Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler chicken at three levels of the poultry production chain in Costa Rica.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Lazo-Láscarez ◽  
Leana Zumbado Gutiérrez ◽  
Francisco Duarte-Martínez ◽  
Juan José Romero Zúñiga ◽  
María Laura Arias Echandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter spp. is considered the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis, one of the four main causes of diarrheal disease worldwide, and one of the main foodborne pathogens causing hospitalizations and deaths. A total of 148 strains of Campylobacter spp.   isolated from poultry at farms, processing plants and retail stores in Costa Rica were examined for resistance to six antibiotics. An agar dilution test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and susceptibility profiles against doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. In addition, a PFGE analysis was carried out to determine the genotype relatedness of a representative subset of the isolates. Around 92% (136/148) of the analyzed isolates showed resistance to the tested drugs. Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, were the antibiotics for which resistance occurred most frequently (91.2%, 85.8% and 85.8%, respectively); followed by doxycycline (25.0%), chloramphenicol (5.4%) and erythromycin (2.7%). The profile conferring only resistance to quinolones was the most frequently found in this study, and only 2.0% of the isolates showed resistance to quinolones and macrolides simultaneously. Results showed a high frequency of resistant Campylobacter spp. strains, and evidenced the distribution, selection, and circulation of resistant strains along the poultry chain from farms to consumers. Cross contamination and resistance seem to play an important role in the dissemination of these strains at specific points of the poultry chain even when control measures are being taken. The establishment of effective surveillance and control strategies represents an essential tool for foodborne diseases mitigation. The rational use of antibiotics, especially those still showing efficacy, should be a priority issue in both human and veterinary medicine in order to contain the progress of this phenomenon and its consequences.

Arcobacter Isolation from Minced Beef Samples in Costa Rica

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 775-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Córdoba-Calderón ◽  
Mauricio Redondo-Solano ◽  
Eduardo Castro-Arias ◽  
María Laura Arias-EchandI
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Minced Beef ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

ABSTRACT The presence of Arcobacter spp. in minced meat (including beef) samples has been well documented in different countries, with varying frequencies. Nevertheless, the only Latin American country reporting this bacterium in minced beef samples is Mexico, with a 28.8% frequency in 2003. Previous studies in Costa Rica have demonstrated the presence of Arcobacter species in samples taken from the poultry production chain, but still there are no studies performed in bovine meat. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of this bacterium in 120 samples of minced beef acquired from the Central Valley region of Costa Rica and to describe the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates obtained. A total of 75 different Arcobacter strains were isolated from minced beef samples, for a final frequency of 48.3%. After species PCR identification, the strains were classified as A. butzleri (37.3%), A. cibarius (14.7%), A. thereius (12%), and Arcobacter spp. (36%). All samples were sensitive to gentamicin but were resistant to ampicillin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The results obtained in this study show that the frequency of isolation of Arcobacter in minced beef samples is high and that there is a high resistance rate for antibiotics in common use. This suggests that Arcobacter represents a health risk for Costa Rica and that control measures should be developed to decrease its potential impact.

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Broiler Chicken–Related Samples Using BAX PCR and Conventional International Organization for Standardization Culture

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
LISA K. WILLIAMS ◽  
ALISDAIR MCMEECHAN ◽  
TAMSIN BAALHAM ◽  
LAURA WARD ◽  
TOM J. HUMPHREY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Enrichment Cultures ◽  
International Organization For Standardization ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

