scholarly journals MUSA-BEY TUGANOV’S MISSION FOR THE RETURN OF CAUCASIAN SETTLERS FROM SYRIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-162
Author(s):  
Г.В. ЧОЧИЕВ ◽  
И.-Б.Т. МАРЗОЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Upper Echelons ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Successful Adaptation ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Figures

Проблема возвращения на родину представителей северокавказской диаспо­ры возникла вскоре после начала массовых миграций горцев в Османскую империю в 1860-х гг., однако в силу негативной позиции в данном вопросе официальных Санкт-Петербурга и Стамбула не получила своего решения. Попытки отдельных се­верокавказских общественных деятелей остановить поток эмиграции своих соотече­ственников в султанские владения дали лишь ограниченный результат. В свете этого обращает на себя внимание относящаяся к концу XIX – началу XX в. инициатива представителей горской традиционной знати по организации возвращения части проживающих в Сирии переселенцев на Кавказ, описываемая в публикуемых мемуа­рах М.Дж. Туганова. Текст содержит свидетельства обеспокоенности горских элит нарушением этнодемографического баланса в регионе из-за продолжающегося исхода оттуда коренного населения, их возможностей лоббирования проекта репатриации северокавказцев в высших эшелонах российской власти и координации ими своих уси­лий с высокопоставленными османскими черкесами. Отказ подавляющего большин­ства колонистов от предоставленной им возможности возвращения на Кавказ от­ражает факт их успешной адаптации и интеграции к этому времени на их новой родине. Интерес представляют также наблюдения Туганова за особенностями жизни и социального поведения известных и рядовых членов северокавказского диаспорного сообщества в османском государстве. The problem of repatriation of the representatives of North Caucasian diaspora arose shortly after the start of mass migrations of mountaineers to the Ottoman Empire in the 1860s. However, due to the negative position on this issue of official St. Petersburg and Istanbul, the problem has not been resolved. Attempts by individual North Caucasian public figures to stop the flow of emigration of their compatriots to the sultan’s domains yielded only limited results. In light of this, attention is drawn to the initiative of some representatives of the Mountaineer traditional nobility, dating back to the late XIX and early XX c., to organize the return to the Caucasus of some of the migrants living in Syria, which is described in the memoirs of M.J. Tuganov. The text contains evidence of the concern of the Mountaineer elites about the alteration of the ethno-demographic balance in the region due to the ongoing exodus of the indigenous population, their abilities to lobby in the upper echelons of Russian power for the project of repatriation of North Caucasians and their coordination with some high-ranking Ottoman Circassians. The refusal of the overwhelming majority of the settlers from the opportunity to return to the Caucasus reflects the fact of their successful adaptation and integration by this time in their new homeland. Tuganov’s observations of the peculiarities of life and social behavior of well-known and ordinary members of the North Caucasian diaspora community in the Ottoman state are also of interest.

Musa Kundukhov and the Tragedy of Mass Emigration

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
Jeronim Perović
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muslim Communities ◽  
North Eastern Part

This chapter deals with the tragedy of the mass expulsion of the North Caucasian indigenous population in the aftermath of Russian conquest in the mid-1860s. While the causes of the forced emigration of vast numbers of Cherkessians to the Ottoman Empire have been investigated, little research has been conducted regarding the simultaneous emigration of other Muslim communities, including thousands of Chechens. In the migrations of Muslim Ossetians, Karabulaks and Chechens in 1865, it was an ethnic Ossetian Muslim and general of the Russian Imperial Army, Musa Kundukhov, who played a crucial role. When he organized the mass emigration of Chechens and other Muslim peoples to the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1860s, he also departed together with his family, and later became a highly decorated general in the sultan’s forces. By studying the biography of this individual, this chapter sheds light on the situation in the north-eastern part of the Caucasus as well as the features of Russia’s rule in the early 1860s, and thus illuminates a still little-understood aspect of the history of Russia’s conquest of the Caucasus.

Turkish northern Caucasus foreign policy impact Russian national security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruslan Shangaraev ◽  
Aidamir Valiev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Caucasus ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North

Turkey offers itself to be a regional leader for the Middle East, North Africa, partly for the Balkans and the Caucasus, while pursuing its own interests, not least economic ones. Turkey's foreign policy activation, and not only in the South, but also in the North Caucasus, is probably intended to create an additional platform for foreign policy bargaining with Moscow on issues of interest to Ankara. When analyzing the foreign policy of Turkey during the rule of the ruling Justice and Development Party, of course, you need to pay special attention to the foreign policy concept of neo-Ottomanism, the architect of which is Ahmet Davutoglu. The developed new approach "strategic depth" means that for Turkish diplomacy, Turkey's deep historical and cultural roots in the Balkans, the Middle East, the Greater Caucasus and Central Asia (former territories of the Ottoman Empire) are more important than the existing state borders. The pragmatism of Ankara's foreign policy is also manifested in a sober assessment of the popularity in the Caucasus of such ideas as Great Turan (a pan-Turkic project of a single state for all ethnic Turks) and neo-Ottomanism. For Caucasians, the times of the rule of the Ottoman Empire are the golden age of prosperity. Turanism is more aimed at awakening "kindred feelings" based on the common Turkic heritage. "They are implementing practical humanitarian projects, identifying leaders of public opinion who are ready to cooperate. Ankara is pursuing a policy of small steps in order to change the social and cultural image of the region in the long term. In general, Turkish leader is confident that due to historical reasons and the realities of modern politics The Caucasus is a zone of direct strategic interests of Turkey. Ankara, relying on the support of the United States and NATO, takes an active part in most regional political and economic projects, actively intervenes in the affairs of the Middle East, South Caucasus, Central Asian and North African regions, tries to strengthen its role beyond their borders, which often overlaps with the national interests of Russia.

