scholarly journals Grain Processing Methods’ Effectiveness to Eliminate Mycotoxins: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 2267-2275
Author(s):  
Chinaza Godswill Awuchi ◽  
Erick Nyakundi Ondari ◽  
Chigozie E. Ofoedu ◽  
James S. Chacha ◽  
Waheed A. Rasaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Cold Plasma ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Sodium Bisulfite ◽  
Plasma Cleaning ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Processing Techniques

Mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, citrinin, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins, trichothecenes, etc., produced by molds (Aspergillus avus, A. parasiticus, Penicillin spp, etc.) could occupy such grains as peanuts, millet, sunower, cassava, beans, sesame, sorghum, maize, etc. In order to either eliminate and or reduce the levels of mycotoxins, as well as detection limits, there are a number of grain processing techniques that have been reported in the literature. In this article, an overview of the effectiveness of grain processing methods to eliminate mycotoxins was performed. Specifically, the grain processing techniques considered include: extrusion, alkaline cooking, flaking, roasting, frying, baking, milling, cooking, cold plasma, cleaning, trimming, sorting, as well as chemical treatments like the use of sodium hydroxide, citric acid, sodium bisulfite and ammonia. Overall, while most methods seem effective in reducing some mycotoxins over others, more studies are required to identify how these methods particularly their combinations would elevate the removal/degradation of mycotoxins in grains, particularly to safer levels.

scholarly journals Puparia Cleaning Techniques for Forensic and Archaeo-Funerary Studies

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Jennifer Pradelli ◽  
Fabiola Tuccia ◽  
Giorgia Giordani ◽  
Stefano Vanin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Wrong Identification ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Diptera puparia may represent both in forensic and archaeo-funerary contexts the majority of the entomological evidence useful to reconstruct the peri and post-mortem events. Puparia identification is quite difficult due to the lack of identification keys and descriptions. In addition, external substances accumulated during the puparia permanence in the environment make the visualization of the few diagnostic characters difficult, resulting in a wrong identification. Six different techniques based on physical and chemical treatments have been tested for the removal of external substances from puparia to make identification at species level feasible. Furthermore, the effects of these methods on successful molecular analyses have also been tested as molecular identification is becoming an important tool to complement morphological identifications. The results of this study indicate that cleaning via warm water/soap, the sonication and treatment with a sodium hydroxide solution are the best methods to achieve a good quality of the samples.

Foundation of XML Stream Processing Techniques

2013 ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Weidong Yang ◽  
Hao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Stream Processing ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Xml Data ◽  
Research Status ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Xml Stream ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Area Section

The problem of processing streaming XML data is gaining widespread attention from the research community, and various XML stream processing methods are put forward, including automaton-based methods, index-based methods, and so forth. In this chapter, the basic concepts and several existing typical approaches of XML stream processing are discussed. Section 1 introduces the background and current research status of this area. Section 2 focuses on the discussion of automaton-based methods, for example, X/YFilter, XPush, et cetera. In section 3, the index-based methods are given. In section 4, other methods such us Fist and XTrie are discussed briefly. Section 4 discusses some optimization technique of XML stream processing. Section 5 summarizes this chapter.

Rumen fermentation and degradability in steers offered grass silage and untreated or sodium hydroxide-treated sugar-beet pulp or rolled or sodium hydroxide-treated barley or wheat

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 ◽  
pp. 51-51
Author(s):  
A.P. Moloney
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Beet Pulp

Due to its slower rate of rumen degradation, molassed sugar beet pulp (MBP) is considered to result in a higher pH in rumen fluid wnen compared with cereals and to be of benefit in diets where maximum fibre digestion is desired (Fahmy et al., 1984). Sodium hydroxide-treatment of MBP, by increasing feed pH may increase the value of MBP still further in these situations. The most common method of processing whole cereal grains is dry rolling. Sodium hydroxide pre-treatment has also been shown to increase the digestibility of whole cereal grains close to thai achieved by dry rolling (Orskov, 1979). Little information is available on the relative effects on rumen fermentation of both processing methods. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the effects of treating MBP with NaOH and (2) compare the effects of rolfing (R) and S as processing methods for barley and wheat, on rumen fermentation and dry matter (DM) degradability (DMD) in steers offered grass silage.

Urea treatment as a means of preserving/processing moist wheat for intensively finished cattle

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 54-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lewis ◽  
B.G. Lowman ◽  
M. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Urea Treatment

Wheat requires processing for feeding to cattle otherwise large amount remain undigested. Processing methods can be mechanical or chemical (sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia) but these require specialised equipment and/or the use of contractors. The objective of this trial was to evaluate moist wheat fed whole, but treated with urea at harvest as a means of generating ammonia in situ, in diets for intensively finished cattle.Eighty tonnes of wheat (variety Riband) was harvested on 21-22 August 1997 at a dry matter (DM) of 750 g/kg and treated immediately with 53 l/tonne of a urea solution (430 g urea/litre) to supply 30 g urea/kg wheat DM. Treatment was achieved by applying the urea to the wheat as it was augered into the storage silo, which was then sealed with polythene.

