The Development of the Democratic Behavior Scale: A Validity and Reliability Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Sevi Kent Kükürtcü ◽  
Nefise Semra Erkan ◽  
Yasemin Seyfeli

This study aimed to develop a scale to determine the democratic behavior levels of children in early childhood. The study group included a total of 486 children attending kindergartens and primary school nursery classes in Melikgazi, Kayseri. Scale reliability was tested by using intra-group correlation values, item analysis coefficients, Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient (0,98), and the Hotelling T2 test result [ 830,12 and (p<0.001)]. For validity testing purposes, the Cronbach Alpha coefficient, KMO test result (0,97), the Bartlett test and item analysis (p<0.001) were calculated. It was consequently decided that the scale was suitable for factoring, and AFA was used in principal component analyses. Following this, the structural equation model of DFA was performed, which confirmed that the model suited the data and that the 3-factor structure of the scale was valid. Confirmed as valid and reliable, the scale consisted of a total of 38 items in the sub-dimensions of "Knowing Your Rights", "Autonomous Behaviors" and "Democratic Behaviors". The highest score possible from the scale is 190, while the lowest possible score is 38.

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Cholil

The objective of this research is to test and conducting an analysis in sequence, on the effect of exchange of superior-subordinate relationship on: the quality of the service, customers’ satisfaction and customers’ loyalty: Case study on a restaurant in Surakarta Indonesia. The samples used in this research are 430 staffs and 430 customers taken with convenient method. The technique used to test the hypothesis is SEM analysis (Structural Equation Model). The validity test result shows that there are several items on this research which extracted and finally used as the base for item analysis that meets the criteria, while the reliability test result shows that all the variable meets the requirements, and the research model required can be found. The analysis result of this research shows that: First, the exchange of superior-subordinate relationship shows positive effect on the service quality, but shows no effect on the customers’ satisfaction. Second, the service quality gives positive effect on customers’ satisfaction, but shows no effect on customers’ loyalty. Third, customers’ satisfaction gives positive effects on customers’ loyalty. The existing research implications and limitations need to be studied in future researches


Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 687-693
Author(s):  
António Carlos Rodrigues Sampaio ◽  
Nuno Pimenta ◽  
Mafalda Machado ◽  
Pedro Teques