In this study, the conventional International Organization for Standardization (ISO) culture method was compared with the DuPont Qualicon BAX system, a high-throughput, rapid molecular assay that can be used to detect several bacterial species, including Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in diverse sample types. Standard enrichment culture is a time-consuming process, taking up to 6 days to obtain a confirmed result. Rapid molecular assays have been developed that provide results within 24 h. Naturally contaminated samples from the poultry production chain were examined for the presence of Campylobacter spp. Samples from broiler chicken ceca (n = 100), fresh chicken carcass rinses (n = 60), and bootsocks (gauze sock walked through a broiler chicken house; n = 50) were enriched according to the ISO 10272 method in Bolton broth specifically designed to detect Campylobacter spp. in complex sample types. Samples were enriched without blood for use with the BAX system using the Campylobacter BAX kits for the detection of C. jejuni and C. coli. Samples also were directly plated onto modified charcoal cefperazone deoxycholate agar, and results were compared with those from the enriched samples for the ability to detect Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 49% of samples with conventional enrichment cultures, from 48% with direct culture, from 68% with the BAX system and enrichment cultures, and from 62% with the BAX system used directly with samples. Overall, the BAX system detected more positive samples than did the conventional culture method and is an effective methodology for the rapid and reliable detection of Campylobacter spp. from diverse sample types.

scholarly journals Risk Factors and Control Measures for Bacterial Contamination in the Bovine Meat Chain: A Review on Salmonella and Pathogenic E.coli

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugène Niyonzima ◽  
Martin Patrick Ongol ◽  
Anasthase Kimonyo ◽  
Marianne Sindic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Food Borne Infections

<em>Salmonella</em> and pathogenic <em>Escherichia coli</em> are known to be the major bacterial agents responsible for human foodborne infections attributable to meat. A review of the specialized literature was carried out to identify the risk factors for bovine meat contamination by these pathogens from the cattle farm to meat consumption. Animal stress during transport to the slaughterhouse and the duration of the lairage period were identified as the key factors influencing the faecal excretion of <em>Salmonella</em> and pathogenic <em>E. coli</em> as well as cattle contamination prior to slaughter. At the abattoir level, hides and visceral contents appear to be the main sources of pathogenic bacteria that contaminate carcasses along the meat production chain. Finally, temperature abuses during distribution and meat contamination by infected handlers were found to be important contributors to the post-slaughter contamination of bovine meat. The findings of this study indicate that efficient management of human food borne infections attributable to bovine meat requires an integrated application of control measures involving all actors along the meat chain, namely slaughterhouses, meat processing plants, distributors and consumers.

scholarly journals A model for evaluating intervention strategies to control salmonella in the poultry meat production chain

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. NAUTA ◽  
A. W. VAN DE GIESSEN ◽  
A. M. HENKEN
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Transmission Parameters ◽  
Salmonella Control

A model of the transmission of salmonella through the poultry meat production chain is developed, to predict the effects of intervention strategies for salmonella control. The model first describes the situation before intervention in terms of salmonella prevalences at flock level and some transmission parameters. After single control measures are translated into effects on these transmission parameters, the effects of sets of control measures (intervention strategies), can be calculated with the model. As research data are lacking, the model input parameters were derived from expert opinion. As an example, the effects of two intervention strategies proposed for the Dutch poultry industry are predicted. A sensitivity analysis is performed to indicate where the most effective control measures may be expected. Additionally, the reliability of the model predictions is studied by an uncertainty analysis. The use of the model as a tool for policy makers deciding about salmonella control strategies is discussed.

scholarly journals Application of Bacteriophages to Limit Campylobacter in Poultry Production

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena G. Olson ◽  
Andrew C. Micciche ◽  
Michael J. Rothrock ◽  
Yichao Yang ◽  
Steven C. Ricke
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Increasing Demand

Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen with over a million United States cases a year and is typically acquired through the consumption of poultry products. The common occurrence of Campylobacter as a member of the poultry gastrointestinal tract microbial community remains a challenge for optimizing intervention strategies. Simultaneously, increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the development of several alternative control measures both at the farm and in processing operations. Bacteriophages administered to reduce foodborne pathogens are one of the alternatives that have received renewed interest. Campylobacter phages have been isolated from both conventionally and organically raised poultry. Isolated and cultivated Campylobacter bacteriophages have been used as an intervention in live birds to target colonized Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract. Application of Campylobacter phages to poultry carcasses has also been explored as a strategy to reduce Campylobacter levels during poultry processing. This review will focus on the biology and ecology of Campylobacter bacteriophages in poultry production followed by discussion on current and potential applications as an intervention strategy to reduce Campylobacter occurrence in poultry production.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Arcobacter Species from Costa Rican Poultry Production and Retail Sources

