Romanticism, German

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Beiser
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
Friedrich Schlegel ◽  
Aesthetics And Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mechanistic Worldview ◽  
Specific Culture

Because Romanticism has many meanings which vary according to time and place, it is best to examine the movement in a specific culture and period. Of all the phases of Romanticism, early German Romanticism is of special importance in the history of Western philosophy. The early German Romantics – Friedrich Schlegel, Friedrich von Hardenberg, Schleiermacher and Schelling – developed influential ideas in the fields of metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics and politics. The aim of their movement was essentially social and political: to overcome the alienation and disenchantment created by modernity, and to restore unity with oneself, others and nature. In accord with this aim, the Romantics advocated an ethics of love and self-realization, in opposition to hedonism and the Kantian ethic of duty. They championed an ideal of community against the competitive egoism of modern society; and, finally, they developed an organic concept of nature against the mechanistic worldview of Cartesian physics. Romantic ethics, politics and aesthetics should all be seen in the light of their essential cultural goal: to cure humanity of homesickness and to make people feel at home in the world again.

scholarly journals TIME THROUGH TIME: ITS EVOLUTION THROUGH WESTERN PHILOSOPHY IN SEVEN IDEAS

Think ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (58) ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Emily Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Western Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTWhat is time? Just like everything else in the world, our understanding of time has changed continually over time. This article tracks this question through the history of Western philosophy and looks at major answers from the likes of Aristotle, Kant, and McTaggart.

Bonds of Trust

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 289-309
Author(s):  
Max Schaefer ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Reciprocal Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Insight Into

This paper seeks to address whether human life harbours the possibility of a gratuitous or non-reciprocal form of trust. To address this issue, I take up Descartes’ account of the cogito as the essence of all appearing. With his interpretation of Descartes’ account of the cogito as an immanent and affective mode of appearing, I maintain that Henry provides the transcendental foundation for a non-reciprocal form of trust, which the history of Western philosophy has largely covered over by forgetting this aspect of Descartes’ thought. I demonstrate that Heidegger’s reading of Descartes serves as a pre-eminent example of this. Because Heidegger overlooks Descartes’ insight into the essence of appearing, and reduces this essence to the finite transcendence of the world, I maintain that Heidegger reduces trust to reciprocal relations of understanding between beings of shared contexts of significance.

Fenomenologi Sebagai Filsafat dan Usaha Kembali Ke Permulaan

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Thomas Hidya Tjaya
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Life ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
World Science ◽  
Phenomenological Movement ◽  
Phenomenology Of Perception ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Abstrak: Dalam pengantar pada karyanya Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty praktis mengidentikkan filsafat dengan fenomenologi sebagai usaha untuk mempelajari kembali bagaimana cara melihat dunia. Dalam upaya tersebut ia mengajak pembaca, mengikuti slogan khas fenomenologi Husserl, untuk kembali ke permulaan atau bendabenda itu sendiri. Yang menarik adalah bahwa permulaan yang dianalisis oleh Merleau-Ponty justru tubuh manusia, sebuah dimensi yang cenderung dipandang rendah dalam sejarah filsafat Barat. Ia tidak sendirian dalam hal ini, mengingat dalam fenomenologinya Levinas juga menekankan sensibilitas sebagai locus etika. Menurut penulis, gerakan fenomenologi menuju hal yang sensibel (the sensible) ini tidaklah mengubah hakikat filsafat sebagai usaha untuk mencari asal mula realitas. Realitas yang tersingkap dalam orientasi demikian justru menjadi lebih integral dan komprehensif daripada apa yang selama ini dikenal dalam sejarah filsafat dan sains. Meskipun demikian, orientasi pada pengalaman konkret manusia untuk menggali dasar realitas secara potensial menimbulkan masalah bagi fenomenologi itu sendiri yang selalu ingin kembali ke permulaan. Kata-kata Kunci: Fenomenologi, asal mula, permulaan, ada-dalam-dunia, sains. Abstract: In the Preface to his work Phenomenology of Perception Merleau-Ponty virtually identifies philosophy with phenomenology as a way of relearning to see the world. For this purpose he invites the reader, following the catchphrase in Husserl’s phenomenology, to return to the beginning or the things themselves. What is interesting is that the beginning that Merleau-Ponty analyzes is the human body, which belongs to a dimension that tends to be despised in the history of Western philosophy. He is not alone in this type of investigation, as Levinas also emphasizes sensibility as the locus of ethics. The author argues that the phenomenological movement towards the sensible does not alter the nature of philosophy as an attempt to seek for the nature of reality. The reality as disclosed in this analysis can be more integral and comprehensive than what is usually presented in the history of philosophy and science. The orientation towards the concrete dimension of human life in search for the foundation of reality, however, may cause a problem for phenomenology itself insofar as it always tries to return to the beginning. Keywords: Phenomenology, origin, beginning, being-in-the-world, science.