Assessing and maintaining membrane performance in a post-sedimentation ultrafiltration process

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher C. Boyd ◽  
Steven J. Duranceau
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Surface Water Treatment ◽  
Cleaning Agents ◽  
The Impact

A pilot test program was conducted to evaluate methods for maintaining the productivity of a hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane operating at constant flux values of 49.2 and 62.3 gallons/ft2-day. The ultrafiltration pilot filtered settled water from a conventional surface water treatment plant in Florida. The testing assessed the impact of different chemical maintenance protocols on UF membrane performance. Seasonal variations in water quality necessitated changes in the type and combination of cleaning agents used to maintain membrane performance. Sodium hypochlorite, citric acid and sodium hydroxide were used during pilot testing as the fouling characteristics of the water changed with time. Pilot results were used to develop alternative chemically enhanced backwash strategies that varied with seasonally-impacted changes in feed water quality. Citric acid, with a target pH of <3, was found to be effective in August and September; whereas, a combination of citric acid and high pH sodium hydroxide chemically enhanced backwashes successfully maintained performance between November, 2010 and May, 2011.

scholarly journals Image Processing Techniques: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Neetu Rani
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Signal Processing ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Processing Techniques

In today’s scenario image processing is one of the vast growing fields. It is a method which is commonly used to improve raw images which are received from various resources. It is a kind of signal processing. This paper provides an overview of image processing methods. The main concern of this paper is to define various techniques used in different phases of image processing.

scholarly journals Effects of traditional fish processing methods on the proximate composition and ph of fish Black pomfret (Parastromateus niger)

10.5219/1294 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Ali Aberoumand
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Nutritive Composition ◽  
Traditional Processing ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Parastromateus Niger

Fish is an important food in many Iranian diets. This is a good source of protein. Fish is the main source of animal protein in Iran. The effects of three different traditional processing methods (freezing, brining and frying) on nutritive composition of halva sia fish stored under ambient room conditions were determined. Fresh halva sia fish were obtained from Behbahan fish market. Cooking and processing techniques were carried out on fish Halva sia Parastromateus niger. The proximate composition of raw Parastromateus niger was affected by cooking and processing techniques that were carried out by AOAC methods. Moisture contents decreased in fried and brined fillet while protein, fat and ash contents were significantly increased in fried fillet. The loss of moisture in fried and brined samples amounted to the highest levels; also the protein and fat value was proportionally high. The fish Parastromateus niger showed a decrease in their contents of moisture and fat as affected by frozen storage periods while ash and protein contents were increased after frozen storage periods. The nutritional value fish Parastromateus niger preserved until the end of the storage period.

CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXV. CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES FOR MAINTAINING QUALITY AT HIGH STORAGE TEMPERATURES

1945 ◽  
Vol 23f (6) ◽  
pp. 340-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Harold White ◽  
N. E. Gibbons ◽  
M. W. Thistle
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Acid Salt ◽  
Mould Growth ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Oat Flour ◽  
Chemical Preservatives ◽  
Hydroxyacetic Acid ◽  
High Storage ◽  
Storage Temperatures

Seventy-seven chemical treatments were tested for their effectiveness in maintaining quality in bacon stored at 7.1°, 15.6°, and 23.8 °C. for 30 days. The relative suitability of the compounds was assessed by organoleptic examination.Treatments found to retard both slime formation and mould growth include magnesium benzoate with hydroxyacetic or citric acid; dimethylolurea; borobenzoic acid; acetylsalicylic acid; Aerosol-OS; Aseptex; Salol; cinnamic acid; and a mixture of benzoic acid, citric acid, salt, and oat flour and hulls. Several of the materials were relatively effective against bacteria but not against moulds, viz.: magnesium benzoate; sodium benzoate with hydroxyacetic acid; benzoic or boric acid with hydroxyacetic acid; cheesecloth treated with formaldehyde; and pyruvic acid. A few of the treatments, e.g. borax and Nacconal, retarded mould growth, but had little effect on bacteria. Because of possible toxicity or other considerations, none of the materials studied is considered to be entirely satisfactory.

The structure of reaction wood as indicated by scanning electron microscopy

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Scurfield ◽  
S Silva
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cupressus Arizonica ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the structure of normal and reaction wood of Cupressus arizonica Greene, Pinus canariensis C. Sm., and P. radiata D. Don. The wood of P. radiata was examined before and after various chemical treatments. These included chlorine water-sodium hydroxide, glacial acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide-sodium sulphide, 17.5 % sodium hydroxide, 78 % phosphoric acid, 72 % sulphuric acid, 1 % osmic acid, and 2% potassium permanganate. The helical ribs of the S2 layer in reaction wood cells appeared to be multistranded. Warts tended to become fewer and restricted to the grooves in the S2 layer during the change-over from normal to reaction wood cells. The origin and chemical composition of the warts and associated membrane are considered.

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