scholarly journals Motivación de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación (Universidad de Sevilla) hacia la práctica de actividad físico-deportiva (Motivation of Students of Faculty of Education (University of Seville) to physical activity practice)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Castañeda Vázquez ◽  
Mª del Carmen Campos Mesa
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Specific Questionnaire ◽  
Time Availability ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

Con esta investigación se pretende conocer las motivaciones de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Sevilla hacia la actividad físico-deportiva. La muestra (N=409) está compuesta por estudiantes de esta Facultad (±4.8%; 95% CI) y para la obtención de datos se aplicó un cuestionario estructurado en 5 bloques, del cual se han seleccionado algunos ítems para esta investigación. Dicho instrumento fue validado por varios expertos en la materia y se han realizado diversas pruebas estadísticas con el paquete SPSS V.15, calculándose la fiabilidad del instrumento a través del coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach (.78) y realizándose análisis factoriales en las preguntas relativas a esta investigación. Los datos obtenidos revelan que los principales motivos de práctica están relacionados con la mejora de la salud y la estética, el disfrute y las relaciones sociales, mientras que los motivos aducidos para no haber practicado nunca o haber dejado de hacerlo, son muy semejantes y se centran en la disponibilidad temporal, el interés hacia la AFD y la oferta de práctica.Palabras clave: Motivación, estudiantes universitarios, actividad física, deporte.Abstract: the aim of this research is to study students´ motivation for physical activity and sport in Faculty of Education of University of Seville. The sample (N=409) is constituted for students from this Faculty (±4.8%; 95%CI) and a specific questionnaire, built to that effect and structured in five sections, was used to obtain dates. This instrument was validated by different experts on this area of studies, statistic tests was done to check its reliability (Alpha Cronbach: .78) and factor analysis has been done in certain items, using SPSS V.15. The main results showed that the main motives to physical activity practice are related to be in good health and aesthetics, enjoyment and social relations, meanwhile, the main motives to have not ever practice physical activity or have given it up, are both related to time availability or lack of time, interest to physical activity and sport offer.Key words: Motivation, University students, physical activity, sport.

scholarly journals Características de la práctica deportiva en función del género. Estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación: Universidad de Sevilla (Sport practice´s characteristics according to gender. Students of Faculty of Education: University of Seville)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 63-67
Author(s):  
Carolina Castañeda-Vázquez ◽  
María Luisa Zagalaz-Sánchez ◽  
Francisco Chacón-Borrego ◽  
Javier Cachón-Zagalaz ◽  
Santiago Romero-Granados
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Specific Questionnaire ◽  
Sport Practice ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Faculty Of Education

Esta investigación pretende conocer las características de la práctica de actividad físico deportiva (AFD) del alumnado de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Sevilla en función del género, analizando las posibles diferencias que se observen. Para ello, se aplicó a 409 estudiantes (±4,8%; 95% CI) un cuestionario validado por varios expertos en la materia, al que se le realizaron diversas pruebas estadísticas con el paquete SPSS V.18 para Windows, calculándose la fiabilidad del mismo mediante el alfa de Cronbach (0,78). Se ha observado que los hombres practican más AFD que las mujeres y participan en competiciones federadas en mayor medida que ellas. También hemos comprobado diferencias significativas en los periodos de práctica, la AFD semanal, los lugares más utilizados para la misma y la compañía.Palabras clave: actividad física, deporte, estudiantes universitarios.Abstract: The aim of this research is to know about students of physical activity from Faculty of Education of University of Seville and its characteristics, according to gender. 409 students (±4.8%; 95%CI) responded to a specific questionnaire, built to that effect and validated by different experts on this area of studies. Different statistic tests were done to check its reliability (Alpha Cronbach: 0,78) using SPSS V.18. The main results showed that men practice more physical activity than women, they also take part in competitions more frequently than women. There are also significant differences between gender in periods of practice, weekly practice, places more used for practice and company for the practice.Keywords: physical activity, sport, university students.

scholarly journals Relación entre el nivel de actividad física, uso de videojuegos y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios | Relationship between physical activity level, use of video games and academic performance in university students

