Determination of the Relative Effectiveness of Four Food Additives in Degrading Aflatoxin in Distillers Wet Grains and Condensed Distillers Solubles

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
HU SHI ◽  
RICHARD L. STROSHINE ◽  
KLEIN ILELEJI
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Sodium Bisulfite ◽  
Prolonged Heating ◽  
Condensed Distillers Solubles ◽  
Addition Level

ABSTRACT The food additives sodium bisulfite, sodium hypochlorite, citric acid, and ammonium persulfate were evaluated for their effectiveness in degrading aflatoxin in samples of distillers wet grains (DWG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) obtained from an industrial ethanol plant. Aqueous food additive solutions, 0.5% by weight, were added to DWG or CDS at the level of 0.5 ml/g of sample, and the materials were heated at 90°C for 1 h. Sodium bisulfite was not effective in degrading aflatoxin in either DWG or CDS. Among the four food additives tested, sodium hypochlorite was the most effective. However, it bleached the substrate and left an off-odor. Citric acid and ammonium persulfate reduced aflatoxin levels by 31 to 51%. Citric acid is the most promising additive for degrading aflatoxin because it has been classified as generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Aflatoxin reduction was enhanced by increasing the citric acid addition level and prolonging the heating time. Reductions of 65 and 80% in DWG and CDS, respectively, were obtained by the addition of 2.5% (by weight) citric acid and heating at 90°C for 1 h. Aflatoxin levels in DWG and CDS were gradually reduced with prolonged heating at 90°C, even without the addition of food additives. Aflatoxin reductions of 53 and 73% were achieved in DWG and CDS as a result of heating at 90°C for 5 h.

The Role of the Initiator System in the Synthesis of Acidic Multifunctional Nanoparticles Designed for Molecular Imprinting of Proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-41
Author(s):  
Marwa Aly Ahmed ◽  
Júlia Erdőssy ◽  
Viola Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Molecular Imprinting ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Sodium Bisulfite ◽  
Multifunctional Nanoparticles ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Initiator System

Multifunctional nanoparticles have been shown earlier to bind certain proteins with high affinity and the binding affinity could be enhanced by molecular imprinting of the target protein. In this work different initiator systems were used and compared during the synthesis of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid-co-N-tert-butylacrylamide) nanoparticles with respect to their future applicability in molecular imprinting of lysozyme. The decomposition of ammonium persulfate initiator was initiated either thermally at 60 °C or by using redox activators, namely tetramethylethylenediamine or sodium bisulfite at low temperatures. Morphology differences in the resulting nanoparticles have been revealed using scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. During polymerization the conversion of each monomer was followed in time. Striking differences were demonstrated in the incorporation rate of acrylic acid between the tetramethylethylenediamine catalyzed initiation and the other systems. This led to a completely different nanoparticle microstructure the consequence of which was the distinctly lower lysozyme binding affinity. On the contrary, the use of sodium bisulfite activation resulted in similar nanoparticle structural homogeneity and protein binding affinity as the thermal initiation.

scholarly journals Grain Processing Methods’ Effectiveness to Eliminate Mycotoxins: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 2267-2275
Author(s):  
Chinaza Godswill Awuchi ◽  
Erick Nyakundi Ondari ◽  
Chigozie E. Ofoedu ◽  
James S. Chacha ◽  
Waheed A. Rasaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cold Plasma ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Sodium Bisulfite ◽  
Plasma Cleaning ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Processing Techniques

Mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, citrinin, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins, trichothecenes, etc., produced by molds (Aspergillus avus, A. parasiticus, Penicillin spp, etc.) could occupy such grains as peanuts, millet, sunower, cassava, beans, sesame, sorghum, maize, etc. In order to either eliminate and or reduce the levels of mycotoxins, as well as detection limits, there are a number of grain processing techniques that have been reported in the literature. In this article, an overview of the effectiveness of grain processing methods to eliminate mycotoxins was performed. Specifically, the grain processing techniques considered include: extrusion, alkaline cooking, flaking, roasting, frying, baking, milling, cooking, cold plasma, cleaning, trimming, sorting, as well as chemical treatments like the use of sodium hydroxide, citric acid, sodium bisulfite and ammonia. Overall, while most methods seem effective in reducing some mycotoxins over others, more studies are required to identify how these methods particularly their combinations would elevate the removal/degradation of mycotoxins in grains, particularly to safer levels.

scholarly journals Preparation and Thermal and Anti-UV Properties of Chitosan/Mica Copolymer

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yih-Sheng Huang ◽  
Sheng-Haur Yu ◽  
Yea-Ru Sheu ◽  
Kuo-Shien Huang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Free Radical ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Sodium Bisulfite ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand

This experiment aims to produce a free radical while annoying the oxidizing-reducing reagent of the ammonium persulfate and the sodium bisulfite under nitrogen, then trigger copolymerization between modified-mica and chitosan to prepare a variety of copolymers. This experiment also aims to study the related properties of these copolymer materials. The experimental data shows that the copolymer has more thermal stability and better absorption of UV than chitosan. But the above physical properties will be less if the mica ratio in copolymer is more than 8%. On the other hand, the SEM photo of the microstructure also shows that the modified mica distributes homogeneously on the surface of the film of the copolymer.