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karol Barboza ◽  
Irina Angulo ◽  
Leana Zumbado ◽  
Mauricio Redondo-Solano ◽  
Eduardo Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Retail Stores ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Cecal Content ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Two Samples

ABSTRACT Arcobacter is a gram-negative rod recognized as a potential food- and waterborne pathogen; nevertheless, little is known about the effects of this pathogen on human and animal health. Although Arcobacter species are commonly found in nature, poultry is suspected to be the main vehicle for the transmission of this pathogen. The aims of this work were to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in broilers produced in Costa Rica for human consumption and to analyze the pathogenic capacity of the isolates through the detection of virulence genes. One hundred fifty-two samples of cecal content (87 farms), 104 samples of carcass rinse after chiller (six processing plants), and 96 carcass rinses from as many retail stores were analyzed. The suspicious isolates were identified using genus-specific PCR, and species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. Virulence genes were identified using the protocol described by L. Douidah, L. de Zutter, J. Baré, P. De Vos, P. Vandamme, O. Vandenberg, A.-M. Van den Abeele, and K. Houf (J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:735–741, 2012), which includes nine different virulence genes. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 6.5% (n = 23). Eight (34.8%) of the isolates came from cecal content, 2 (8.7%) were isolated from samples taken after chiller, and 13 (56.5%) were from retail stores. The species isolated included A. thereius (30.4%), A. butzleri (21.7%), A. skirrowii (4.3%), and A. cibarius (4.3%). The remaining samples were classified as Arcobacter sp. Gene tlyA was the most prevalent virulence gene, present in 9 of 23 samples analyzed; genes hecA and pldA were present in one only strain each. A strain of A. butzleri isolated from a retail store presented the highest number of virulence genes (five), and 11 samples did not present any of the genes analyzed. The results obtained suggest that the presence of virulent Arcobacter isolates in the poultry production chain from Costa Rica could be a risk for individuals who consume the contaminated product.

scholarly journals Long term effect of infection control practices and associated factors during a major Clostridium difficile outbreak in Costa Rica

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 914-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy A Wong-McClure ◽  
Elenita Ramírez-Salas ◽  
Nury Mora-Brenes ◽  
Lorena Aguero-Sandí ◽  
Maritza Morera-Sigler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Outbreak Control ◽  
History Of

Introduction: The C. difficile BI/NAP 1 hyper virulent strain has been responsible for the nosocomial outbreaks in several countries. The present study describes the infection control strategies utilized to achieve outbreak control as well as the factors associated with a C. difficile BI/NAP 1 hyper virulent strain outbreak in Costa Rica. Methodology: A descriptive analysis of the C. difficile outbreak was completed for the period of January 2007 to December 2010 in one affected hospital. An unmatched case-control study was subsequently performed to evaluate the association of exposure factors with C. difficile infection. Results: The pattern of the outbreak was characterized by a sharp increase in the incidence rate during the initial weeks of the outbreak, which was followed by a reduction in the incidence curve as several infection control measures were implemented. The C. difficile BI/NAP1 infection was associated with the prescription of antibiotics, in particular levofloxacin (OR: 9.3; 95%CI: 2.1-40.2), meropenem (OR: 4.9, 95%CI: 1.0-22.9), cefotaxime (OR: 4.3, 95%CI: 2.4-7.7), as well as a medical history of diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.9, 95%CI: 1.5-5.8). Conclusions: The infection control strategies implemented proved to be effective in achieving outbreak control and in maintaining the baseline C. difficile incidence rate following it. The reported C. difficile outbreak was associated with the prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics and a medical history of diabetes.

scholarly journals Campylobacter in food production chain in Vojvodina province (Serbia)