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Bernardino Javier Sánchez-Alcaraz Martinez ◽  
Alba Sánchez-Díaz ◽  
Manuel Alfonso-Asencio ◽  
Javier Courel-Ibáñez ◽  
Alejandro Sánchez-Pay
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Video Games ◽  
University Students ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Average Grade ◽  
Educación Primaria ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

Una de las causas atribuibles a la reducción de los niveles de práctica de actividad física en jóvenes es el aumento del uso de los videojuegos. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el nivel de práctica de actividad física y su relación con el uso de videojuegos y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios. Ochenta y siete estudiantes (edad = 20 ± 6 años, 42 hombres y 45 mujeres) pertenecientes al Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte y al Grado de Educación Primaria participaron en el estudio. La recogida de datos serealizó medianteloscuestionariosPhysician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise yel Cuestionariode Experiencia Relacionada conlos Videojuegos. El rendimiento académico se analizó mediante la nota media de los estudiantes. Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre el nivel de actividad física y el rendimiento académico (a mayor actividad física, mayor nota media), al igual que entre el nivel de actividad física y el uso de videojuegos (a mayor nivel de actividad física, mayor uso de videojuegos).AbstractOne of the causes attributable to the reduction of physical activity practice levels in young people is the increase in the use of video games. The aim of this study was to know the relationship between the practice of physical activity, the use of video games and academic performance in university students. Eighty-one students (age = 20 ± 6 years, 42 men and 45 women) belonging to the Degree in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences and the Primary Education Degree participated in the study. Data collection was carried out using the Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise questionnaires and theVideogamesRelated Experience Questionnaire. Academic performance wasanalysedusing the students' average grade. The results showed a positive relationship between the level of physical activity and academic performance (higher physical activity, higher average grade), as well as between the level of physical activity and the use of video games (higher physical activity level, higher use of video games).

scholarly journals Motivaciones de los estudiantes Universitarios ante la práctica de actividad físico-deportiva de tiempo libre. Las actividades náuticas

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
José M. Aguilar ◽  
Irene Hernández Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Motivational Strategies ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Water Sports ◽  
The University ◽  
Los Grupos ◽  
Very High ◽  
Positive Motivation ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

El estudio de los perfiles motivacionales proporciona información detallada sobre los hábitos de los grupos de personas hacia la práctica de la actividad física, permitiendo poder fomentar una motivación más positiva y conseguir una mayor adherencia a la práctica. Así el objetivo de este estudio ha sido clarificar cuáles son las motivaciones frente a la práctica de actividad físico-deportiva de una muestra de jóvenes universitarios, incidiendo especialmente en las actividades náuticas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1011 estudiantes de la Universidad de Almería (España). El instrumento utilizado fue el cuestionario de hábitos físicos-deportivos y de práctica de deportes náuticos. Los resultados obtenidos apuntan que los principales motivos para desarrollar la práctica deportiva fueron la flexibilidad horaria y una adecuada a la disponibilidad de su tiempo libre, seguido de la cercanía a su domicilio de las instalaciones. Otros motivos son por diversión, o estar con su grupo de amigos. Respecto a las actividades náuticas, se decide practicar o no sólo porque les gustan, seguido del interés por estar en contacto con el medio natural y acuático. Las modalidades náuticas más practicadas son el piragüismo y la natación. En relación al abandono de la práctica deportiva, claramente se produce por la falta de tiempo por el estudio o el trabajo. Es evidente que la falta de tiempo por los estudios o por el trabajo, perjudica gravemente la adherencia a la actividad física, pero existen porcentajes muy altos de personas (62%) que admiten no practicar por pereza y desgana, por lo que se deben buscar nuevas estrategias de motivación para que aumente la adherencia a la actividad físico deportiva.Palabras clave: Motivación, práctica de actividad física y deportiva, actividades náuticas, hábitos físicos y deportivos, universitarios. Motivations of the University students in the physical and sports practice of free time. The nautical activitiesABSTRACTThe study of motivational profiles provides detailed information on the habits of groups of people to the practice of physical activity, allowing fostering a more positive motivation and achieving greater adherence to practice. So the aim of this study was to clarify the motivations are against the practice of physical and sporting a sample of university students, with special emphasis on water sports activity. The sample consisted of 1011 students from the University of Almeria (Spain). The instrument used was the questionnaire physical - sporting habits and water sports. The results indicate that the main reasons for developing sport and flexible hours were adequate to the availability of leisure, followed by proximity to your home facilities. Other reasons are for fun, or to be with his Universitarios y actividades náuticas © Psy, Soc, & Educ, 2016, Vol. 8(3) 230 friends. Concerning water activities, it was decided not to practice or just because they like them, followed by the wish to be in contact with the natural aquatic environment. The most practiced nautical activities are canoeing and swimming. In relation to the abandonment of the sport is clearly caused by the lack of time for study or work. Clearly the lack of time for study or work, seriously undermines adherence to physical activity, but there are very high percentages (62 %) who admit no laziness and unwillingness to practice, so you should seek new motivational strategies to increase adherence to physical activity sports.Keywords: Motivation; practice of physical and sports activity; nautical activities; Physical and sports habits; university student.

