scholarly journals Pomoc i współpraca w czasie pandemii. Zarys problemu

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Ewa Baniowska-Kopacz
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
The State ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Full Implementation ◽  
Spontaneous Activities

Help and Cooperation during a Pandemic Time. Outline of the Problem The article presents the results of research, the axis of which were help initiatives taken during the COVID-19 pandemic. A characteristic feature, and previously unheard of on such a scale, is the initiation, and often full implementation of these activities in the virtual world. The time of the pandemic has blurred the clarity of the categories of those most affected or most in need of help in the events that took place. Another feature of the observed events is their phased. Its elements are spontaneously emerging groups that undertake aid actions. Restoring the “state of normality” and taking over the aid activities by institutions established for this slowed down and weakened the participation of ordinary people in organizing spontaneous activities. The time lived has the features of Turner’s liminality, and assistance groups can be described by the term Communitas.

Is economic inequality a universal evil?

2019 ◽  
pp. 91-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rostislav I. Kapeliushnikov
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
The State ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The Public ◽  
Discursive Power ◽  
A Current

Using published estimates of inequality for two countries (Russia and USA) the paper demonstrates that inequality measuring still remains in the state of “statistical cacophony”. Under this condition, it seems at least untimely to pass categorical normative judgments and offer radical political advice for governments. Moreover, the mere practice to draw normative conclusions from quantitative data is ethically invalid since ordinary people (non-intellectuals) tend to evaluate wealth and incomes as admissible or inadmissible not on the basis of their size but basing on whether they were obtained under observance or violations of the rules of “fair play”. The paper concludes that a current large-scale ideological campaign of “struggle against inequality” has been unleashed by left-wing intellectuals in order to strengthen even more their discursive power over the public.

scholarly journals Xerodrymionorientale mediterraneum gorges of the Karatag river

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 00022
Author(s):  
Sayfiddin Khairiddin Davlatov ◽  
Rakhmatullo Boboevich Sattorov ◽  
Jamoliddin Murotalievich Bobokalonov
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Wild Fruit ◽  
Middle Mountains ◽  
First Time

The Karatag gorge is one of the natural areas where valuable genetic resources (wild, fruit and many valuable species) are preserved. A characteristic feature of the region is the richness of the diversity of flora and vegetation, where the main formations of Tajik vegetation are noted (maple, hazel, almond, frame, juniper). The article summarizes the results of the authors’ field research on the study of the state of xerophilic forests in the Karatag gorge. For the first time, the authors cite original materials on the phytocenology of all formations of this type of composition. According to the results of our research, the Shibleak communities in the study area are distributed in high-altitude belts from low-hilly 600–800 m to middle mountains 800–1800, 2000 m. The main formations of this type in the study area are: Acer regelii, Crataegus pontica, Celtis caucasic, Pistacia vera, Amygdalis bucharica, Ampelopsis vitifolia, Atraphaxis pyrifolia. As a result of the study, 340 plant species, 6 formations and more than 25 vegetation associations were identified in the composition of the flora of this type of the study area.

scholarly journals THE PLACE OF LOCALITY FOR IDENTITY IN THE NATION: MINORITY NARRATIVES OF COSMOPOLITAN ISTANBUL

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 401a-401a
Author(s):  
Amy Mills
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Politics Of Identity ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Nationalism And Identity ◽  
Muslim Minorities

A greater understanding of the politics of nationalism and identity must consider the importance of locality. This research, conducted among Muslims and non-Muslim minorities in Istanbul, Turkey, and Tel Aviv, Israel, relies on place narratives of Istanbul during the mid-20th century, when Istanbul was transforming into a predominantly Muslim, “Turkish” city. Place narratives reveal the multiplicity of interpretations of the national past and are thus a powerful resource for examining the cultural politics of identity in the national present. This research contributes to studies of national identity, which have traditionally focused on the top-down role of the state in producing the nation, by examining the processes through which ordinary people make meaning of the state-authored nation. I conclude that place-based relationships can transcend national/minority frameworks for identity, as shared ties to local place create feelings of common belonging among diverse residents

Beyond Nostalgia

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-92
Author(s):  
Jing Meng
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Dominant Ideology ◽  
Individual Agency ◽  
Narrative Mode ◽  
Film Making ◽  
The Cultural Revolution

