Historical Scenario

2020 ◽  
pp. 371-414
Author(s):  
Branko Horvat
Keyword(s):  
Historical Scenario

scholarly journals Global phylogeography of a pantropical mangrove genus Rhizophora

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Takayama ◽  
Yoichi Tateishi ◽  
Tadashi Kajita
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
F1 Hybrid ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Dated Phylogeny ◽  
Stochastic Mapping ◽  
Historical Scenario

AbstractRhizophora is a key genus for revealing the formation process of the pantropical distribution of mangroves. In this study, in order to fully understand the historical scenario of Rhizophora that achieved pantropical distribution, we conducted phylogeographic analyses based on nucleotide sequences of chloroplast and nuclear DNA as well as microsatellites for samples collected worldwide. Phylogenetic trees suggested the monophyly of each AEP and IWP lineages respectively except for R. samoensis and R. × selala. The divergence time between the two lineages was 10.6 million years ago on a dated phylogeny, and biogeographic stochastic mapping analyses supported these lineages separated following a vicariant event. These data suggested that the closure of the Tethys Seaway and the reduction in mangrove distribution followed by Mid-Miocene cooling were key factors that caused the linage diversification. Phylogeographic analyses also suggested the formation of the distinctive genetic structure at the AEP region across the American continents around Pliocene. Furthermore, long-distance trans-pacific dispersal occurred from the Pacific coast of American continents to the South Pacific and formed F1 hybrid, resulting in gene exchange between the IWP and AEP lineages after 11 million years of isolation. Considering the phylogeny and phylogeography with divergence time, a comprehensive picture of the historical scenario behind the pantropical distribution of Rhizophora is updated.

scholarly journals The discursive production of professionals about humanizing health: singularity, rights and ethics

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Mary Costa Rosa Andrade Silva ◽  
Denize Cristina de Oliveira ◽  
Eliane Ramos Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Quality Care ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Social Representation Theory ◽  
Provide Quality Care ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Historical Scenario ◽  
Selection Of

Objective: to describe the discursive production of professionals about the humanization of health.Method: qualitative study of descriptive approach, inspired by the social representation theory, with 24 professionals in the healthcare field, working in a university hospital with the established humanization policy. The selection of participants was conducted according to criteria of adequacy and diversity for an intentional sample. Data collection was conducted by semi-structured interviews.Results: through content analysis, three categories emerged, around which the analyses were conducted: "humanizing health as an act of accepting the other as unique", "humanizing health as a matter of right" and "humanizing health as an ethical issue". The discursive production of professionals is based on a perspective which is based on the humanist prospect with socio-historical bias.Conclusion: healthcare professionals must know the National Humanization Policy in order to provide quality care, promoting the meeting, welcoming and recognition of oneself, others and their profession in the political and socio-historical scenario of their country as a citizen, not only of rights, but also of obligations.

SECULARIZATION AND MODERNIZATION: THE FAILURE OF A ‘GRAND NARRATIVE’

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. D. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Modernization Theory ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Historical Scenario

ABSTRACTThis historiographical review offers a critical reconsideration of a central component of modernization theory: the model of secularization devised within the sociology of religion, and especially the version sustained by sociologists in the UK. It compares that model with the results of historical research in a range of themes and periods, and suggests that those results are now often radically inconsistent with this sociological orthodoxy. It concludes that an older historical scenario which located in the early modern period the beginnings of a ‘process’ of secularization that achieved its natural completion in the nineteenth or twentieth centuries is finally untenable, and it proposes a broader, more historical conception of ‘religion’ able to accommodate both persistent religiosity and undoubted changes in religious behaviour.

scholarly journals A Marxist Argumentative Scheme on Basic Income and Wage Share in an Anti-capitalist Agenda

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Manjarin ◽  
Maciej Szlinder
Keyword(s):  
Bargaining Power ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Wage Share ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Working People ◽  
Marxist Tradition ◽  
Historical Scenario

AbstractIn this article, we present an anti-capitalist argument for basic income based on its predicted effects on the wage share dynamics and its relation with the working class’ bargaining power. Our considerations are located in the Marxist tradition and based mainly on contributions to the Marxist analytical framework made by Rosa Luxemburg and Michał Kalecki. We argue that basic income should lead to a rise of the share of wages in the GDP, by significantly improving workers’ bargaining position in various ways: through increasing the effective demand and investments by redistributing income to the advantage of the poorer groups of the society; through guaranteeing the realisation of basic needs outside the labour market; through positive influence on the collective bargaining power, especially during a strike; and through enhancing engagement in alternative relations of production as well as in political struggle for a better situation of working people. We also distinguish some necessary conditions in a realistic historical scenario where the positive, anti-capitalist dynamic launched by basic income could be set into motion.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF ECONOMIC REFORMS ON GST IN INDIA-AN ANALYSIS (WITH REFERENCE TO MANUFACTURERS, DISTRIBUTOR AND RETAILERS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
N. Thyagaraju
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Mixed Response ◽  
News Organizations ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Historical Scenario