Vigorous physical activity, perceived stress, sleep and mental health among university students from 23 low- and middle-income countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Supa Pengpid ◽  
Karl Peltzer
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Cross Sectional

AbstractBackgroundVigorous physical activity (VPA) may be beneficial for mental health. The aim of the study was to investigate cross-sectional associations between VPA, perceived stress, sleep quality and quantity and mental health among university students.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, using anonymous questionnaires, data was collected from 15122 (42.1% male and 57.9% female) university students [mean age 20.6, standard deviation (SD) = 2.0] from 23 countries in the Americas, Africa and Asia. They were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version), and measures of sociodemographic, health status, health behaviour and anthropometrics.ResultsStudents who met VPA recommendations were less likely to report perceived stress, more likely to report subjective good health and depression than students without VPA. There was no association between VPA and sleep quality and quantity and PTSD symptoms.ConclusionThis study only found partial benefits of VPA in relation to well-being of university students.

THE SELF-ESTIMATION OF THE HEALTH LEVEL, PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND FEELING OF THE RIGA BASIC SCHOOL STUDENTS AND UNIVERSITY PEDAGOGICAL SPECIALTY STUDENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 222-231
Author(s):  
Juris Porozovs ◽  
Aija Dudkina ◽  
Alvis Valdemiers
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
The Self ◽  
School Students ◽  
Health Level ◽  
Basic School ◽  
Emotional Strain ◽  
At Home

Students is a group of population, who experience psychological overload and emotional strain. These factors could have a negative impact on student's health, but good health level and positive mood are important factors for high learning outcomes. The survey of Riga 2nd Gymnasium 9th grade basic school students and University of Latvia 1st course pedagogical speciality students was carried out. The self-estimation of health level, physical activities and feeling at school and at home of the both group students was compared. The results of the survey showed that the majority of students have good health level or they have minor health problems. Physical activity of basic school students is higher than the physical activity of university students. A part of students regularly experience strain. More basic school students in comparison with university students are regularly in the state of stress.  Overall university students feel better at university than basic school students at school. The majority of both group students feel good at home. Students consider that important factors for maintaining of the health are: correct sleep regimen, proper nutrition regime, enough physical activities, avoiding from stress and overload.

scholarly journals EXPLORATORY AND CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACIES AMONG TEACHERS STUDENTS AT FACULTY OF EDUCATION, HELWAN UNIVERSITY, EGYPT: FROM BANDURA’S THEORY TO PROPOSED MODEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Samir Sayed Ali Mekky ◽  
Mohamed Atef Mohamed Mohamed El- Badrama
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Fit Indices ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Faculty Of Education

