scholarly journals Practical application of the progesterone P4 rapid test in cow’s milk for early pregnancy detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Blerta Mehmedi ◽  
Rreze M. Gecaj ◽  
Taulant Kastrati ◽  
Miklós Heltai ◽  
Luigj Turmalaj
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fertility Management

Pregnancy diagnosis is an essential part of fertility management in cattle. Early detection of pregnancy 21 days after artificial insemination (AI) allows for early recognition and rebreeding of non-pregnant animals with a minimum delay, which benefits the economic interest for farmers. Rapid progesterone P4 tests are widely used in fertility management strategies, yet there is limited data about the efficiency of tests for P4 measurements in cow’s milk. By measuring P4 concentrations in the milk of different breeds: Red Holstein, Black-Holstein, Simmental, and local crossbreeds, this study aimed to assess the practical application and efficiency of an early and rapid pregnancy detection test from cow’s milk. The study was conducted in 2017–2018 and milk samples were taken from animals at day 21 after artificial insemination (AI) to diagnose pregnancy. The test indicated that of the total cows (n=400) included in this study, 69% were pregnant and 31% were not pregnant, as interpreted based on the P4 Rapid (Ridgeway Science UK) test results. Accuracy of the early diagnosis was verified 60 days after AI (without further AI of cows) by rectal palpation. Based on this examination, 263 (66%) cows were diagnosed as pregnant, while 14 (34%) were diagnosed as non-pregnant. The highest accuracy in pregnancy detection was found in the local crossbreeds and the Simmental breed, with 97% correct diagnosis of cows, followed by Red Holstein with 94% and Black Holstein with an accuracy of 90%. This study showed that the use of progesterone P4 rapid tests in milk samples is an effective, fast and accurate method for the early detection of pregnancy in cows, with an accuracy rate of 90 to 97% based on cattle breed.

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Clyne ◽  
Anthony Kulczycki
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Infant Colic ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

scholarly journals Occurrence of enterococci in mastitic cow’s milk and their antimicrobial resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Różańska ◽  
Aleksandra Lewtak-Piłat ◽  
Maria Kubajka ◽  
Marcin Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Mastitic Milk

Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of enterococci in inflammatory secretions from mastitic bovine udders and to assess their antimicrobial resistance. Material and Methods: A total of 2,000 mastitic milk samples from cows were tested in 2014–2017. The isolation of enterococci was performed by precultivation in buffered peptone water, selective multiplication in a broth with sodium azide and cristal violet, and cultivation on Slanetz and Bartley agar. The identification of enterococci was carried out using Api rapid ID 32 strep kits. The antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the MIC technique. Results: Enterococci were isolated from 426 samples (21.3%). Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant species (360 strains), followed by E. faecium (35 isolates), and small numbers of others. The highest level of resistance was observed to lincomycin, tetracycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid), erythromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tylosin. Single strains were resistant to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. All isolates were sensitive to daptomycin. E. faecalis presented a higher level of resistance in comparison to E. faecium, except to nitrofurantoin. Conclusion: The results showed frequent occurrence of enterococci in mastitic cow’s milk and confirmed the high rate of their antimicrobial resistance.

Development and Validation of a Lateral Flow Immunoassay Test Kit for Dual Detection of Casein and β-Lactoglobulin Residues

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONGKIT MASIRI ◽  
BRIANDA BARRIOS-LOPEZ ◽  
LORA BENOIT ◽  
JOSHUA TAMAYO ◽  
JEFFREY DAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

ABSTRACT Allergies to cow's milk are very common and can present as life-threatening anaphylaxis. Consequently, food labeling legislation mandates that foods containing milk residues, including casein and/or β-lactoglobulin, provide an indication of such on the product label. Because contamination with either component independent of the other can occur during food manufacturing, effective allergen management measures for containment of milk residues necessitates the use of dual screening methods. To assist the food industry in improving food safety practices, we have developed a rapid lateral flow immunoassay test kit that reliably reports both residues down to 0.01 μg per swab and 0.1 ppm of protein for foods. The assay utilizes both sandwich and competitive format test lines and is specific for bovine milk residues. Selectivity testing using a panel of matrices with potentially interfering substances, including commonly used sanitizing agents, indicated reduction in the limit of detection by one-to fourfold. With food, residues were easily detected in all cow's milk–based foods tested, but goat and sheep milk residues were not detected. Specificity analysis revealed no cross-reactivity with common commodities, with the exception of kidney beans when present at high concentrations (>1%). The development of a highly sensitive and rapid test method capable of detecting trace amounts of casein and/or β-lactoglobulin should aid food manufacturers and regulatory agencies in monitoring for milk allergens in environmental and food samples.