Organization of volunteer forces of the Ottoman Empire from representatives of the peoples of the North Caucasus during the Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-1878 on the Caucasus-Asia Minor Front

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-202
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Pankin
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Units

This article, based on a wide range of sources, primarily of foreign origin (Turkish, English, French and Austrian), examines the issue of an attempt by immigrants from the North Caucasus to integrate into Ottoman society by forming voluntary military units on the eve of and during the years of the Russian-Ottoman war of 1877-1878 The author conducted a study of issues that were practically not studied in domestic and world historiography related to the legislative support of the volunteer movement during the preparation of the armed forces for the expected military conflict with the Russian Empire, the number of formed military units from representatives of the peoples of the North Caucasus, their ethnicity, and command staff and a number of other issues, including uniforms of irregular parts of the Ottoman Empire, weapons and sources staffing. Based on an analysis of the sources available to us, the author concludes that the leadership of the Ottoman Empire is inevitable to seek help from the North Caucasus Muhajir, to form irregular cavalry units from them. The author also concludes that, for the conduct of hostilities on the Caucasus-Asia Minor Front, units formed from the peoples of the Central and Eastern Caucasus were sent: Dagestanis, Kabardins, Ossetians, Chechens and Kumyks, who, after resettlement from the Russian Empire, were settled by the Ottoman government in the territory Sivas and Erzurum vilayets, as well as Samsun (Djanik) sanjak.

Love and Jihad. Female Trajectories from North Caucasus to the Islamic State

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-151
Author(s):  
Denis Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Women ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Caucasian Women

In the 2000s, Al-Qaeda, represented by the Caucasus Emirate, took over the first Chechen resistance, as well as local Islamist armed groups in Dagestan and other republics of the North Caucasus. However, a decade later, the Islamic State won the competition with Al-Qaeda, by including the involvement of women in its project. Hundreds of Russian-speaking Muslim women followed men to live by the rules of Islam. Some joined their husbands or children. Others travelled to the Islamic State in pursuit of love and romance with future husbands they had met on the internet. Based on exclusive interviews done with women detained in the Roj detention camp in the Kurdish territories in northeastern Syria near the Iraqi border, this article analyzes some of the trajectories that has pushed young North Caucasian women to the Syrian war theater in the name of love.

Alexander and the Mongols

1979 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Andrew Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Eighth Century ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Four Corners ◽  
Book Of Genesis ◽  
First Time

The association of Alexander the Great with the Mongols begins with the identification of the latter with the peoples of Gog and Magog. The evolution of this legend, which has its origin in the Book of Genesis, is curious in the extreme. In Genesis Magog is mentioned as one of the sons of Japhet, his name occurring between those of Gomer and Madai. Since Madai is clearly intended as the eponym of the Medes and Gomer has been located in Cappadocia and Phrygia it has been plausibly suggested that Magog at this stage corresponded to the territory in between, i.e. the region immediately south of the Caucasus in Eastern and Northern Armenia. In Ezekiel we hear for the first time of Gog “of the land of Magog”, who will come from his place out of the uttermost parts of the north, he and many peoples with him, “all of them riding on horses, a great company and a mighty army.” It will be seen that the “land of Magog” can no longer be located south of the Caucasus, and indeed Ezekiel's prophecy of the invasion of Gog has been interpreted as an echo of the invasions of the Cimmerians, who came southwards from the steppes through the Darial pass towards the end of the eighth century B.C.; or more probably of the invasion of the Scythians which took place in the following century by way of Darband. Finally we are told in Revelation that “when the thousand years are finished, Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, and shall come forth to deceive the nations which are in the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, to gather them together to the war; the number of whom is as the sand of the sea”.

