scholarly journals Bioactivity of Leaf Extract Hyptis suaveolens (Bush tea) on Larvae of Anopheles gambiae Collected from Keffi Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
I I Ahmad ◽  
G A Amuga ◽  
R J Ombugadu ◽  
J D C Tongjura ◽  
A A Abdulmalik
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria vector control continues to be a major challenge in -Nigeria. Hyptis suaveolens (Bush tea) is one of the traditionally used mosquitos repellent. The effect of methanolic leaf extract of Hyptis suaveolenson larvae of Anopheles gambiae sampled from Keffi, was conducted following the world Health Organization guidelines for laboratory testing. Samples of the leaf were collected and used for test Procedures. Larvae of A. gambiae were exposed to 50, 100, 150,200, 250 and 0.00(control) mg/ml concentrations of leaf extract for 72 hours. Percentage mortality was calculated by using Abott’s formular and lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by a log dosage probit mortality. The result revealed highest and lowest mortality rate of 25.00 ± 0.00 and 1.66± 0.00 for larvae respectively. There were significant differences at (P<0.05) on the mortality rate on the larvae exposed to different concentrations of the plant extracts. The 72 hours LC50 value leaf extracts on larvae was 52.00mg/ml. The result of this study indicated that Hyptis suaveolens possess larvicidal repellant properties and it should be encouraged to be used in communities at zero expense.

scholarly journals Bioactivity of Leaf Extract Hyptis suaveolens (Bush tea) on Larvae of Anopheles gambiae Collected from Keffi Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
I I Ahmad ◽  
G A Amuga ◽  
R J Ombugadu ◽  
J D C Tongjura ◽  
A A Abdulmalik
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria vector control continues to be a major challenge in -Nigeria. Hyptis suaveolens (Bush tea) is one of the traditionally used mosquitos repellent. The effect of methanolic leaf extract of Hyptis suaveolenson larvae of Anopheles gambiae sampled from Keffi, was conducted following the world Health Organization guidelines for laboratory testing. Samples of the leaf were collected and used for test Procedures. Larvae of A. gambiae were exposed to 50, 100, 150,200, 250 and 0.00(control) mg/ml concentrations of leaf extract for 72 hours. Percentage mortality was calculated by using Abott’s formular and lethal concentration (LC50) was determined by a log dosage probit mortality. The result revealed highest and lowest mortality rate of 25.00 ± 0.00 and 1.66± 0.00 for larvae respectively. There were significant differences at (P<0.05) on the mortality rate on the larvae exposed to different concentrations of the plant extracts. The 72 hours LC50 value leaf extracts on larvae was 52.00mg/ml. The result of this study indicated that Hyptis suaveolens possess larvicidal repellant properties and it should be encouraged to be used in communities at zero expense.

scholarly journals Molluscicidal activity of crown of Christ (Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii) (Euphorbiaceae) latex submitted to pH variation

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício Carvalho Vasconcellos ◽  
José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos ◽  
Ivonise Paz da Silva ◽  
Fátima Eliana Ferreira Lopes ◽  
Virgínia Torres Schall
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Minor Concentration ◽  
Molluscicidal Activity

Laboratory and field bioassays have confirmed the specificity of the molluscicidal activity of the Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex (crown of Christ) (Euphorbiaceae) over snails of the species Biomphalaria glabrata, B. tenagophila, B. straminea, B. pfeifferi and Bulinus sp. in the control of Schistosoma mansoni. In the present study, the effect of the pH variation on lethal concentration (LC90) over B. tenagophila was evaluated. Bioassays with the aqueous solutions of the latex ranging from 0.4 to 12 µl/l were adjusted for pH of 5.0; 6.0; 7.0 and 8.0, and tested in accordance with methods standardized by World Health Organization. The results obtained indicated that the minor concentration of the latex occurred at pH 6.0 (LC90 = 3.2 µl/l) and the maximum at pH 8.0 (LC90 = 10.3 µl/l). Lethal concentrations adjusted for pH 5.0 and 7.0 were 3.4 µl/l and 4,7µl/l, respectively. From the results it could be concluded that the molluscicidal toxicity was not altered when the concentrations were adjusted for pH 5.0 and 6.0, as we observed that mortality rate was 100% starting at a concentration of 2.0 µl/l, not the same for the concentrations with adjustment for pH 7.0 and 8.0.

scholarly journals Pyrethroid and Etofenprox Resistance in Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii from Vegetable Farms in Yaoundé, Cameroon: Dynamics, Intensity and Molecular Basis

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5543
Author(s):  
Michael Piameu ◽  
Philippe Nwane ◽  
Wilson Toussile ◽  
Konstantinos Mavridis ◽  
Nadja Christina Wipf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Anopheles Gambiae S.L ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City

