the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) extreme acute respiratory syndrome virus. The patients exhibit flu-like symptoms, including dry cough, sore throat, high fever, and trouble in breathing. Despite too much affords, there is no appropriate treatment or medication which is a successful COVID-19 therapy. A variety of candidate drugs are being used for the treatment and reviewed. This involves clinically accessible medications that are being repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19, such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and lopinavir/ritonavir. This review describes the different aspects of corona such as history, origin and spread, its types, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and precautions. This review makes us understand what type of virus is this and how we can take precautions to protect us from this life-threatening virus. There is an immediate need to prepare our young generation to fight against any such catastrophe in the future, if any, of science and technology. There is no reason to worry and to fight this epidemic, careful prevention and control are necessary. This article can help to create public awareness, knowledge, avoiding, handling, and treating COVID-19.

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Public Health Aspects of Cream-filled Pastries. A Review

Journal of Milk and Food Technology ◽

10.4315/0022-2747-39.4.289 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 289-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

FRANK L. BRYAN

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Food Processing ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Food Service ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

The United States ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Foodborne Disease ◽

Activity Temperature ◽

And Control

In the United States foodborne disease outbreaks for which cream-filled pastry was identified as the vehicle have declined from 17.8% in the 1930's to 2.3% in the 1970's. Cream fillings or cream-filled pastries were usually contaminated with staphylococci and Salmonella typhi by workers and with salmonellae by ingredients such as eggs and milk. These contaminants multiplied as a result of favorable nutrients, water activity, temperature, and pH; and they survived the effects of competing organisms and processes. Prevention and control of such outbreaks have been based on formulating the product so it will not support bacterial growth, using pathogen-free ingredients, thorough cooking and reheating, sanitary handling of fillings and finished pastry, rapid cooling and storing at low temperature, establishing microbiological standards for the finished products, training food-processing and food-service personnel, and educating the consumer to refrigerate products after purchase.

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Citrobacter freundii Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Related to Environmental Conditions in Yazd Province, Iran

Iranian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.18502/ijph.v48i6.2919 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Farzaneh AMINHARATI ◽

Mohammad Hassan EHRAMPOUSH ◽

Mohammad Mehdi SOLTAN DALLAL ◽

Mehdi YASERI ◽

Abbas Ali DEHGHANI TAFTI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

Citrobacter Freundii ◽

Foodborne Disease ◽

Multilevel Regression ◽

The Public ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks ◽

Health Surveillance Data ◽

And Control

Background: The aim of this study was to assess associations of Citrobacter freundii foodborne outbreaks with environmental factors in various regions of Yazd Province, Iran, 2012–2016. Methods: The public health surveillance data were used for one period of five years reported foodborne disease outbreaks in various regions of the Province. Multilevel regression statistical method was used to analyze associations of climatic and demographic variables with outbreaks. Significant associations were tested using likelihood ratio tests. Results: Results showed a significant association between C. freundii outbreaks and air dust conditions, age groups and various regional cities. Conclusion: The current study revealed necessity of etiologic agent identification for use in foodborne disease outbreak guidance in future outbreaks. Systemic surveillance schemes can help prevent and control similar scenarios using reports of environmental effects on foodborne disease outbreaks.

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Human Factors Engineering Contributions to Infection Prevention and Control

Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society ◽

10.1177/0018720819833214 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 693-701 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Frank A. Drews ◽

Lindsay C. Visnovsky ◽

Jeanmarie Mayer

Keyword(s):

Human Factors ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Infection Prevention ◽

Infection Prevention And Control ◽

Future Research ◽

Human Factors Engineering ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Current Infection ◽

Healthcare Associated ◽

And Control

Objective: This article provides a review of areas that present significant challenges in infection prevention and control and describes human factors engineering (HFE) approaches that have been applied successfully to these areas. In addition, implications and recommendations for HFE use in future research are discussed. Background: Infection prevention and control aims to prevent patients and health care personnel from acquiring preventable infections in healthcare. Effective infection control practices of healthcare-associated infections have recently become even more critical with the emergence of life-threatening infections. HFE could benefit infection prevention and control in addressing older and more recent challenges, but uptake has been limited. Method/Results: This literature review is an integration and synthesis of recently published research that describes HFE-based approaches in infection prevention and control to address the challenges for three specific topics. The results of the review suggests that HFE is in a position to support work in infection prevention and control and improve overall healthcare safety. Conclusion: HFE provides conceptual frameworks and methods that have significant potential to improve infection prevention and control. Application: The work reviewed can provide potential solutions for current infection prevention and control challenges by applying HFE based recommendations.

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