Abstract. The purpose of the present research was to develop and provide initial validation of the Fitness Coaching Behavior Scale (FCBS-Fit) designed for assessing perceived the quality of instructor’s behaviors in fitness group classes through the theoretical adaptation to the Coaching Model (Côté et al., 1995), originally derived from sports. In total, 618 participants of fitness group classes accepted to participate in this investigation. The purpose of the research was achieved in three phases: (1) development of the item pool and content validation of the preliminary version of the FCBS-Fit (27 items); preliminary examination of the factorial structure through exploratory factor analysis (n1 = 185) that revealed a scale with 20 items distributed by 4 factors: Technical and Positive Rapport, Exercise Planning and Prescription, Negative Rapport, and Goal Setting; (2) confirmatory factor analysis to the 4-factor model indicated adequate fit model fit, reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, a multi-group CFA indicated measurement invariance of the factorial structure across samples (n2 = 210); (3) structural equation model examined criterion validity through analysis of the relationships between the 4-factors of EPCI-Fit and enjoyment in exercise (n3 = 223). Psychometric evidence suggests that the FCBS could be used as a reliable and valid measure to assess Portuguese participant`s perceptions of the quality of instructor’s behaviors in fitness group classes.Resumen. El propósito del presente estudio fue desarrollar y validar preliminarmente la Escala de Percepción del Comportamiento del Instructor de Fitness (EPCI-Fit) cuyo objetivo es evaluar la calidad de los comportamientos de los instructores de fitness en clases de grupo, a través de la adaptación teórica al Coaching Model (Côté et al., 1995), original del entrenamiento deportivo. En total, participaran 618 practicantes de fitness en clases de grupo de diversas áreas del litoral de Portugal continental. El propósito del estudio fue alcanzado en tres fases: (1) desarrollo del banco de ítems y validación inicial del contenido de la versión inicial de EPCI-Fit (27 ítems); la evaluación preliminar de la estructura factorial a través de análisis factorial exploratorio (n1 = 185) que resultó en una escala con 20 ítems distribuidos por 4 factores - Feedback técnico positivo, Feedback negativo, Formulación de objetivos, y Planificación y prescripción del ejercicio; (2) estimación del ajuste del modelo de 4-factores a través de análisis factorial confirmatorio, y análisis a la fiabilidad compuesta, y validez convergente y discriminante (n2 = 210); evaluación de la invariancia métrica del modelo de 4-factores en dos muestras independientes (n1 = 185; n2 = 210); y (3) estimación de la validez de criterio a través del análisis a las relaciones entre los 4-factores de la EPCI-Fit y el disfrute en la práctica de ejercicio (n3 = 223). En general, los resultados provenientes de las diferentes fases de análisis psicométrico a EPCI-Fit soportan la validez y la fiabilidad de los datos, indicando que esta escala podrá ser utilizada en el futuro para evaluar las percepciones de la calidad del comportamiento del instructor de fitness en clases de grupo. Resumo. O propósito do presente estudo foi desenvolver e validar preliminarmente a Escala de Perceção do Comportamento do Instrutor de Fitness (EPCI-Fit) cujo objetivo é avaliar a qualidade dos comportamentos dos instrutores de fitness em aulas de grupo, através da adaptação teórica ao Coaching Model (Côté et al., 1995), original do treino desportivo. No total, participaram 618 praticantes de fitness em aulas de grupo de várias zonas de Portugal continental. O propósito do estudo foi alcançado em três fases: (1) desenvolvimento da pool de itens e validação inicial do conteúdo da versão inicial da EPCI-Fit (27 itens); avaliação preliminar da estrutura fatorial através de análise fatorial exploratória (n1 = 185) que resultou numa escala com 20 itens distribuídos por 4 fatores – Feedback técnico positivo, Feedback negativo, Formulação de objetivos, e Planificação e prescrição do exercício; (2) estimação do ajustamento do modelo de 4-fatores através de analise fatorial confirmatória, e análise à fiabilidade compósita, e validade convergente e discriminante (n2 = 210); avaliação da invariância métrica do modelo de 4-fatores em duas amostras independentes (n1 = 185; n2 = 210); e (3) examinação da validade de critério através da análise às relações entre os 4-fatores da EPCI-Fit e o divertimento na prática de exercício (n3 = 223). No geral, os resultados oriundos das diferentes fases de análise psicométrica à EPCI-Fit suportam a validade e a fiabilidade dos dados, indicando que esta escala poderá ser utilizada futuramente para avaliar as perceções da qualidade do comportamento do instrutor de fitness em aulas de grupo.


2019 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Dewa Made Priyantha Wedagama ◽  
Darren Wishart

Motorcycle accidents and injuries in Bali have been highly occurred as to a cause of their predominance in urban transportation structures. While riding a motorcycle, a tourist eventually is obligated to his/ her own particular safety. Road safety analysts are concerned with accident risk faced by tourists because of a great possibility to be associated with a road accident while on vacation. This research investigated motorcycle riding behaviors and combined with a scope of psychosocial factors for example, sensation seeking, risky riding intentions and attitudes using international tourists riding motorcycles whilst on vacation in Bali as the respondents. Two models are constructed comprising of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Structural Equation Model (SEM). Predictors employed socio-demographic variables consisting exposure and years licensed, gender, age, education levels, and estimates of distance travelled. International tourists revealed a scope of purposes behind riding motorcycles in Bali, for example, for fun and feelings of freedom. This research discovered that male international tourists with sensation seeking will probably be taking part in traffic and speeding infringement in contrast with females. These study outcomes alongside the suggestions for tourists training and road safety campaign while on holiday in Bali are examined.