Longitudinal Analysis of the Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow's Milk Samples Collected from Three Small Family Dairy Farms in Mexico Over a 2-Year Period

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 2194-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA RIOS-MUÑIZ ◽  
JORGE F. CERNA-CORTES ◽  
CATALINA LOPEZ-SAUCEDO ◽  
ERIKA ANGELES-MORALES ◽  
MIRIAM BOBADILLA-del VALLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Raw Cow’S Milk

ABSTRACT In Mexico, the total milk production that family dairy farms (FDF) contribute is ca. 35%, but this milk is not evaluated for microbiological quality. Forty percent of the milk and dairy products consumed by Mexicans is unpasteurized. In total, 24 raw cow's milk samples from three FDF (one sample per each season from each FDF for two sequent years) were characterized for the presence of food quality indicator organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium spp., by standard procedures. Escherichia coli presence was also evaluated by a direct count method and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) by molecular methods. On the basis of Mexican guidelines for raw milk entering production, 42% of samples exceeded the aerobic mesophilic bacteria limits. A total of 83% raw milk samples were positive for total coliforms, 54% for fecal coliforms, and 46% for E. coli. Forty-three E. coli isolates were selected and characterized for the presence of 11 DEC loci; of theses, 40 isolates were negative for all DEC loci, and 3 isolates, all collected from the same sample, were Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) positive and O157 antigen negative, and one stx2 isolate was resistant to 6 of the 16 antibiotics tested. None of the 24 raw milk samples were positive for Salmonella enterica, L. monocytogenes, or staphylococcal enterotoxin. S. aureus was isolated from nine samples, of which only three samples harbored resistant isolates. From three samples, four nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates were recovered (Mycobacteroides chelonae, Mycobacteroides porcinum, and two Mycobacteroides abscessus). All four isolates produced biofilm and had sliding motility, and three isolates (M. porcinum and two M. abscessus) were resistant to the two antibiotics tested (clarithromycin and linezolid). FDF provide raw milk to a large proportion of the Mexican population, but its consumption could be harmful to health, emphasizing the need to implement national microbiological quality guidelines for raw milk intended for direct human consumption. HIGHLIGHTS

Enumeration and Confirmation of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas sobria Isolated from Raw Milk and Other Milk Products in Northern Greece

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIMITRIOS S. MELAS ◽  
DEMETRIOS K. PAPAGEORGIOU ◽  
ANTONIOS I. MANTIS
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Aeromonas Species ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Aeromonas Sobria ◽  
Aeromonas Caviae ◽  
Feta Cheese ◽  
Ewe's Milk

A total of 138 raw cow's and 57 raw ewe's milk samples; 80 pasteurized cow's milk samples; 39 Anthotyros cheese, 36 Manouri cheese, and 23 Feta cheese samples; and 15 rice pudding samples were examined for the presence and any countable population of Aeromonas species. Twenty-two (15.9%) of the 138 cow's milk samples analyzed were contaminated with A. hydrophila. In 13 of these samples, populations of 3.0 × 102 to 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in starch ampicillin agar (SAA). Eighteen cow's milk samples (13.0%) were contaminated with A. caviae, and in eight of these samples, populations of 2.0 × 102 to 3.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Five cow's milk samples (3.6%) were contaminated with A. sobria, and in two of these samples, populations of 2.5 × 103 and 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Eleven cow's milk samples (7.9%) were contaminated with other Aeromonas spp. not classified. Eight (14.0%) of the 57 ewe's milk samples analyzed were contaminated with A. hydrophila. In these samples, populations of 5.0 × 102 to 5.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Six ewe's milk samples (10.5%) were contaminated with A. caviae, and populations of 1.5 × 102 to 1.0 × 103 CFU/ml were counted in SAA. Two ewe's milk samples (3.5%) were contaminated with A. sobria, and populations counted in SAA were 5.0 × 102 and 1.0 × 103 CFU/ml. Four samples (7.0%) were contaminated with other Aeromonas spp. not classified. A. hydrophila was recovered in 4 (10.2%) and 3 (8.3%) of the Anthotyros and Manouri cheese samples analyzed, respectively, but no countable populations were noted in SAA. None of the pasteurized milk, Feta cheese, and rice pudding samples yielded Aeromonas spp. The results of this work indicate that motile Aeromonas are common in raw milk in Greece. Also, the presence of A. hydrophila in the whey cheeses Anthotyros and Manouri indicates that postprocessing contaminations of these products with motile Aeromonas may occur during production.