The Historical Background

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svend Brinkmann
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
John Locke ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Modern Natural ◽  
Modern Natural Science ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This chapter presents a selected history of Western philosophy from the Greeks to modern times, arguing that the very idea of qualitative research is a child of modernity’s split between the objective and subjective, quanta and qualia. This split became significant with the birth of modern natural science (Galilei, Newton, and Descartes), giving rise to the question of how to study those aspects of the world that do not seem to fit the perspective of the physical sciences. This question was answered in different ways by the British empiricists from John Locke onwards and also by Immanuel Kant in Germany.

Philosophical Aurality

PMLA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 412-418
Author(s):  
Francois Noudelmann
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Performing Arts ◽  
Ancient Philosophy ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pass Through

The Notion of Aurality, by Going Beyond the Usual Distinction Between Written and Oral Language, Raises Questions About the nature of listening while reading. The academic rehabilitation of orality in relation to writing has certainly made way for audible performing arts. It has also led to reassessments of cultures in all continents and archipelagoes that favor oral transmission. However, this attention to the auditory should not cause us to forget an orality inside writing, which comes not only from its inspiration but also from its very material. Let us therefore follow Friedrich Nietzsche's injunction to remove the plugs from our ears (332) and forget the legend of ideas being silent, abstracted from any sonic reality. Even if we do not use the expression “oral philosophy,” we must remember that many discourses since antiquity, especially those of Socrates, have been oral performances. Our reading of ancient philosophy should therefore be sensitive to this acoustic dimension. But Western philosophy has constantly been suspicious of hearing, probably because the ear is always suspected of passivity, compared to an eye that objectifies reality. Since the ears have no lids to interrupt perception, they allow the sonic matter of the world to pass through without the subject's being able to control it. Consequently, the history of metaphysics presents a series of interdictions against sounds, and warnings about their enchanting power and their betrayal of the meaning they are supposed to carry. The desire to channel and domesticate the anarchy of sounds reflects a philosophical malentendu: sound is both misheard and misunderstood.

scholarly journals DAR KARTĄ APIE FILOSOFIJOS PRASMĘ

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Nerijus Čepulis
Keyword(s):  
Complete System ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jewish Descent

Tradicinė Vakarų filosofija kaip graikiškosios išminties puoselėjimas kartu yra ir buvimo, ir visumos, užbaigtumo siekis. Toks mąstymas ir totali jo pastanga būti, neretai tampanti prievarta, šiandien susilaukia vis daugiau nepasitikėjimo bei kritikos. Žydų kilmės fenomenologinės mąstymo krypties atstovas E. Levinas radikaliai pasipriešina totalybei kaip nuolatinei visuotinės sintezės pastangai visoje filosofijos istorijoje. Graikiškasis mąstymas visada siekė bet kokią patirtį, visa, kas prasminga, redukuoti į totalybę, užbaigtą sistemą, ir, nieko nepalikęs anapus savęs, tapti absoliučiu mąstymu. Levinas ieško alternatyvos. Totalybės sąvoką ir bet kokį sistemiškumą jo alternatyviame mąstyme praplėšia Begalybės idėja, leidžianti mąstyti kitaip anapus buvimo. Prieš pažvelgiant į pasaulį iš buvimo perspektyvos, yra būtina klausti apie patį buvimą, pradedant nuo kitko nei buvimas. Kas kita nei buvimas, arba Gėris, yra ankstesnis už buvimą ir suteikia šiam prasmę.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Levinas, Heideggeris, filosofija, totalybė, buvimas, metafizika, begalybė, gėris.ONCE AGAIN ON THE MEANING OF PHILOSOPHYNerijus Čepulis SummaryTraditional Western philosophy as upholding of the Greek wisdom at the same time is also a striving to being, totality, and completeness. Such thinking and its total attempt to be, that often becomes violence, nowadays is receiving more and more incredulity and criticism. The phenomenological thinker of Jewish descent E. Levinas radically resists totality as a continuous attempt at a universal synthesis in a whole history of philosophy. The Greek thinking always attempted to reduce any experience, everything, that has significance, into a complete system, and without leaving anything outside itself to become an absolute thinking. Levinas looks for an alternative. The concept of totality and any systematization in his alternative thinking are ruptured by the concept of Infinity that enables us to think otherwise and outside of being. Before looking at the world from the perspective of being it is necessary to question the being itself by starting from the other than being. The other than being, or the Good, is prior to being and gives it significance.Keywords: Levinas, Heidegger, philosophy, totality, being, metaphysics, infinity, good.

scholarly journals Indigenous Peoples’ Interaction with External World: The Principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent

2019 ◽  
pp. 114-128
Author(s):  
Pavel Parshin
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Special Rights ◽  
Practical Implications

Indigenous peoples are inheritors of earlier population of their present day territories of modern states, committed to their land and traditional way of life. The world community for many decades proceeds along the path of recognition the rights of indigenous peoples, the main of which, in the author’s opinion, is the right to choose the degree and form of their integration in the modern society. Historically, the attitude towards indigenous peoples’ rights developed from recognition of their right “to be as other peoples are” to the consent to their right to be different an original. One of the main tenet ensuring the realization of their right to originality, which has important practical implications, is the principle of free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) of indigenous peoples to affecting them economic and cultural activities of their dominant neighbors, as well as to more particular (including special) rights and implementation procedures resulting from them. In economic terms, it primarily concerns nature management and, especially, extraction of natural fossil and usage of biological resources, military activities, and waste disposal. The article analyzes the history of ideas about the of indigenous peoples’ rights and their legal fixation, as well as problems of interpretation of the principle of free, prior and informed consent and its implementation in various regions of the world and spheres of activity.

