scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology and Resistance Profile of Salmonella Isolated from Chicken, Pork and the Environment at Abattoirs and Supermarkets in Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Jiali Jiang ◽  
Chao Ye ◽  
Jianhua Xie ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Background: Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, causing outbreaks of human salmonellosis worldwide. Owing to large scales of consumption markets, pork and poultry that contaminated by Salmonella could pose a tremendous threat to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of Salmonella from chicken, pork and the environment in slaughtering and retail processes in Chongqing, China. Results: A total of 115 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 1112 samples collected from pork, chicken and the environment. Compared with the isolation rate of samples from chicken (9.50%) and the environment (6.23%), samples from pork had a significant higher isolation rate (44.00%). The isolation rates in slaughterhouses (10.76%) and in supermarkets (10.07%) showed no statistical different. 30 different serotypes were identified among all the isolates. S. Derby (n=26), S. London (n=16) and S. Rissen (n=12) were the dominant serotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 73.04% isolates were resistant to tetracycline, followed by 66.96% to ampicillin and 59.13% to doxycycline. More than half (50.43%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), and most of the MDR isolates were from supermarkets. Multilocus sequence typing results showed 24 out of 115 isolates were ST40, which was the most prevalent. Furthermore, isolates from supermarkets had 20 different sequence types while isolates from slaughterhouses only had 8 different sequence types. Conclusion: Our study highlighted that Salmonella was more frequently isolated in pork production chain than that of chicken. Compared with isolates from slaughterhouses, isolates from supermarkets had more MDR profiles and represented a wider range of serotypes and sequence types, indicating that the retail process had more diverse sources of Salmonella contamination than that of slaughtering process.

scholarly journals Genotypic characterization and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolated from chicken, pork and the environment at abattoirs and supermarkets in Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Jiali Jiang ◽  
Chao Ye ◽  
Jianhua Xie ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Profile ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Background Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, causing outbreaks of human salmonellosis worldwide. Owing to large scales of consumption markets, pork and poultry that contaminated by Salmonella could pose a tremendous threat to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of Salmonella from chicken, pork and the environment in slaughtering and retail processes in Chongqing, China. Results A total of 115 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 1112 samples collected from pork, chicken and the environment. Compared with the isolation rate of samples from chicken (9.50%) and the environment (6.23%), samples from pork had a significant higher isolation rate (44.00%). The isolation rates in slaughterhouses (10.76%) and in supermarkets (10.07%) showed no statistical difference. Thirty different serotypes were identified among all the isolates. S. Derby (n = 26), S. London (n = 16) and S. Rissen (n = 12) were the dominant serotypes. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 73.04% isolates were resistant to tetracycline, followed by 66.96% to ampicillin and 59.13% to doxycycline. More than half (50.43%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), and most of the MDR isolates were from supermarkets. Multilocus sequence typing results showed 24 out of 115 isolates were ST40, which was the most prevalent. Furthermore, isolates from supermarkets had 20 different sequence types while isolates from slaughterhouses only had 8 different sequence types. Conclusion Our study highlighted that Salmonella was more frequently isolated in pork production chain than that in chicken. Compared with isolates from slaughterhouses, isolates from supermarkets had more MDR profiles and represented a wider range of serotypes and sequence types, indicating that the retail process had more diverse sources of Salmonella contamination than that of slaughtering process.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Relatedness of Salmonella Isolated from Chicken, Pork and the Environment at Abattoirs and Supermarkets in Chongqing, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Chen ◽  
Jiali Jiang ◽  
Chao Ye ◽  
Jianhua Xie ◽  
Xia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Background: Salmonella is one of the most important foodborne pathogens, causing outbreaks of human salmonellosis worldwide. Owing to large scales of consumption markets, pork and poultry that contaminated by Salmonella could pose a tremendous threat to public health. The aim of this study was to investigate the contamination of Salmonella from chicken, pork and the environment in slaughtering and retailing segments in Chongqing, China. Results: A total of 115 Salmonella isolates were recovered from 1122 samples, with 10.76% (47/437) in slaughterhouses and 10.07% (68/675) in supermarkets. 30 different serotypes were identified, in which S. Derby, S. London and S. Rissen were mostly detected. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance genes verification were carried out to investigate the relationship between phenotypes and genotypes. Altogether, 75.65% isolates showed resistance to tetracycline, followed by 60.87% to doxycycline and 69.5% to ampicillin. More than half (50.43%) of the isolates were multidrug resistant, which were mostly from supermarkets (P<0.05). According to antibiotic resistance genes detection results, a high correlation between antibiotic phenotypes and genotypes was presented by lactam-, tetracycline-, and sulfonamide-resistant isolates. Multilocus sequence typing results showed 24 out of 115 isolates were ST40, which was the most prevalent. Furthermore, isolates from supermarkets (n=15) had more sequence types than that in slaughterhouses (n=3). Conclusion: Our study highlighted the fact that Salmonella contamination were more severe in pork production chain than that of chicken. Isolation rates were similar in slaughterhouses and supermarkets for both pork and chicken, but isolates from supermarkets had more MDR profiles and represented a wide range of serotypes and sequence types, indicating that more diverse sources of contamination in retailing.