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reliability of perceived self-efficacies questionnaire (PSE) which is designed for university students at faculty of education. A total of 472 students participated, selected by using cluster random sampling. In order to examine the construct validity of the PSE, Quantitative data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using SPSS 23 and AMOS 23. EFA revealed similar structures from prior research and the present study. The CFA approach verified the questionnaire of perceived self-efficacies was satisfactory for university students’ context. This work concludes the perceived self-efficacies of university students have a nine-factor structure: Planning perceived self-efficacy, Moral and emotional perceived self-efficacy, Social leadership perceived self-efficacy, Academic perceived self-efficacy, Reading perceived self-efficacy, Technology perceived self-efficacy, Research perceived self-efficacy, Motivated perceived self-efficacy and Creative perceived self-efficacy. The goodness of fit indices values shows good fit for self-efficacies with nine factors. According to these findings, the PSE is appropriate for researchers or teaching staff whose aim is to measure his/her students perceived self-efficacies beliefs. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0770/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals Actividad física en tiempo libre en estudiantes universitarios Colombianos (Leisure-time physical activity in Colombian university students)

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mabel Gómez-Mazorra ◽  
David Sánchez-Oliva ◽  
Antonio Labisa-Palmeira
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Basic Psychological Needs ◽  
Or Education ◽  
University Environment ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

Analizar la asociación entre las variables de la Teoría de la Autodeterminación (TAD), la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado (TCP), el entorno universitario y la práctica de Actividad Física (AF) en tiempo libre en estudiantes universitarios. 363 estudiantes participaron y completaron cuestionario para analizar la satisfacción y la frustración de las Necesidades Psicológicas Básicas (NPB), los procesos motivacionales, percepciones para la intención y el nivel de AF en tiempo libre. Se obtuvo diferencias significativas para el nivel de AF con relación al género, los estudiantes muy activos y que trabajan, tienen mayor satisfacción de NPB, motivación autodeterminada e intención para la práctica de AF; pertenecer a áreas de formación en salud, educación y recibir deporte formativo, genera mayores niveles de frustración de autonomía, desmotivación y regulación externa. El análisis de regresión mostró como el género y la regulación integrada son predictoras comunes para la AF moderada vigorosa (AFMV) y la AF total (AFT). Los factores sociodemográficos, el entorno universitario y los factores motivacionales ayudan a explicar la intención y la práctica de AF en tiempo libre y sus diferencias serán determinantes para educar conductas saludables. Abstract. To analyze the association between variables of the Theory of Self-Determination (SDT), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the university environment, and the practice of Physical Activity (PA) in leisure time in university students. A sample of 363 students participated and completed a questionnaire to analyze satisfaction and frustration of Basic Psychological Needs (BPN), motivational processes, intention perceptions, and PA levels in leisure time. Significant differences were found regarding PA levels by gender; students who are very active and students workers have greater satisfaction of BPN, self-determined regulation, and intention to practice PA; belonging to education fields in health or education, and receiving sports training, generate higher levels of frustration of autonomy, demotivation, and external regulation. The regression analysis showed that gender and integrated regulation are common predictors of moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) and total PA (TPA). Sociodemographic factors, university environment, and motivational factors help explain the intention and practice of PA in leisure time and their differences will be decisive in educating healthy behaviors.

scholarly journals Variables sociocognitivas y su relación con la actividad física en estudiantes universitarios chilenos (Sociocognitive variables and their relationship with physical activity in Chilean university students)

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 76-85
Author(s):  
Javier Andrés Mella Norambuena ◽  
Gabriela Nazar Carter ◽  
Fabiola Sáez Delgado ◽  
Claudio Bustos Navarrete ◽  
Yaranay López-Angulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