Assessment of the technical condition of underground structures of the largest hydroelectric power station in the North Caucasus, the Chirkeyskaya HPP

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-420
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. KAVKAZKY ◽  
◽  
Yana V. MEL’NIK ◽  
Alexey P. LEIKIN ◽  
Andrey V. BENIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Plant ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Hydroelectric Power Station ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North

Objective: Chirkeyskaya HPP is by far the most powerful hydroelectric power plant in the North Caucasus with the highest arched dam in Russia and the second highest dam in the country after the Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. This explains why it is called the pearl of the Caucasus. Methods: For the operation and maintenance of this unique structure, a large-scale complex of underground structures for various purposes was built, the technical condition of which must be constantly monitored. To carry out work on the survey of underground structures, the management of the design and survey institute of JSC “Lengidroproekt” decided to attract specialists from the Department of Tunnels and Subways and the Test Center “Strength” of Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University. The work was successfully carried out at the end of 2015. Results: The safety of underground structures was objectively assessed. Recommendations for the repair and further comprehensive reconstruction of the Chirkeyskaya HPP have been developed. Practical importance: Carry out work on the survey of underground structures of Chirkeyskaya HPP is allowes elaborate of complex measures on safety from Chirkeyskaya HPP.

The Death of Caucasus Philology: Towards a Discipline Beyond Areal Divides

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-293
Author(s):  
Rebecca Gould
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cold War ◽  
American Academy ◽  
North American ◽  
Institutional Capacity ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literary Cultures ◽  
The Cold War

This essay investigates the challenges facing Caucasus philology, by which I mean the institutional capacity to conduct deep research into the literary cultures of Azerbaijan Republic, Georgia, Daghestan, and Chechnya. I argue that the philological approach to the literary cultures of the Caucasus has been a casualty of the rise of areas studies in the North American academy during the Cold War, and that Cold War legacies continue to shape Caucasus Studies to this day. I conclude by offering three proposals for opening exchanges between the humanities and the social sciences within Caucasus Studies. More broadly, this essay argues for a rapprochement between the social sciences and philological inquiry vis-à-vis the Caucasus.

The Great War and the Re-drawing of the Ottoman Empire

2019 ◽  
pp. 166-197
Author(s):  
Martin Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Great War ◽  
Full Account ◽  
The North ◽  
The First World War ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

This chapter details how, during the 14 years before the outbreak of the First World War, Britain comprehensively revised her diplomatic alignments, readjusted her military strategy, and rearranged her armed forces to meet the threat posed by the European powers. In the process, she signed an alliance with Japan and ententes with France and Russia, she concentrated her fleet in the North Sea and the Channel, and developed a plan to prevent Germany from imposing a quick defeat on France by mobilising a new British Expeditionary Force. However, there remained one flaw in all this: she had not really considered the Ottoman Empire or, indeed, the wider question of her relations with the Muslim societies in Turkey, Persia, Egypt, and especially India. This oversight was a by-product of her new strategy, which frankly made security in Europe the chief object and in effect downgraded the importance of the imperial world. As a result, Britain failed to take full account of changes in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa engendered by the Great War.

scholarly journals Changes in ethnic structure in the Caucasus region since the end of the 1980’s: primary statistical analysis

Geografie ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Libor Jelen
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Urbanization Level ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Political Units

The article deals with changes in ethnic structure in 13 political units of the North and the South Caucasus resulting from societal processes going on after the last 1989 Soviet census and illustrated by the outcome of censuses held in 1999–2005. The study deals with changes in population share of titular groups, Russians and other ethnic groups, with changing urbanization level and general regional population growth. It also makes an assessment of substantial changes in the ethnic structure in selected territories in connection with political and economical factors influencing the post-1989 development of the region and its ethno-territorial entities.

scholarly journals NEW IMAGES OF THE OB-UGRIC CULTURE: THE TRACES OF ISLAM IN THE RELIGIOUS ORNAMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
Olga Nikolaevna Naumenko
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Population ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
Greek Orthodox ◽  
The North ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
External Borrowing ◽  
Muslim Culture

The article considers the process of transformation of the Ob Ugrian culture on the basis of the analysis of the unique collection of objects of decorative and applied art of the XVII-XXI centuries. This process reflects the formation of a group with a syncretic culture (Ob-Ugric Istiaks). The action of the frontier through contacts with the Siberian Tatars led to the enrichment of culture through external borrowing. The author draws attention to the fact that the Ob Ugrians were ready for cultural transformation within the framework of adoption of other, but necessary norms for survival. The article emphasizes that the Orthodox missionaries were “late” in relation to this part of the Ob Ugrians, since by the 18th century Islam (in the regional version) had already become a part of their spiritual and daily life. Evolutionary processes have led to new phenomena in the Ugric culture. The author analyzes the decorative ornaments of the felon on wooden sculptures of Nikolay Mozhaisky of the 17th century, comparing them with ornaments of the indigenous population of the North, objects related to Christian and Muslim culture. The author’s attention was drawn to the chess ornament. In the process of the analysis several hypotheses of its origin are put forward - from the connection with the Greek Orthodox culture to the reflection of the Northern traditions and the Muslim ornament-girih in its Siberian version: the article focuses on the latter option. Ob-Ugric culture is syncretic in its content, covers a variety of forms of customs, faith, language, life. In the present article the author makes a certain contribution to the study of this problem, highlighting one of the sides of the original Ob-Ugric culture.

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