scholarly journals Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, China

AMB Express ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Li ◽  
Jian Yin ◽  
Zheng Li ◽  
Zewei Li ◽  
Yuanzhao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

AbstractSalmonella is an important food-borne pathogen associated with public health and high economic losses. To investigate the prevalence and the characteristics of Salmonella in a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, a total of 80 Salmonella isolates were isolated from 459 (17.43%) samples in 2016–2017. S. Derby (35/80, 43.75%) was the most prevalent, followed by S. Rissen (16/80, 20.00%) and S. Newlands (11/80, 13.75%). The highest rates of susceptibility were observed to cefoxitin (80/80, 100.0%) and amikacin (80/80, 100.0%), followed by aztreonam (79/80, 98.75%) and nitrofurantoin (79/80, 98.75%). The highest resistance rate was detected for tetracycline (65/80, 81.25%), followed by ampicillin (60/80, 75.00%), bactrim (55/80, 68.75%), and sulfisoxazole (54/80, 67.50%). Overall, 91.25% (73/80) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 71.25% (57/80) of the isolate strains were multidrug resistant in the antimicrobial susceptibility tested. In addition, 86.36% (19/22) of the 22 antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates were identified. Our data indicated that the resistance to certain antimicrobials was significantly associated, in part, with antimicrobial resistance genes. Furthermore, 81.25% (65/80) isolates harbored the virulence gene of mogA, of which 2 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates carried the mogA, spvB and spvC virulence genes at the same time. The results showed that swine products in the slaughterhouse were contaminated with multidrug resistant Salmonella commonly, especially some isolates carry the spv virulence genes. The virulence genes might facilitate the dissemination of the resistance genes to consumers along the production chain, suggesting the importance of controlling Salmonella during slaughter for public health.

scholarly journals Prevalence and molecular characterization ofSalmonella entericaisolates throughout an integrated broiler supply chain in China

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (14) ◽  
pp. 2989-2999 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. REN ◽  
M. LI ◽  
C. XU ◽  
K. CUI ◽  
Z. FENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Similarity Threshold ◽  
Different Parts

SUMMARYA total of 1145 samples were collected from chicken breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, a slaughterhouse and retail refrigerated chicken stores in an integrated broiler supply chain in Guangdong Province, China, in 2013. One-hundred and twoSalmonella entericastrains were isolated and subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence profile determination and molecular subtyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The contamination rates in samples from breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, the slaughterhouse and retail stores were 1·46%, 4·31%, 7·00%, 62·86% and 54·67%, respectively. The isolated strains ofS. entericabelonged to 10 serotypes; most of them wereS. Weltevreden (46·08%, 47/102) andS. Agona (18·63%, 19/102). Isolates were frequently resistant to streptomycin (38·2%), tetracycline (36·3%), sulfisoxazole (35·3%) and gentamicin (34·3%); 31·4% of isolates were multidrug resistant. The isolates were screened for 10 virulence factors. TheSalmonellapathogenicity island genesavrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, andsopBand the fimbrial genebcfCwere present in 100% of the strains. PFGE genotyping of the 102S. entericaisolates yielded 24 PFGE types at an 85% similarity threshold. The PFGE patterns show that the genotypes ofS. entericain the production chain are very diverse, but some strains have 100% similarity in different parts of the production chain, which indicates that someS. entericapersist throughout the broiler supply chain.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from broilers in Shandong, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaonan Zhao ◽  
Ming Hu ◽  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Cui Zhao ◽  
Yin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Mlst Analysis ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Sequence Types