Author(s):  
Sebastianus Alexander Septiadi ◽  
Desak Ketut Sintaasih ◽  
I Made Artha Wibawa

This study examined the effect of job involvement on job performance and organizational commitment as mediation. This study involved 135 respondents and using saturated sample which take all employee become a respondents. Likert Scale is used as a balanced assessment questionnaires and using validity and reliability for testing questionaires. The analysis tool in the research is Structural Equation Model (SEM) which using a variance-based approach with Partial Least Square (PLS) as well as to test the mediating variable VAF to testing. Result of study found that job involvement has a positive effect on organizational commitment and job performance at Defense of Ministry. Organizational commitment has positive influence on job performance at Pusat Keuangan and organizational commitment as Partial mediation proved directly affect the relationship between job involvement and job performance. can be given to the Defense of Ministry is increasing attention to the dimensions of salary, normative commitment, and discipline work as dimensions that have bad perception


Author(s):  
Marjam Desma Rahadhini ◽  

This study aims to analyze the effects of digital marketing and financial inclusion on business sustainability through marketing performance. MSME’s are required to be able to adapt to new adaptations and communicate products intensively in marketing to be able to reach consumers directly and reduce costs for the sustainability of their business. This research is a survey research. The population was culinary MSME’s in Surakarta. Data collection using a questionnaire. The sampling technique used purposive sampling, culinary MSME’s as 75 respondents. Validity testing used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Cronbach's Alpha for reliability testing. Data analysis used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results show digital marketing and financial inclusion have an effect on business sustainability through marketing performance. Digital marketing and financial inclusion help MSME’s to promote and market products and be able to expand markets that were previously limited, so that MSME’s can survive a pandemic and can increase market growth in encouraging the national economic recovery process.


2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Fery Agusman Motuho Mendrofa ◽  
Chatarina U. Wahyuni ◽  
Nursalam Nursalam ◽  
Hasan Machfoed ◽  
Kuntoro Kuntoro ◽  
...  

Stroke injury such as physical and psychological disorders was required assistance such as the community, nursing professional and family. Family and social factors play an important role in independence strokes such as support family members provide encouragement for self care.The objective of aim the study wasto assess indicator of self care and model family support related self care. A cross-sectional survey research design was used. Data was collected with interviews by home visited method. Data were analyzed with confirmatory analysis for determined of validity and reliability indicator, models analyzed by SEM (<em>Structural Equation Model</em>).Family support such as information, instrumental, reward and emotion were valid indicator for family support. Self care indicators such as eat, bath, titivate, dress, defecating, urination and transfer to building of self-care. Indicators of eating, bathing, titivate, dress, defecate, urination, and transfer is an indicator for self care. It could be concluded that eating, bathing, ornate, dress, and the transfer is valid and reliable. Model showed that self-care needs were improved of self-carepatients with through family support.


SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110591
Author(s):  
Chang Chen ◽  
Zhuoqi Teng ◽  
Chunyi Lu ◽  
Md. Alamgir Hossain ◽  
Yuantao Fang

The current study empirically examines an integrative model linking multiple types of touch points in tourism experience, hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, revisit intention, and online word of mouth, in response to the calls to revitalize tourism and achieve sustainable development. The research relied on “Nong Jia Le,” an important representative survey on leisure tourism. The questionnaire was developed based on prior studies, then translated into Chinese and set up in an online survey system. In total, 316 respondents were ultimately gathered for analysis. Principal component analysis was used to test the reliability and validity of each construct, and a structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. The findings show that tourism experiences derived from partner-owned, customer-owned, and social touch points positively affect perceived hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, while experiences derived from destination-owned touch points only positively influence hedonic well-being. In addition, both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being significantly affect consumers’ intention to revisit the destination and to spread word of mouth online. This study fills in a gap in leisure tourism literature by proposing the merits of touch points in tourism experience and placing importance on conceptions of eudaimonia. More importantly, the current research offers important social and economic considerations that can contribute to the sustainable growth of leisure tourism.