In Chapter 3, 11 Flowers represents personal and fragmented memories of the Cultural Revolution from an 11-year-old boy’s perspective. These memories challenge the monolithic narrative of history and the Maoist rhetoric of revolution. At the same time, this fragmented narrative mode enables individual agency in narrating and constructing history. In addition, through portrayals of everyday life in the Maoist era, the film reveals how the dominant ideology at that time was strategically misinterpreted by ordinary people and was dispersed in everyday life. Socialism, in this context, becomes a mystery, a joke, and a traumatic awakening. In the lm, art possesses enlightening power for the 11-year-old boy, who begins to obtain self-awareness through painting. The film thus conveys the director’s authorial enunciation and his belief in art as a form of liberation, not only for a boy in the Cultural Revolution but also for Wang Xiaoshuai as a film-maker. The shifting trajectory of Wang’s film-making—from independent to art house—alludes to the shifting relations between film-making, the state, and the market. In 11 Flowers, personal memories become the hallmark of Wang’s auteur expression.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-460
Author(s):  
Alfred Evans ◽  
Eleanor Bindman
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political System ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Society Organization ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Recent Developments

This article serves as an introduction to this special issue on recent developments in civil society organization and strategies in Russia. Despite the widespread assumption that the increased restrictions placed on NGO activity by the state in recent years have hampered their ability to operate, we argue that civil society in Russia continues to show signs of vitality. This is demonstrated by the fact that protests by ordinary Russians have grown and have often led to the formation of new groups and movements which have had some success in campaigning on specific issues. As the articles in this special issue highlight, one of the key tools affecting whether or not such movements can be successful in achieving their aims is that of framing. When organizations are able to frame the issue they are campaigning on in such a way as to resonate with ordinary people and avoid directly challenging the balance of power within Russia’s political system, they tend to enjoy more success than those groups which tend to take a more confrontational stance and thus face greater pushback and sanction from the authorities. This serves to highlight that NGOs and other civil society groups in Russia employ a range of different strategies and enjoy very different relationships with the authorities as a result.

scholarly journals Use of Modals as Stance Markers: A Corpus-Based Study on Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Asim Mahmood ◽  
Ammara Farukh
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
The State ◽  
Daily News ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Newspaper Editorials ◽  
Modal Adverbs

This study analyses the use of modals as stance markers in newspaper editorials. Corpora of the study comprised of 500 editorials published in Pakistani English newspapers, that is, The Daily Dawn and The Daily News (250 editorials from each newspaper) which were analysed with the help of AntConc 3.4.4.0. Results show Pakistani editorial writers use all types of modals (i.e., prediction, possibility, necessity, modal adverbs, reporting verbs, knowledge verbs and generic phrases). The editorial writers use these modals to mark personal stance while commenting, reporting or informing about the state of affairs. Among these modals the use of prediction markers is the most frequent which indicates that prediction is a characteristic feature as well as function in the said newspaper editorials. Results also reveal that there is a difference in the use of modal adverbs in the editorials of both newspapers. In addition, the results reveal that the editorial writers of The Daily Dawn make less use of prediction markers as compared to the editorial writers of The Daily News. The study creates awareness of the stance of editorial writers’ and how it might affect readers’ opinions.

South Africa’s hybrid care regime: The changing and contested roles of individuals, families and the state after apartheid

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsty Button ◽  
Elena Moore ◽  
Jeremy Seekings
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Access To Care ◽  
The State ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Patriarchal Ideology ◽  
Family Balancing ◽  
The Family ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
Women And Children

The post-apartheid state in South Africa inherited a care regime that historically combined liberal, social democratic and conservative features. The post-apartheid state has sought to deracialise the care regime, through extending to the African majority the privileges that hitherto had been largely confined to the white minority, and to transform it, to render it more appropriate to the needs and norms of the African majority. Deracialisation proved insufficient and transformation too limited to address inequalities in access to care. Reform also generated tensions, including between a predominant ideology that accords women and children rights as autonomous individuals, the widespread belief in kinship obligations and an enduring if less widespread conservative, patriarchal ideology. Ordinary people must navigate between the market (if they can afford it), the state and the family, balancing opportunities for independence with the claims made on and by kin. The care regime thus remains a contested hybrid.