Abstract Background Salmonella spp. are one of the most important foodborne bacterial pathogens in human beings and animals. The prevalence of Salmonella from broilers in Shandong, China and antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates was determined. Results From May to October 2018, 600 samples collected, 67 Salmonella isolates were recovered with an isolation rate of 11.2%. The most common serovars were S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium. The highest incidence of resistance observed were for PB (100%), and AMP (68.7%), and the MDR Salmonella isolate rate was 53.7%. Four β-lactamase genes were detected among the isolates, all the isolates carried bla TEM (67/67, 100%), followed by bla OXA (19/67, 28.4%), bla CTX-M (17/67, 25.4%), and bla PSE (7/67, 10.4%); four plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were detected among the isolates, the prevalent resistance genes was aac(6’)-Ib-cr (18/67, 26.9%), followed by oqxB (9/67, 13.4%), qnrB (6/67, 9.0%), and qnrD (1/67, 1.5%); the prevalent rate of mcr -1 was 6.0%(4/67). Class 1 integrons were detected in 26.9% of these isolates and contained seven groups of resistance gene cassettes. MLST analysis revealed seven sequence types, and ST11 was the most frequent sequence types. Conclusions This study indicated that reduction of Salmonella and strict control on the use of antibiotics in more than 5000 million broilers in Shandong are the vitally important measure to keep public health.

scholarly journals In Vitro Activity of Plazomicin Compared to Amikacin, Gentamicin, and Tobramycin against Multidrug-Resistant Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim A. Fleischmann ◽  
Kerryl E. Greenwood-Quaintance ◽  
Robin Patel
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
In Vitro Activity ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
European Committee ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT The worldwide spread of multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales is a serious threat to public health. Here, we compared the MICs of plazomicin, amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin against 303 multinational multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli. We followed Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines and applied CLSI breakpoints as well as those of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) for amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin and of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for plazomicin. Overall, the highest percentage of susceptible isolates (80.2%) was demonstrated for plazomicin, which had the lowest MIC50 (1 μg/ml) of the aminoglycosides studied. Of the 42 isolates resistant to plazomicin, 34 had MICs of ≥128 μg/ml, with 33 of the 34 having MICs of >128 μg/ml for amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Among the 42 blaNDM-positive isolates, 35.7% were plazomicin susceptible, with the percentage of isolates susceptible to amikacin being 38.1% or 35.7% when applying the CLSI or EUCAST breakpoint, respectively. The 20 blaOXA-48-like-positive isolates showed 50.0% susceptibility to plazomicin. Among 35 isolates with blaCTX-M as their only characterized resistance mechanism, 68.6% were plazomicin susceptible, while the percentage susceptible to amikacin was 74.3% or 62.9% when applying the CLSI or EUCAST breakpoint, respectively. Among the 117 blaKPC-positive isolates, 94.9% were susceptible to plazomicin, whereas when the CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints were applied, 43.6% and 25.6%, respectively, were susceptible to amikacin; 56.4% and 44.4%, respectively, were susceptible to gentamicin; and 5.1% and 4.3%, respectively, were susceptible to tobramycin.

NGHIÊN CỨU SỰ NHẠY CẢM VỚI KHÁNG SINH CỦA MỘT SỐ CHỦNG VI KHUẨN GÂY VIÊM ĐƯỜNG HÔ HẤP CẤP Ở TRẺ EM DƯỚI 6 TUỔI TẠI BỆNH VIỆN NHI THANH HÓA 2009 - 2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoai Do Ngoc
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Isolation Rate

From 43.574 fluid nasopharynx speciments of  the chidren inpatient under six we isolated total 21.769 types bacteria with isolation rate : 49.95%. In which the highest isolation rate for H. influenza, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis were 13,94%; 7,11%; 1,43% respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing shown all the types of  for H. influenza, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis good susses to Fosphomycine, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis good susses to Imipenem, H. influenza good susses to Azithromycine, S. pneumoniae good susses to Penicilline and Piperacilline, M. catarrhalis good susses to Tobramycine and Ofloxacine. All of  H. influenza, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis were reported resistance to Tri/Sulpha, Chloramphenicol, Erythromycine in high rate.

scholarly journals Expanding U.S. Laboratory Capacity for Neisseria gonorrhoeae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Whole-Genome Sequencing through the CDC's Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen N. Kersh ◽  
Cau D. Pham ◽  
John R. Papp ◽  
Robert Myers ◽  
Richard Steece ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Laboratory Capacity

ABSTRACT U.S. gonorrhea rates are rising, and antibiotic-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (AR-Ng) is an urgent public health threat. Since implementation of nucleic acid amplification tests for N. gonorrhoeae identification, the capacity for culturing N. gonorrhoeae in the United States has declined, along with the ability to perform culture-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). Yet AST is critical for detecting and monitoring AR-Ng. In 2016, the CDC established the Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network (AR Lab Network) to shore up the national capacity for detecting several resistance threats including N. gonorrhoeae. AR-Ng testing, a subactivity of the CDC’s AR Lab Network, is performed in a tiered network of approximately 35 local laboratories, four regional laboratories (state public health laboratories in Maryland, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington), and the CDC’s national reference laboratory. Local laboratories receive specimens from approximately 60 clinics associated with the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP), enhanced GISP (eGISP), and the program Strengthening the U.S. Response to Resistant Gonorrhea (SURRG). They isolate and ship up to 20,000 isolates to regional laboratories for culture-based agar dilution AST with seven antibiotics and for whole-genome sequencing of up to 5,000 isolates. The CDC further examines concerning isolates and monitors genetic AR markers. During 2017 and 2018, the network tested 8,214 and 8,628 N. gonorrhoeae isolates, respectively, and the CDC received 531 and 646 concerning isolates and 605 and 3,159 sequences, respectively. In summary, the AR Lab Network supported the laboratory capacity for N. gonorrhoeae AST and associated genetic marker detection, expanding preexisting notification and analysis systems for resistance detection. Continued, robust AST and genomic capacity can help inform national public health monitoring and intervention.