This paper is a brief description of the historical scenario of Indian taxation and its tax structure. Then why there is a need for the change in tax structure from traditional system to GST model. There are mixed response, inexplicit, arguments and opinions among the Manufactures, traders and society about the Goods and Services Tax (GST) to be implemented by Government of India from 1stApril 2017 this year. Various news organizations from all around the world focused on the bill unifyingthe country and it being an achievement of the government. Evolution of GST has be detailed discuss in this paper as the background, silent features, challenges, revenues, distribution of revenues ,Problems, efforts of government, various GSt Council meetings, Different tax rates etc. The implementation of a comprehensive GST in India is expected to lead to efcient allocation of factors of production thus leading to gains in GDP and exports. Though a number of initiatives by the various machineries at the Centre, the present taxation regime is marked as cumbersome, complicated and unfriendly.

scholarly journals Effects of large scale dynamic phenomena of the summer atmospheric circulation over the Aegean basin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ιωάννης Λογοθέτης
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
El Niño ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
El Niño Southern Oscillation ◽  
El Nino Southern Oscillation ◽  
Representative Concentration Pathways ◽  
Historical Scenario ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή στοχεύει στη μελέτη των επιδράσεων δυναμικών φαινομένων μεγάλης κλίμακας στην ατμοσφαιρική κυκλοφορία της ανατολικής Μεσογείου εστιάζοντας στη λεκάνη του Αιγαίου κατά τη θερινή περίοδο (Μάιος - Σεπτέμβριος). Στο πλαίσιο της παρούσας έρευνας γίνεται μελέτη φαινομένων τηλεσύνδεσης που επιδρούν στην ατμοσφαιρική κυκλοφορία της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Η ανάλυση γίνεται με δεδομένα από προσομοιώσεις Μοντέλων Γήινου Συστήματος (ESMs) που είναι διαθέσιμα στο πλαίσιο της πέμπτης φάσης του προγράμματος Σύγκρισης Συζευγμένων Μοντέλων (CMIP5), το οποίο δρα υποστηρικτικά για το Πόρισμα της Διακυβερνητικής Επιτροπής για τις Κλιματικές Αλλαγές (IPCC, AR5). Στο πλαίσιο του Πορίσματος του IPCC έχει αναπτυχθεί σειρά σεναρίων τα οποία χρησιμοποιούνται για την μελέτη του κλίματος. Η μελέτη εστιάζεται: (α) στην ιστορική περίοδο (historical scenario simulatiuons) για το παρόν-παρελθόν (1900-2005) και (β) προσομοιώσεις των Αντιπροσωπευτικών Συγκεντρώσεων (Representative Concentration Pathways, RCPc) για το μέλλον (2006-2100). Επίσης γίνεται χρήση δεδομένων επανανάλυσης (reanlysis data) από το Ευρωπαϊκό Κέντρο Μεσοπρόθεσμων Μετεωρολογικών Προγνώσεων (ECMWF) για το παρόν (ERA-Interim) και το παρελθόν (ERA20C), καθώς και δεδομένων παρατηρήσεων (observations) ανάλογα με τη διαθεσιμότητα. Στόχοι της διατριβής είναι η συμβολή στην κατανόηση της ατμοσφαιρικής κυκλοφορίας στην ανατολική Μεσόγειο, του φαινομένου των Ετησιών ανέμων και της τηλεσύνδεσης της Νότιας Κύμανσης (El- Niño Southern Oscillation; ENSO) με τον Ινδικό καλοκαιρινό Μουσώνα και την κυκλοφορία της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Τα αποτελέσματα της διδακτορικής διατριβής έδειξαν ότι οι Ετησίες στην κατώτερη και η καθοδική κυκλοφορία στην μέση τροπόσφαιρα είναι τα κύρια χαρακτηριστικά της θερινής ατμοσφαιρικής κυκλοφορία στην ανατολική Μεσόγειο. Στην περιοχή του Ινδικού μουσώνα το κύριο χαρακτηριστικό της κυκλοφορίας είναι οι ανοδικές κινήσεις με την μέγιστη ένταση να εντοπίζεται στο τμήμα του δυτικού Ινδικού καλοκαιρινού Μουσώνα και στον κόλπο της Βεγγάλης. Οι ανοδικές κινήσεις πάνω από τον Ινδικό Μουσώνα, η καθοδική κυκλοφορία στην ανατολική Μεσόγειο και οι Ετησίες άνεμοι παρουσιάζουν ταυτόχρονα μέγιστο την περίοδο Ιουλίου-Αυγούστου. Στην περιοχή της ανατολικής Μεσογείου η βαθμίδα της πίεσης που δημιουργείται από την διαφορά των πιέσεων μεταξύ ενός κέντρου υψηλών πιέσεων στα βόρεια Βαλκάνια και ενός χαμηλού στην νοτιοανατολική Μεσόγειο είναι υπεύθυνη για την πνοή του συστήματος των Ετησιών ανέμων κατά την θερινή περίοδο στο Αιγαίο. Η ανάλυση έδειξε ότι τα μοντέλα είναι ικανά να προσομοιώσουν την εποχική εξέλιξη και συχνότητα των Ετησιών αν και υποεκτιμούν την ταχύτητα του ανέμου. Επιπλέον, η μελέτη επιβεβαιώνει την επίδραση του Ινδικού Μουσώνα στην κατώτερη, μέση και ανώτερη τροποσφαιρική κυκλοφορία της ανατολικής Μεσογείου. Επιπρόσθετα, η ανάλυση έδειξε την επίδραση του ENSO στον Ινδικό καλοκαιρινό Μουσώνα και στο κέντρο χαμηλών πιέσεων που εντοπίζεται στην νότιοανατολική Μεσόγειο ως τμήμα της επέκτασης ενός θερμικού χαμηλού που εκτείνεται από τον δυτικό Ινδικό μουσώνα μέχρι την νοτιοανατολική Μεσόγειο κατά τους καλοκαιρινούς μήνες. Οι εκτιμήσεις για την τελευταία περίοδο του εικοστού πρώτου αιώνα (2070-2100), με βάση το ακραίο σενάριο (RCP8.5), έδειξαν εξασθένηση της κυκλοφορίας μεγάλης κλίμακας και ενίσχυση της βροχόπτωσης στην περιοχή του Ινδικού Μουσώνα. Όπως στο παρελθόν έτσι και στο μέλλον η βαθμίδα της πίεσης στο Αιγαίο φαίνεται πως οδηγεί στην πνοή των Ετησιών ανέμων. Τέλος, η ανάλυση δεν έδειξε ξεκάθαρες μεταβολές για το σύστημα των Ετησιών.