Citric acid and fumaric acid as food additives for early-weaned piglets

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Henry ◽  
D. W. Pickard ◽  
P. E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTThe effects of diet acidification on the growth performance of piglets were assessed in two experiments. In the first, 167 piglets were weaned at 10 days of age and penned in litter-mate groups (seven groups per treatment) which were allocated to one of three diets, with either citric acid (30 g/kg; C), fumaric acid (15 g/kg; F) or no additional organic acid (N); pigs were fed ad libitum for 25 days. The rate of live-weight gain was significantly higher for treatment C than for treatments F or N (216 (s.e. 10), 170 (s.e. 7) and 189 (s.e. 6) g/day respectively; P < 0·05). The voluntary food intake on treatment C also tended to be higher than on the other two diets (220 (s.e. 24), 182 (s.e. 18) and 189 (s.e. 7) g/day for treatments C, F and N respectively).In experiment 2, 30 crossbred piglets were penned in single-sex groups of three and weaned at 10 days of age. The same diets were used as in experiment 1 but all three diets were available ad libitum to each group of piglets for 25 days. When dietary choice was allowed, piglets consumed significantly greater quantities of the control diet than of the acidified diets (1381, 1422, 2972 (s.e. 132) g/day for diets C, F and N respectively; P < 0·01). When the relative intake of each diet was correlated with live-weight gain, only diet C showed a significant positive correlation (r = +0·74; P < 0·05). Correlations of F and N intakes with live-weight gain were negative. It is concluded that citric acid (30 g/kg) in the diet of early-weaned piglets promotes live-weight gain, although acidification of the diet may decrease palatability.

Direct observations of membrane scale in membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment application

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 2267-2272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kim ◽  
T. I. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Scale Formation ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Treatment Application ◽  
Inorganic Fouling

The formation of inorganic fouling on MF membrane was investigated in membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating industrial wastewater. Membrane autopsy works using microscopic techniques and surface analysis were carried out at the completion of pilot-scale operation to analyze foulant materials extensively. Scaling occurred on the membrane surface significantly in the MBR treating calcium-rich wastewater (LSI &gt; 2.0). Our experiments showed that the coverage of the membrane surface by the inorganic fouling consisted mostly of calcium while the internal fouling within membrane pores due to the scale formation was almost negligible. Most of calcium was rejected on the MF membrane surface as scale formation of calcium carbonate (&gt;90% as rejection). The sequence sodium hypochlorite-citric acid for the removal of membrane scale was more effective than the sequence citric acid-sodium hypochlorite cleaning. It appeared that the structure of organic compounds combined with calcium became loose by the addition of the sodium hypochlorite, thereby releasing calcium more easily from the membrane by applying the acid cleaning agent.

scholarly journals Wet extrusion molding of wood powder with hydroxy-propylmethyl cellulose and with citric acid as a crosslinking agent

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2314-2325
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Tao ◽  
Hiroshi Nonaka
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Wood Powder ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Biomass Materials ◽  
Wet Extrusion ◽  
Derivatives Of

To mitigate global warming and the serious problems incurred by the disposal of petroleum-based plastics, it is important to develop derivatives of biomass materials that can be used as substitutes. To overcome the lack of thermoplasticity of wood, a wet extrusion molding process for wood powder using a cellulose derivative, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), had been developed. However, this material quickly reabsorbed water, swelled, and disintegrated in liquid. In the present study, a natural organic acid, citric acid, was added and kneaded together with the wood powder, the HPMC, and water. The resultant clay-like material was extruded into a tube-shaped material. The tube was air-dried and heated at 180 °C for 5 min to 30 min to allow crosslinking. By heating 1% citric acid for 30 min, the material avoided disintegrating in water for 60 min. The addition of 3% citric acid with 30 min crosslinking gave the material water resistance in water for 12 h. The degradability in the water was found to be controllable by changing the amount of citric acid and the heating time. This is a novel result because wood can be molded into a practical three-dimensional (3D) biomass composite material using this technology with natural substances without relying on petroleum-based plastics.

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