Previous studies have indicated widespread insecticide resistance in malaria vector populations from Cameroon. However, the intensity of this resistance and underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Therefore, we conducted three cross-sectional resistance surveys between April 2018 and October 2019, using the revised World Health Organization protocol, which includes resistance incidences and intensity assessments. Field-collected Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Nkolondom, Nkolbisson and Ekié vegetable farms in the city of Yaoundé were tested with deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and etofenprox, using 1× insecticide diagnostic concentrations for resistance incidence, then 5× and 10× concentrations for resistance intensity. Subsamples were analyzed for species identification and the detection of resistance-associated molecular markers using TaqMan® qPCR assays. In Nkolbisson, both An. coluzzii (96%) and An. gambiae s.s. (4%) were found together, whereas only An. gambiae s.s. was present in Nkolondom, and only An. coluzzii was present in Ekié. All three populations were resistant to the four insecticides (<75% mortality rates―MR1×), with intensity generally fluctuating over the time between mod-erate (<98%―MR5×; ≥98%―MR10×) and high (76–97%―MR10×). The kdr L995F, L995S, and N1570Y, and the Ace-1 G280S-resistant alleles were found in An. gambiae from Nkolondom, at 73%, 1%, 16% and 13% frequencies, respectively, whereas only the kdr L995F was found in An. gambiae s.s. from Nkolbisson at a 50% frequency. In An. coluzzii from Nkolbisson and Ekié, we detected only the kdr L995F allele at 65% and 60% frequencies, respectively. Furthermore, expression levels of Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, and Gste2 metabolic genes were highly upregulated (over fivefold) in Nkolondom and Nkolbisson. Pyrethroid and etofenprox-based vector control interventions may be jeopardized in the prospected areas, due to high resistance intensity, with multiple mechanisms in An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii.

scholarly journals Literature Review The Relationship Of Antenatal Class Towards Mothers’ Knowledge Of DangerousSign During Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayu Kurniati ◽  
Enny Fitriahadi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Complication Risk ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

IN 2013, the World Health Organization, released data in the form of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) worldwide, and the number reached 289,000 per 100, 000 live births, which 99% of cases occurred in developing countries. Research aims to discover the relationship of antenatal class towards mothers’ knowledge of the dangerous sign during pregnancy. The result showed that there is a relationship of antenatal class towards mothers’ knowledge of dangerous sign during pregnancy, From this result, the researcher concludes that antenatal class could increase mothers’ knowledge of dangerous sign during pregnancy and may decrease the complication risk during the childbirth.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Larvicidal Potential of the Leaf Extracts of Hyptis suaveolens Poit against Anopheles Mosquitoes

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Amaka, John I. ◽  
Attah, D. Daniel ◽  
Obisike, Victor U. ◽  
Benedict, Aboje G.
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Lc50 Value ◽  
Hyptis Suaveolens ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Layer Chromatography

This study evaluated the larvicidal potential of the ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens Poit on the 4th larval instar of laboratory-reared Anopheles spp at varying concentrations of 0.1ml, 0.2ml, 0.3ml, 0.4ml and 0.5ml for specified periods of 24hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts identified bioactive components like alkaloid, saponin, phenol, anthraquinone and flavonoid. The LC50 and LC90 values obtained indicate that the ethanolic leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens Poit had the greatest toxicity on the test organisms within 24hrs of exposure at median LC50 value of 0.485ml compared to the LC50 value of 0.625ml by its aqueous extract. The relative median potency estimates indicate that within 24 hrs, the ethanolic Hyptis suaveolens Poit was 0.161 times more potent on the test organism than aqueous Hyptis suaveolens Poit. The result of this research, therefore, underscores the efficacy of Hyptis suaveolens Poit as an eco-friendly alternative in Anopheles mosquito control. It is, therefore, recommended that quantitative phytochemical screening, application of column chromatography as well as thin layer chromatography be carried out on the extracts to isolate and purify toxic phytochemicals with larvicidal potentiality.

Machine Learning-Based Approach for Predictive Analytics in Healthcare

2022 ◽  
pp. 182-206
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kumar Hegde ◽  
Monica R. Mundada
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Medical Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Health Organization

In this internet era, due to digitization in every application, a huge amount of data is produced digitally from the healthcare sectors. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), the mortality rate due to the various chronic diseases is increasing each day. Every year these diseases are taking lives of at least 50 million people globally, which includes even premature deaths. These days, machine learning (ML)-based predictive analytics are turning out as effective tools in the healthcare sectors. These techniques can extract meaningful insights from the medical data to analyze the future trend. By predicting the risk of diseases at the preliminary stage, the mortality rate can be reduced, and at the same time, the expensive healthcare cost can be eliminated. The chapter aims to briefly provide the domain knowledge on chronic diseases, the biological correlation between theses disease, and more importantly, to explain the application of ML algorithm-based predictive analytics in the healthcare sectors for the early prediction of chronic diseases.

scholarly journals Open source 3D printable replacement parts for the WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassay system