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Jelena Petrovic ◽  
Igor Stojanov ◽  
Vera Gusman ◽  
Jelena Lekic ◽  
Mirjana Strbac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sporadic Case ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Human Illness ◽  
Autonomous Province ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Enteritis campylobacterialis has an increasing trend in Serbia. Human illness usually appears as sporadic case, most commonly in children with obvious seasonality. In registered outbreaks, incriminated food was most frequently poultry meat. Campylobacter is one of the most important food borne pathogens, commonly underreported, mostly because isolation of this bacteria requires specific equipment. Since 1 January 2019, monitoring of Campylobacter in poultry carcasses is mandatory when it comes to poultry production fa?cilities in Serbia. The aim of this paper was to analyze data from Autonomous Province of Vojvodina about the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat and risk for human illness. Our results indicate high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in whole food chain: poultry farms, slaughterhouses, retail and, correspondingly, high risk for consumers in Vojvodina. Measures for risk reduction of disease incidence include better bio security measures on the farm level as a main source of pathogen but also introduction of Campylo?bacter diagnostic equipment in all human diagnostic and food control laboratories.

scholarly journals Cholera Prevention and Control Strategies; A Global Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-53
Author(s):  
Tarh, Jacqueline Ebob
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Community Education ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
The World ◽  
And Control

The observed devastating effects of cholera disease, usually instil fear in the population whenever a cholera outbreak is reported in a particular region. Cholera outbreaks have become key indicators of social development and this is a course for concern, considering the stigmatization that accompanies it. The pathogenic V. cholerae O1/O139 (the watery diarrheal causing agent), is shed in feces, survive as free-living bacteria in water and enters a new host system through the fecoral route. There is therefor, every reason to conclude that, water and food (especially raw or undercooked shellfish), that is contaminated with feces, is the most implicated cause of outbreaks and epidemics in the endemic areas of the world. Cholera mortality rate can rise to about 50% if severe cases are left untreated, but rapid fluid replacement therapy and supportive treatment can reduce the mortality to around 1%. Prompt intervention strategies are therefore necessary if cholera deaths must be prevented and controlled. These strategies may include; getting access to good potable and clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities, good surveillance/community education systems, Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV), Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORS), and prompt Antibiotic treatment. However, it has been noted that most of the regions that are prone to this flesh eating diarrheal disease, are usually, low resource communities with little or no available road networks and infrastructural facilities. These major challenges render most of these cholera prone areas of the world in accessible. To assist these areas (for example the Nigerian population), in the cholera prevention and preparedness, free-of-cost cholera Vaccines have been sent from the stockpile to the affected areas. Thanks to the concerted efforts made by Gavi, WHO, and partners, who with the NCDC and Borno State Ministry of Health, have made the vaccine available (to Nigeria) and other hot spots. Moreover, the basic requirements for effective surveillance systems, (effective targeted prevention and control) and early warning units, (detection of the index cases, initiation of outbreak control measures through an integrated approach, identification of high risk areas/vulnerable populations and immediate dissemination of information with stakeholders for timely action), have now put been established in most vulnerable location/cholera hot spots in the world. Better still, the Solidarités International (SIs) which was established in Nigeria since 2016, has intervened in cholera outbreaks especially that which occurred in the Borno state in 2017. They make available to susceptible areas, multi-sectorial, life-saving humanitarian aid, especially to the internally displaced and host communities, who suffer from disease outbreaks. Combining the efforts to improve on water quality, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) and OCVs (targeting the highest risk groups first), would help overcome resource/logistical limitations and enable higher coverage. In this review, we seek to look at the prevention and control strategies put in place by the Government and other bodies, to reduce cholera burden in Nigeria and other cholera hotspots, and the level of effectiveness towards achieving their goals.

scholarly journals Guidance on validation of lethal control measures for foodborne pathogens in foods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdogan Ceylan ◽  
Alejandro Amezquita ◽  
Nathan Anderson ◽  
Roy Betts ◽  
Laurence Blayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lethal Control
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