Asceticism and Foolishness of Christ in Friedrich Nietzsche's Philosophy

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav T. Faritov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Degree ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Holy Fool ◽  
The World ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Distinguishing Features ◽  
Kantian Philosophy

The article considers the phenomena of asceticism and foolishness for Christ in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. The author substantiates the thesis that asceticism and foolishness for Christ are subjects of Nietzsche's philosophical reflections. The author also shows that the figures of the ascetic and the holy fool also act as “conceptual characters” of Nietzsche's philosophizing. The author suggests that Nietzsche himself felt a tendency towards self-identification with these characters and therefore tried to “dis-identify”, which he did not always succeed in. The article concludes that Nietzsche's position in relation to asceticism is ambiguous and internally contradictory. The philosopher exposed and criticized ascetic ideals, but this criticism is also directed at himself. Nietzsche himself, his character and way of thinking reveal a significant degree of kinship with ascetic views. Therefore, Nietzsche's criticism of asceticism is in many ways an attempt to overcome the ascetic in himself. For this task, Nietzsche appeals not only to the figures of an atheist and a pagan, but also to the image of a jester, a holy fool. The author substantiates the idea that one of the main distinguishing features of the holy fool's lifestyle is that he does not seem to be what he really is. A real fool, a real insane person is not a holy fool. The holy fool undertakes the feat of appearing to be a fool or insane, while he himself is not. In this way, the holy fool renounces the world and himself in the world, the state when his behavior corresponded to the norms and criteria of this world. Thus, a view of the world from a reverse perspective is achieved. Something close to this mode of thought and behavior is found in Nietzsche's philosophy. His philosophizing is deeply personal, but, at the same time, he constantly does not show the reader who he really is. Nietzsche's style is a constant play with masks and disguises. As a result of the study, the author concludes that Nietzsche's position in the history of European philosophy can be characterized as foolishness for Christ. His doctrine is formed during the crisis of European metaphysics and is the self-awareness of this crisis. Belief in reason, in the ability to comprehend God in terms of reason, characteristic of Western philosophy, is denied. This conviction in the omnipotence of reason was criticized already in Kantian philosophy, but criticized by means of reason itself. This was the peculiar “cunning of reason”, which, having preserved itself as a tool of criticism, subsequently triumphed in Hegel's philosophy. The claim of reason to absolute significance cannot be refuted by means of reason itself. Nietzsche understood this. He realized that breaking the impasse in which Western metaphysics found itself thanks to the deification of reason requires a completely different path.

HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

10.37057/m_13 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. BOZOROV ◽  
◽  
M. MELIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Cultural Education ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The textbook for the course "History of Philosophy" is intended to familiarize students with the actual problems of the formation and development of philosophical knowledge, combining classical and modern concepts. In a systematic form, an idea is given about the fundamental problems of philosophy as special cultural education, a form of theoretical comprehension of human existence in the world. The interrelation of philosophy with other spheres of human activity is demonstrated, the methodological and ideological functions of philosophy in modern society are revealed. The anthropological essence of philosophical knowledge is consistently revealed. The tasks of forming the individuality and personality of a future specialist, the importance of ethical problems are actualized. Trends in the development of technogenic civilization, philosophical problems of science and technology are discussed. The manual has been developed for undergraduate students of all directions and forms of study.

scholarly journals Institute of surrogacy in modern society. Part 1

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
E. V. Chechenkova ◽  
A. I. Zaryankina
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Single Woman ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Medical University

Objective: to define the concept and essence of surrogacy, to study the history of its origin and approaches to solution of fertility problems with its help in different countries of the world, to analyze the attitude of modern generation to surrogacy. Material and methods. To achieve the above objective, various literary sources were analyzed. Also, a sociological survey of 60 students of Gomel State Medical University was conducted. Results. The performed analysis has found historical regularities of the use of surrogacy aimed at procreation since ancient times up till now. The retrospective statistical data of primary and secondary infertility in the world have been given. The modern possibilities of assisted reproductive technologies making it possible for childless families to have their own children have been described. The sociological survey has revealed that most boys and girls - 90 % are «for» using assisted reproductive technologies, and also the majority of the respondents think that it is acceptable to bring up a surrogate child by a single woman (85 %) or man (73 %). However, only 47 % of the respondents agree with the fact that a surrogate child may be raised by homosexual parents. Conclusion. Female and male infertility is a problem that is topical worldwide. Surrogacy is an assisted reproductive technology which in many cases is the only option for people to have their genetic children. In modern society, surrogacy is used by single women and men, including homosexuals. The attitude of modern generation to this fact is positive in most cases.

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