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Tomlinson ◽  
Henrietta Carrington Yates ◽  
Ambrose Oruni ◽  
Harun Njoroge ◽  
David Weetman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Bioassay System ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Comparison Experiment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background Malaria vector control and research rely heavily on monitoring mosquito populations for the development of resistance to public health insecticides. One standard method for determining resistance in adult mosquito populations is the World Health Organization test (WHO bioassay). The WHO bioassay kit consists of several acrylic pieces that are assembled into a unit. Parts of the kit commonly break, reducing the capacity of insectaries to carry out resistance profiling. Since there is at present only a single supplier for the test kits, replacement parts can be hard to procure in a timely fashion. Methods Using computer-aided design software and widely available polylactic acid (PLA) filament as a printing material, we 3D designed and printed replacement parts for the WHO bioassay system. We conducted a comparison experiment between original WHO bioassay kits and 3D printed kits to assess congruence between results. The comparison experiment was performed on two Kenyan laboratory strains of Anopheles gambiae (s.s.), Kilifi and Mbita. Studentʼs t-tests were used to assess significant differences between tube types. Finally, we exposed the PLA filament to common solutions used with the bioassay kit. Results We were able to design and print functional replacements for each piece of the WHO bioassay kit. Replacement parts are functionally identical to and interchangeable with original WHO bioassay parts. We note no significant difference in mortality results obtained from PLA printed tubes and WHO acrylic tubes. Additionally, we observed no degradation of PLA in response to prolonged exposure times of commonly used cleaning solutions. Conclusions Our designs can be used to produce replacement parts for the WHO bioassay kit in any facility with a 3D printer, which are becoming increasingly widespread. 3D printing technologies can affordably and rapidly address equipment shortages and be used to develop bespoke equipment in laboratories.

scholarly journals Evaluating insecticide resistance across African districts to aid malaria control decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (36) ◽  
pp. 22042-22050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L. Moyes ◽  
Duncan K. Athinya ◽  
Tara Seethaler ◽  
Katherine E. Battle ◽  
Marianne Sinka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Ensemble Model ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
The World ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria vector control may be compromised by resistance to insecticides in vector populations. Actions to mitigate against resistance rely on surveillance using standard susceptibility tests, but there are large gaps in the monitoring data across Africa. Using a published geostatistical ensemble model, we have generated maps that bridge these gaps and consider the likelihood that resistance exceeds recommended thresholds. Our results show that this model provides more accurate next-year predictions than two simpler approaches. We have used the model to generate district-level maps for the probability that pyrethroid resistance inAnopheles gambiaes.l. exceeds the World Health Organization thresholds for susceptibility and confirmed resistance. In addition, we have mapped the three criteria for the deployment of piperonyl butoxide-treated nets that mitigate against the effects of metabolic resistance to pyrethroids. This includes a critical review of the evidence for presence of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic resistance mechanisms across Africa. The maps for pyrethroid resistance are available on the IR Mapper website, where they can be viewed alongside the latest survey data.

Cronobacter spp. in Powdered Infant Formula

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH NORBERG ◽  
CATHERINE STANTON ◽  
R. PAUL ROSS ◽  
COLIN HILL ◽  
GERALD F. FITZGERALD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
World Health ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Cronobacter Species ◽  
Brain Abscesses ◽  
Health Organization

Cronobacter species are opportunistic pathogens, and a mortality rate of 40 to 80% is associated with infections. This pathogen can cause a range of serious diseases such as meningitis, septicemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and brain abscesses and has been responsible for a variety of sequelae such as quadriplegia. Although Cronobacter can cause disease in both adults and infants, infant infections associated with powdered formula are the focus of this review. Since the first reported Cronobacter infection outbreak in 1958, powdered infant formula has been identified as a major source of these outbreaks, resulting in many recalls of powdered infant formula worldwide. This contamination has created an immense problem for the powdered infant formula industry. In this review, we discuss the taxonomy of Cronobacter species, the natural habitat of Cronobacter and its presence in foods, the physiology, pathogenicity, and virulence of Cronobacter species, and available detection methods. We also discuss reported cases of Cronobacter infection linked to powdered infant formula consumption and then focus specifically on the official World Health Organization guidelines for preparation of powdered infant formula.

scholarly journals "CHRONIC SORROW THEORY APPLICATION" TO OVERCOME THE FEELING OF LOSS DUE TO INFANT MORTALITY IN POST-PARTUM WOMEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dedeh Sri Rahayu
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chronic Sorrow ◽  
The World ◽  
Theory Application ◽  
Health Organization

Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012 stated that 44% of infant deaths in the world occurred in the first 28 days of life (neonatal period). The research results of the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) in 2016 noted that the infant mortality rate (IMR) reached 25.5%, West Java Province was one of the contributors to the highest maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR). Infant mortality inside the womb or outside the womb triggers grief and deep sorrow that is at risk of progressive, repetitive and permanent in women. Nurses in the maternity area play an important role in overcoming the problem of loss through various approaches to either theory or intervention. The purpose of this study was to determine the application of chronic sorrow theory in post-partum women whose babies were dead at Sariningsih Hospital Bandung. Method: This research was qualitative research. Participants were 5 people selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was done by interviewing using a guide from the Burke / Eakes Chronic Sorrow Assessment Tool. Results: It was identified that women's opinions about the causes of infant mortalities were planned (abortion) and unplanned. Participants had effective coping strategies in dealing with their loss such as social support, and spiritual beliefs for comfort. Conclusion: participants felt the effectiveness of the chronic sorrow theory to overcome infant loss.Keywords: chronic sorrow theory application, loss, post-partum women, Qualitative.

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