PRINCIPLES OF GENERAL AVERAGE

Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-343
Author(s):  
Sabine C P J Go

The Jan Maria was a Dutch schooner that, in 1883, en route from the Baltic to its home port, was forced to jettison cargo during a fierce storm, which resulted in a General Average (GA) procedure. GA refers to a method that redistributes damages that were deliberately inflicted by the master, in order to save the ship and its cargo, among all those parties that benefited from the action. The report of this procedure of the Jan Maria has been preserved and is exceptional in its completeness. It offers a unique view on a complex procedure and also on the coping mechanisms of small-scale entrepreneurs in a volatile business environment. In this article, I will explain the principle and functioning of GA, and I will argue that, in spite of financial innovations like marine insurance, GA remained an important part of risk management.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamaliah Said ◽  
Md. Mahmudul Alam ◽  
Razana Juhaida Johari

Ensuring accountability in the public sector is a very crucial issue as it could lead to failures in governance, fraud, inefficacy, corruption as well as weak financial management. This study evaluated the state of present accountability practices among public sector employees from various Malaysian service schemes. Primary data were collected, using a questionnaire survey approach with 194 heads of departments in the Malaysian federal ministries. Data was collected in accordance with the perspective of 12 factors in accountability practices, using a five-point Likert scale. Factor analysis and descriptive statistics were utilized for data analysis. In addition, data reliability was checked by Cronbach’s alpha test; data normality was examined by Skewness and Kurtosis tests, and data validity was tested by using Kaiser-Meyer Olkin test and Barlett’s test. The findings show that 94.9% of the participants reported that they practised accountability within their departments. Nevertheless, the priority for these accountability factors varied according to the service schemes. In general, the perceived accountability practice was the highest within the group of the administrative scheme and the lowest among the employees under the accounting scheme. Moreover, the perceived accountability practice of the audit scheme was below the general average level. This findings of the study would help policy makers to take necessary steps to improve the practices of accountability in the public sector for creating a more dependable and efficient public sector in Malaysia.


Author(s):  
Mohammed Qasim Almqablah

The study aimed to identify the reality of practicing accountability among school leaders in public education schools in Sharourah Governorate / Najran and the degree of accountability in the administrative and technical domains. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the analytical survey approach. The study was applied to a sample of )177 ( teachers, including (101) male teachers and (76) female teachers, in the first semester of the academic year 2018- 2019. The results of the study found that, the practice of accountability among the leaders of public education schools in Sharourah governorate / Najran from teachers point of view has got a general average (4.02), high rating, and according to the domains level, practicing accountability in administrative domain has got an average; (3.93), with a high rating, also, practicing accountability in the technical domain has got an average of (3.90) with a high degree. There were no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05 = α) between the arithmetical averages of the total score for the degree of accountability in administrative and technical domains due to the differences in the variables of the study (years of experience and the scientific qualification). There were statistically significant differences in the degree of accountability in administrative and technical domains due to gender in favor of males; and in the variable of a school level in favor of high school. The study recommended the need to spread the culture of accountability, And to clarify the nature, methods, objectives and mechanisms for teachers, and the need to provide standards and performance indicators used in accountability process.


Author(s):  
Maysaa hasan muflih BaniHani

The purpose of this study was to investigate effectiveness of female administration in the Administrative Empowerment at Hail University branches and its impediments, from the point of view of the faculty members. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach. The questionnaire was the tool of study and the study sample consisted of (53) of female faculty members at Hail University branches during the first semester 2018- 2019. The results of this study found that the overall degree of administrative empowerment was obtained at a general average (3.93) i.e. high degree and at the dimensional level. Indeed, the work team term was in the first rank with an average of 4.09, and then it comes the delegation of authority with an average of (3.89). The communication term comes at the third level with an average of (3.88) and in the last rank, it comes the motivation of the staff with an average of (3.86) and all of them with a rating of (high). As regard the obstacles in the women administration, the administrative impediments obtained the first rank with an average of (3.87) followed by the personal constraints with an average of (3.76), and then the political impediments with an average of (3.47), and finally the social obstacles with an average of (2.61). For instance, the study showed that there were no significant differences due to the impact of experience years and the impact of scientific qualification. There were some recommendations according to the study results, which were to increase the effectiveness of faculty members and remove obstacles facing them.


Author(s):  
Nourah Mohammed Al- Tamimi

This research aimed to recognize the reasons made the high school teachers (female) in Houtat Bani Tamim province abstains from the leadership's positions at the institutions that they are working in. And to achieve the goals of the research the descriptive analytical approach was used, while the study tool was an electronic questionnaire distributed among a random simple sample which consisted of (93) secondary teachers. The study revealed that the arithmetic averages of the responses of the study sample on the axis of reasons for abstention from leadership positions ranged between (2.62) and (3.94) with a general average of (3.46) (3.45) and (4.31) with a general average of (3.92). The results of the study on the analysis of mono- variance showed that there were no statistically significant differences due to differences in academic qualifications and years of experience. This reflects the agreement of the sample members of the secondary school teachers on the reasons of abstention of leadership positions.


Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1181
Author(s):  
Moran Rubanenko ◽  
Sigalit Blumer ◽  
Kayan Maalof ◽  
Shlomo Elbahary ◽  
Lazar Katz ◽  
...  