scholarly journals Basic concepts and features of good and service tax in india

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyadharshini J ◽  
Selladurai M
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Tax Structure ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Ignorance Of Law ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Historical Scenario ◽  
Structure And Design

This paper is an analysis of what the impact of Goods and Services Tax will be on Indian Tax Scenario. Here stated with a brief description of the historical scenario of Indian taxation and its tax structure. Then the need arose for the change in tax structure from traditional to GST model. GST has be detailed discuss in this paper as the background, silent features and the impact of GST in the present tax scenario in India. GST is the only indirect tax that directly affects all sectors and sections of our economy. Ignorance of law is no excuse but is liable to panel provisions, hence why not start learning GST and avoid the cost of ignorance. The GST is aimed at creating a single, unified market that will benefit both corporate and the economy. Several countries implemented this tax system followed by France, the first country introduced GST. India is a centralized democratic and therefore the GST will be implemented parallel by the central and state governments as CGST and SGST respectively. The objective will be to maintain a commonality between the basic structure and design of the CGST and SG

21st century nutrient and oxygen dynamics in the Gulf of Bothnia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itzel Ruvalcaba Baroni ◽  
Jenny Hieronymus ◽  
Sam Fredriksson ◽  
Lars Arneborg
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Nutrient Loads ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Future Projections ◽  
Gulf Of Bothnia ◽  
Bottom Waters ◽  
Baltic Proper ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
Historical Scenario

<p>The Gulf of Bothnia is the only sub-basin of the Baltic Sea with no serious eutrophication. However, long-term observations have shown degradation of the water quality over the past years, indicating warning signals for the future. Here, we use a high resolution ocean circulation model including biogeochemistry to study 21st century nutrient and oxygen changes in the Gulf of Bothnia. We analyze ensembles for 5 different scenarios; a historical (1975-2005) and 4 future projections (2006-2100). For the projections, two atmospheric <em>p</em>CO<sub>2 </sub>trajectories are used, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and two settings for nutrient loads are applied to each RCP scenario: one following the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) and the other assuming business as usual. We also test a historical scenario but with no local nutrient loads to better understand the biogeochemical influence of the lateral open boundary. The comparison of observations with the historical scenario shows that oxygen trends are well captured by the model despite a small bias in nutrient concentrations. Our results suggest that the Bothnian Bay is more sensitive to river loads than the Bothnian Sea, which is primarily affected by the inflows from the Baltic proper. All future projections show a decrease in phosphate concentrations and an increase in nitrate concentrations due to lower/higher input of phosphate/nitrate from the Baltic proper. Oxygen concentrations in bottom waters of the Gulf of Bothnia are not susceptible to become hypoxic in the future. However, when business as usual is applied for nutrient loads, oxygen concentrations decrease significantly over the entire future period and short episodes of low oxygen conditions in bottom waters (with less than 5 ml O<sub>2</sub>/l) become more frequent and more pronounced in the Bothnian Sea, especially towards the end of the century.</p><p> </p>

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