Sikshasandhan: Funding Challenges and Mission Drift

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 89-109
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
State Government ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
The State ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Tribal People ◽  
Mission Drift ◽  
Full Implementation ◽  
Model School

Sikshasandhan is a not-for-profit organisation working in the field of education for the last 16 years. The organisation is headquartered in Bhubaneswar and it has been operating in some tribal areas of Odisha. In 1995, the organisation started its operations as a resource centre to cater to the needs of elementary education particularly of the tribal people in the state. At present Sikshasandhan has 36 full time employees and 29 volunteers. Its main activities include running alternative education centres, making right to education effective at grassroot level, advocacy with the state government on issues related to elementary education, and running a resource centre — including a library and publishing various books and periodicals. For a decade, a committed long-term funding partner supported the organisation’s activities. Recently the agency has indicated withdrawal of a significant part of its grant support. Under these circumstances, Mr. A. Pradhan, the Member-Secretary of the organisation, has to look for alternative sources of funding. As he consulted various stakeholders, he received a number of suggestions like expanding into other sectors such as health, livelihoods, women development, and climate change; going into full implementation mode rather than operating as a resource centre; and starting a full-fledged model school. So far the organisation has focused on elementary education for tribal people. Looking at the existing pattern of funding in the development sector, it was no surprise for Mr. Pradhan that the suggestions for diversification have come from various stakeholders. Also, government and various other donors have good amount of funds for implementing schemes at grassroot level, which is not available for a resource agency. Hence full-fledged implementation was a lucrative idea. Given the success of private educational institutions in Odisha, the rationale for a model school was also understandable. But would such actions not create a ‘mission drift’? The organisation was not set up to cater to issues like climate change and women development. Such issues are important but delving into other fields would dilute the institutional expertise. Going into full implementation mode would also not make much difference to the education sector as there are already a number of players at that level — it also may turn the organisation into a service contractor. With these concerns in mind, Mr. Pradhan prepared a note for the upcoming meetings of governing board. He has to present an action plan on how to manage the finances in the next ten years.

LITIGATION MASTERS AND THE LITIGATION SYSTEM OF MING AND QING CHINA

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Fuma
Keyword(s):  
Civil Service ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Lower Court ◽  
The Public ◽  
Know How ◽  
Civil Service Examination

Litigation masters (songshi), who flourished in traditional China, have long been associated in the minds of the public with questionable legal behaviour, taking advantage of the lack of legal know-how of plaintiffs. Though they existed outside the law and their existence was constantly castigated by the authorities, they played a very important role in society. This article examine the reality of what it meant for ordinary people to go to law, in an attempt to reassess how the litigation system actually worked, as opposed to how it was described ideally by the state. It first looks at litigation procedures and the trial process, and concludes that the Chinese were extremely litigious, challenging the notion that people preferred to resolve disputes by mediation rather than by going to court. Court procedures were complicated and costs high, and not all plaints submitted to the court were accepted. To ensure that the correct forms were followed, expert help was necessary, and this help often took the form of the litigation master. He acted as proxy for litigants, for he was unable to appear in court in person, and he played a vital role in negotiating with the lower court functionaries whose support was vital for the success of a case. He also wrote plaints in a form acceptable to the courts, and coached litigants in their presentation. The litigation master was often a former civil service examination candidate, and so trained in the kind of writing skills the court required. Failed students often had to choose between becoming a private secretary to a magistrate or a litigation master, and there was a continuum between the two. Thus it was the examination system itself that fostered litigation masters. Because the state refused to recognize litigiousness, it also had to refuse to recognize the lawful existence of litigation masters. Nevertheless they met an important social need.

scholarly journals KAJIAN KRITIS TERHADAP PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 013-022/PUU-IV/2006 TENTANG PEMBATALAN PASAL PENGHINAAN TERHADAP PRESIDEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Adhya Satya Bangsawan
Keyword(s):  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
The Status ◽  
Legal Consequences

This article discusses the legal reasoning used by the Indonesian Constitutional Court in its Decision No. 013-022/PUU-IV/2006. The object of the constitutionality review is Article 134, 136 bis, and 137 of the Indonesian Criminal Code which contained the ban of insult action toward the president/vice president. Those norms have been declared null and void based on the argument that those norms were not criminal acts. Hence, this article stresses that the annulment of those norms may give negative legal consequences toward the protection of president/vice president’s dignity. Freedom of speech is categorized as a right of expression in which its performance is undertaken restrictively. This article argues that the ban of insult action toward the president/vice president is a constitutional limitation to the freedom of speech. The status of president/vice president shall not be considered as equal with ordinary people since the president/vice president is the head of state and also the symbol of the state.

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