Background: Antibiotics are widely used in dentistry. Dentists often provide antibiotics unnecessarily. Excessive use can induce resistant bacterial strains. There are certain indications for the proper use of antibiotics for pediatric dentistry according to the European and American Pediatric Dentistry (EAPD and AAPD). Very often dentists do not follow these guidelines. Objectives: This study aims to examine the level of knowledge among general dentists (who also treat children) and pediatric dentists on proper use of antibiotics. In addition, we examined whether there is unjustified use of antibiotics, if dentists are aware of the new and conservative approach of administering antibiotics to patients, and whether there is a relationship between years of professional seniority and dentist’s knowledge level of proper use of antibiotics. Methods: One hundred general dentists (GD) who treat children in addition to 100 pediatric dentists (PD) completed the study questionnaires which measured knowledge, practice and attitudes regrading using antibiotics during dental treatment among children. Results: The general average of level of knowledge on proper use of antibiotics among general dentists was relatively low for both GD (60.7%) and PDs (65%). PDs demonstrated a relatively greater knowledge of correct use of antibiotics, especially in cases of endodontics and trauma. PDs also showed higher awareness to latest guidelines for the admission of “prophylactic antibiotics” according to the American Association (AAPD) and/or the European Union (EAPD) compared with GDs (86.2% vs. 66.3%). Conclusion: The level of knowledge of both general dentists and pediatric dentists is poor, with a large percentage of dentists from both groups not knowing whether antibiotics are needed in a specific dental case or not. Compliance with the EAPD/AAPD guidelines is also low and inadequate. The method of prescribing antibiotics given by dentists can be improved by increasing awareness, educational initiatives, and postgraduate courses among dentists regarding the recommended indications.


Author(s):  
Leisson Domingues Pinheiro ◽  
Mauricia Macedo Ramalho ◽  
Athos Ricardo Moraes Bastos

Este trabalho desperta uma análise de como vem se estruturando o sistema de saúde no Brasil e aplicação dos recursos na assistência de alta complexidade. O objetivo da pesquisa é realizar um levantamento dos estabelecimentos de saúde que prestam serviços em unidade de terapia intensiva ao sistema único de saúde. A metodologia empregada foi à busca na base de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística e censo da Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira. Foi obtido um total de 1057 estabelecimentos em 2009 no IBGE e 1961 estabelecimentos em 2016 no censo de AMIB, observando um aumento médio de 76% em sete anos o número de estabelecimento de saúde em todo território brasileiro. A região sudeste tem uma representatividade maior em relação a outras regiões. Apesar do aumento médio geral dos estabelecimentos há necessidade da manutenção da satisfação e segurança assistencial para os usuários do sistema único de saúde.Descritores: Saúde Pública, População, Segurança do paciente. Number of intensive care unit in Brazil between 2009 and 2016Abstract: This work awakens an analysis of how the health system in Brazil has been structuring and the application of resources in high complexity care. The objective of the research is to carry out a survey of the health facilities that provide services in an intensive care unit to the single health system. The methodology used was the search in the database of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and census of the Association of Brazilian Intensive Medicine. A total of 1057 establishments were obtained in 2009 in IBGE and 1961 establishments in 2016 in the AMIB census, observing an average increase of 76% in seven years the number of health facilities throughout Brazil. The southeastern region has a greater representativeness in relation to other regions. Despite the general average increase of the establishments, there is a need to maintain satisfaction and assurance of care for the users of the single health system.Descriptors: Public Health, Population, Patient Safety. Número de unidad de terapia intensiva en Brasil 2009 a 2016Resumen: Este trabajo despierta un análisis de cómo se viene estructurando el sistema de salud en Brasil y aplicación de los recursos en la asistencia de alta complejidad. El objetivo de la investigación es realizar un levantamiento de los establecimientos de salud que prestan servicios en unidad de terapia intensiva al sistema único de salud. La metodología empleada fue a la búsqueda en la base de datos del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística y censo de la Asociación de Medicina Intensiva Brasileña. Se obtuvo un total de 1057 establecimientos en 2009 en el IBGE y 1961 establecimientos en 2016 en el censo de AMIB, observando un aumento promedio del 76% en siete años el número de establecimiento de salud en todo el territorio brasileño. La región sudeste tiene una representatividad mayor en relación a otras regiones. A pesar del aumento promedio general de los establecimientos hay necesidad de mantener la satisfacción y seguridad asistencial para los usuarios del sistema único de salud.Descriptores: Salud Pública, Población, Seguridad del Paciente.


Author(s):  
Yousef Mufleh Saleem Jarrah

The current study aimed to know the reality of the availability of teaching techniques from the faculty members’ point of view at the Faculty of Science and Arts in Al-Ula at Taibah University, and the effects of non-availability for these techniques. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the study sample consisted of all members of the original community who are (121) faculty members (male, female). The researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (42) techniques for gathering information, and it was verified validity and reliability. The study has come across the following results: It was found that the average mean of the reality of the availability of teaching techniques was satisfactorily with an average of (2.41), and (50.1%) percentage with a degree (disagree) and that is the highest degree of availability of five techniques with a general average of (4.30) and with a (54.4%) percentage with a degree (agree). As for the general mean for the medium techniques, it was (1.84) with a (46.1%) percentage and with a degree (disagree). The lowest levels of those technologies, which are almost non-existent, were with a general average (1.45) with a (68.6%) percentage and a degree (strongly disagree). As the results indicated there are statistically significant differences in the opinions of the study sample individuals on the reality of the availability of teaching techniques according to the gender variable at the level of the tool as a whole in favor of males. Finally, in the light of the results of the study, also the negative effects of the lack of teaching techniques in Science and Arts in Al-Ula were clearly seen and the feasibility of the study as well. The study also concluded to feasibility of the study the reality of the techniques in the college and strengthening the practical side in using the modern methods of the teaching and diversity in exchange of information with the learner, and developing the self abilities for the learner. This study is concluded with several recommendations, the most important of which are: the university administration should ensure the availability of teaching techniques in colleges, keep pace with technological developments, and conduct more future research on ensuring digital quality and the possibility of integration in curriculum design.


Shipping Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 319-332
Author(s):  
Simon Baughen
Keyword(s):  

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