The isolation of verocytotoxin-producingEscherichia coli(VTEC) strains from improperly pasteurised cow’s milk samples

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
R. Kiss ◽  
G. Szita ◽  
M. Herpay ◽  
Gy. Csikó ◽  
J. Pászti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples

Ochratoxin A in Cow’s Milk and in Human Milk with Corresponding Human Blood Samples

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 842-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Breitholtz-Emanuelsson ◽  
Monica Olsen ◽  
Agneta Oskarsson ◽  
Ira Palminger ◽  
Karl Hult
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Quantitation Limit ◽  
Extraction Step ◽  
Human Blood Samples

Abstract A method for determining ochratoxin A in milk has been elaborated in which the sample was subjected to a liquid-liquid extraction step and then purified on a silica gel column packed in a Pasteur pipet. The purified samples were analyzed by ion-pair liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The detection and quantitation limits for determination of ochratoxin A in cow’s milk were 10 and 40 ng ochratoxin A/L milk, respectively. The same limits were valid for the analysis of human milk. A total of 36 cow’s milk and 40 human milk samples were analyzed. All samples were collected in Sweden. Ochratoxin A was found in 5 (14%) of the cow’s milk samples (range 10-40 ng/mL) and in 23 (58%) of the human milk samples (range 10-40 ng/L). Blood samples were collected from the mothers who gave milk samples. A total of 39 samples were analyzed. All blood samples contained ochratoxin A in concentrations exceeding the quantitation limit (60 ng/L blood). The mean concentration of ochratoxin A in the samples was 167 ng/L blood (range 90-940 ng/L). The concentration of ochratoxin A in human milk was ≤0.1 of that in the human blood.

Assessment of Antimicrobial and Pesticide Residues in Food Products Sourced from Peasant Family Farming in Chile

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (9) ◽  
pp. 1583-1590
Author(s):  
LISETTE LAPIERRE ◽  
MARIANELA QUINTREL ◽  
FRANCISCO LAGOS-SUSAETA ◽  
LUIS PABLO HERVÉ-CLAUDE ◽  
RICARDO RIQUELME ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lamb Meat ◽  
Peasant Family

ABSTRACT The presence of antimicrobial and pesticide residues in products sourced from peasant family farms selected from eight regions of Chile was determined. A total of 204 samples were analyzed from family farm products, including honey, lettuce, tomato, strawberry, raspberry, lamb meat, and cow's milk. Pesticide residues were found in 43 of 107 samples tested for them, but only 4 samples had concentrations that exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by Chilean regulations. As for animal products, 2 of 15 cow's milk samples tested positive for permethrin residues; however, these concentrations did not exceed Chilean MRLs. No pesticide residues were detected in honey samples. As for antimicrobial drugs, 4 of 14 lamb meat samples and 11 of 79 cow's milk samples tested positive for different classes of antimicrobial residues, such as tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and β-lactams. Among these, only three samples exceeded the MRLs for these matrices. Traces of tetracyclines and sulfonamides were detected in 7 of 29 honey samples. These findings show that these chemical contaminants are present in trace concentrations in foodstuffs produced by peasant family farms in Chile; however, most residues did not exceed the regulatory limits. This study is the first assessment of the presence of residues from antimicrobial drugs and pesticides in food products sourced from peasant family farms in Chile. Data about the current state of drug residues in this segment of food products provide a baseline for efforts to close possible gaps in current surveillance schemes.

A survey on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples in Bafq and Bahabad, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Safavizadeh ◽  
Mozhgan Mojkar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The City

Aflatoxins are a group of mycotoxins mostly produced by the fungi called Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomium. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and is a hepatotoxic and carcinogenic toxin. The aim of this study was to determine the level of contamination of cow's milk with aflatoxin M1 in Bafq and Bahabad. For this study, samples of raw cow's milk were collected randomly from milk collection centers around the city of Bafq and Bahabad from March to April. The determination of aflatoxin M1 levels was based on the ELISA method. Contamination was observed in 100% of milk samples. According to the results of the study, the rate of contamination with aflatoxin M1 in 43.3% of milk samples was above the acceptable level (50 ng/L) in Iranian national standard. It is concluded that further monitoring of milk production should be carried out in the spring and winter seasons.

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