Author(s):  
Biraj Ghimire ◽  
Bharat Singh Thapa ◽  
Suman Dahal

The purpose of the study was to investigate influence of advertisement traits on attitude towards Ads on social media and intention to use them for purchase decision. The study used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine the relationship. The validity and reliability of the constructs were evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The EFA was conducted using Principal Component Analysis and Varimax Rotation Method. 7 factors explained 67% of variation. The result also showed sampling adequacy with Kaiser-Meyer-Olin (KMO) test and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity indicated that sample of 255 was appropriate for factor analysis. The result provided a justifiable range of construct reliability and discriminant validity. Consequently, structural model was developed. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to test the goodness of the model. The result indicated that advertisement contents on social media with informative and entertaining were more likely to be used by the consumers. Similarly, favorable attitude towards Ads on social media had a positive intention to use the message for purchase decision. Key words: Marketing, Attitude, Ads on social media, Consumers, Factor analysis, Message


10.17158/184 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Orcheliza L. Paramo

<p>The study aimed to develop and validate a teacher’s laboratory competence evaluation instrument (TLCEI) as an assessment tool for rating the competencies of laboratory teachers. This research was particularly conducted to identify the domains of competencies of teacher in handling laboratory classes and to determine the instrument’s validity and reliability. Cross- sectional design was employed using descriptive and analytic approaches to data analyses. A 54–item try-out version of the instrument was created based on the indicators identified by the selected laboratory instructors during interviews. One thousand college students with laboratory subjects participated in the pilot test. Item analysis of the try-out instrument reduced the 54 items to 35 for the final version. Pilot–testing for the reliability of the final version involved 100 students. The principal component exploratory factor analysis (EFA) indicated that the instrument measures three constructs such as “Laboratory Instruction,” “The Laboratory Environment,” and “Planning and Preparation.” The three–factor solution explained a total of 68.78% variance in the scale responses. The reliability coefficients supported that the TLCEI is highly consistent in measuring the constructs defined by the scale.</p>


Economies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Hurriyet Bilge ◽  
Florina Oana Virlanuta ◽  
Deniz Zungun ◽  
Nicoleta Barbuta-Misu ◽  
Pinar Comuk ◽  
...  

Generation Y wants to know the reason for everything in their lives, they are curious and most importantly, their characteristic of questioning everything makes them stand out. At the same time, it is hard to influence their characteristic features such as their lack of social skills, little respect for authority, and low level of commitment to their employers when Generation X management tactics are used. The purpose of this study is to better understand Generation Y, to examine their relations with servant leadership practices, and to determine what effects they have on businesses. The field study was made at an established organized industrial zone (OIZ) dating back to 1963. This OIZ is built on an area bigger than 10 million m2 and is divided into 5 subzones. It is currently home to 53,500 employees, has a gross foreign trade volume of $7,200,000,000 and is located in the western Aegean Region of Turkey. The data for the study was collected from 248 participants and scales tested for validity and reliability in Turkish. A model was developed using the data and then it was tested using the confirmatory factor analysis method. The study used Structural Equation Model (SEM) to define the causal relationships between latent variables with a model in the analysis of the data and test its compliance. The result of the analysis reveals that dimensions of accountability and forgiveness from servant leadership practices have a statistically significant effect on personal success, whereas empowerment, accountability, and personal success dimensions have statistically significant effects on job satisfaction. Modesty dimension does not have a significant effect on the personal success and job satisfaction and the dimensions of accountability and forgiveness do not have a significant effect on job satisfaction. In addition, empowerment dimension does not have a meaningful effect on personal success. There is need for more studies to support the accuracy of the result for modesty dimension, since it seems like there is no effect on personal success and job satisfaction. This is a pioneer study since it is an empirical one looking at the application of the servant leadership theory on Generation Y employees.


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