scholarly journals Public Health Efforts Can Impact Adoption of Current Susceptibility Breakpoints, but Closer Attention from Regulatory Bodies Is Needed

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. McKinnell ◽  
S. Bhaurla ◽  
P. Marquez-Sung ◽  
A. Pucci ◽  
M. Baron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Los Angeles County ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Outreach Program

ABSTRACT Microbiological testing, including interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing results using current breakpoints, is crucial for clinical care and infection control. Continued use of obsolete Enterobacteriaceae carbapenem breakpoints is common in clinical laboratories. The purposes of this study were (i) to determine why laboratories failed to update breakpoints and (ii) to provide support for breakpoint updates. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health conducted a 1-year outreach program for 41 hospitals in Los Angeles County that had reported, in a prior survey of California laboratories, using obsolete Enterobacteriaceae carbapenem breakpoints. In-person interviews with hospital stakeholders and customized expert guidance and resources were provided to aid laboratories in updating breakpoints, including support from technical representatives from antimicrobial susceptibility testing device manufacturers. Forty-one hospitals were targeted, 7 of which had updated breakpoints since the prior survey. Of the 34 remaining hospitals, 27 (79%) assumed that their instruments applied current breakpoints, 17 (50%) were uncertain how to change breakpoints, and 10 (29%) lacked resources to perform a validation study for off-label use of the breakpoints on their systems. Only 7 hospitals (21%) were familiar with the FDA/CDC Antibiotic Resistance Isolate Bank. All hospitals launched a breakpoint update process; 16 (47%) successfully updated breakpoints, 12 (35%) received isolates from the CDC in order to validate breakpoints on their systems, and 6 (18%) were planning to update within 1 year. The public health intervention was moderately successful in identifying and overcoming barriers to updating Enterobacteriaceae carbapenem breakpoints in Los Angeles hospitals. However, the majority of targeted hospitals continued to use obsolete breakpoints despite 1 year of effort. These findings have important implications for the quality of patient care and patient safety. Other public health jurisdictions may want to utilize similar resources to bridge the patient safety gap, while manufacturers, the FDA, and others determine how best to address this growing public health issue.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Grain-Fed Veal Meat from Southern Ontario, Canada

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1245-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANGELA COOK ◽  
RICHARD J. REID-SMITH ◽  
REBECCA J. IRWIN ◽  
SCOTT A. McEWEN ◽  
VIRGINIA YOUNG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Testing Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns

This study estimated the prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli isolates in fresh retail grain-fed veal obtained in Ontario, Canada. The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns were examined for points of public health significance. Veal samples (n = 528) were collected from February 2003 through May 2004. Twenty-one Salmonella isolates were recovered from 18 (4%) of 438 samples and underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was found in 6 (29%) of 21 Salmonella isolates; 5 (24%) of 21 isolates were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. No resistance to antimicrobials of very high human health importance was observed. Ampicillin-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-sulfamethoxazole-tetracycline resistance was found in 5 (3%) of 21 Salmonella isolates. Campylobacter isolates were recovered from 5 (1%) of 438 samples; 6 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was documented in 3 (50%) of 6 Campylobacter isolates. No Campylobacter isolates were resistant to five or more antimicrobials or category I antimicrobials. E. coli isolates were recovered from 387 (88%) of 438 samples; 1,258 isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was found in 678 (54%) of 1,258 E. coli isolates; 128 (10%) of 1,258 were resistant to five or more antimicrobials. Five (0.4%) and 7 (0.6%) of 1,258 E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftiofur and ceftriaxone, respectively, while 34 (3%) of 1,258 were resistant to nalidixic acid. Ciprofloxacin resistance was not detected. There were 101 different resistance patterns observed among E. coli isolates; resistance to tetracycline alone (12.7%, 161 of 1,258) was most frequently observed. This study provides baseline prevalence and antimicrobial resistance data and highlights potential public health concerns.

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