 Los factores que influyen en los niveles de actividad física son muchos, sin embargo, es necesario identificar aquellos que pueden ser modificables, entre ellos están las variables sociocognitivas. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue analizar la relación entre el autoconcepto físico, motivación, autoeficacia y percepción de barreras para la actividad física, y el bienestar subjetivo con el nivel de actividad física en estudiantes universitarios. Se utilizó un diseño predictivo transversal y participaron 362 estudiantes de Educación Superior de una región del centro sur de Chile. Para responder a los objetivos se utilizó un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales, específicamente el modelo Probit adecuado para regresiones ordinales. Los resultados mostraron que: (1) la autoeficacia para la práctica de actividad física, la falta de tiempo, falta de voluntad, falta de habilidad, el autoconcepto de condición física y el autoconcepto físico de fuerza predijeron significativamente el nivel de práctica de actividad física; (2) el nivel de actividad física media la relación entre las variables sociocognitivas y la afectividad positiva. Es posible concluir que las variables sociocognitivas influyen en los niveles de actividad física de estudiantes universitarios y esta última influye en su bienestar. Abstract: The factors that influence physical activity levels are many, however, it is necessary to identify those that can be modified, among them are the sociocognitive variables. The general objective of this research was to analyze the relationship between physical self-concept, motivation, self-efficacy and perception of barriers to physical activity, and subjective well-being with the level of physical activity in university students. A cross-sectional predictive design was used and 362 students of Higher Education from a region of southern central Chile participated. To respond to the objectives, a Model of Structural Equations was used, specifically the Probit model suitable for ordinal regressions. The results showed that: (1) self-efficacy for the practice of physical activity, lack of time, lack of will, lack of ability, self-concept of physical condition and physical self-concept of strength significantly predicted the level of practice of physical activity; (2) the level of physical activity mediates the relationship between sociocognitive variables and positive affectivity. It is possible to conclude that sociocognitive variables influence the levels of physical activity of university students and the latter influences their well-being.

scholarly journals Motivaciones de los estudiantes universitarios para nunca realizar actividades físico-deportivas de tiempo libre. El caso de la Universidad de Guadalajara (Reasons why the university students do not do any physical activity during their free time. In spec

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Gabriel Flores Allende ◽  
Francisco Ruiz-Juan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
University Students ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Free Time ◽  
University Center ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
College Student Population ◽  
The University ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

Varias han sido las investigaciones para conocer los motivos por el cual el alumnado universitario realiza o a ha abandonado la práctica de actividad físico-deportiva de tiempo libre. Sin embargo, han indagado las barreras en aquellos que no han participado nunca en dicha actividad, debido a las repercusiones negativas que genera la inactividad física. Sobre una población de 65.700 estudiantes de Educación Superior de la Universidad de Guadalajara México, se ha realizado un muestreo polietápico estratificado con afijación proporcional, resultando un muestra de 1.207 sujetos, lo que significa un margen de error de ±3% y un nivel de confianza del 95,5%. Para la recogida de datos se ha utilizando un cuestionario estandarizado aplicándose de forma auto-administrada. Entre los principales resultados, destacar qué, los sujetos inactivos mencionan como principal barrera para ser sedentario el no tener aptitudes para el deporte, la falta de tiempo, la flojera o pereza y la carencia instalaciones deportivas cerca del hogar. Siendo similares a los que afectan a otras investigaciones en poblaciones universitarias. Además, realizar estudios en algún centro temático o regional, pertenecer a uno u otro Centro Universitario no influye o determina los motivos por el cual, los estudiante no han practicado nunca actividades físico-deportivas en su tiempo libre. Siendo únicamente sedentarios, los alumnos que realizan estudios de licenciatura. Situación que obliga a poner mayor atención a este grupo de sujetos que en caso de no adherirse a la práctica, incrementara las posibilidades de mortalidad, inhabilidad y morbilidad.Palabra clave: motivaciones, universitarios, inactividad física.Abstract: There has been several investigations that try to explain why the university students barely do exercise or most of them have dropped all the outdoor activities during their free time. However, this investigations have gone beyond the walls specially with the students that never do any activity, the reason of this, is due to all the side effects that the physical inactivity has. From the University of Guadalajara in Mexico, a 65.000 college student population, it was taken a sample of 1.207 individuals. The sampling procedure for this research was stratified polietapic with proportional affixation; which resulted on a + 3 percent error margin and a trusted level of 95.5 percent. In order to collect the results of the poll, it was used a standard questionnaire applied in a auto-administrated way. Among the main results, it is important to highlight that the students that do not do any exercise emphasis that the reason of the lack of any activity is because they do not have the abilities to practice any sport, lack of free time, laziness or lack of sportive facilities near to their homes. These results are similar and have affected other investigations in the same manner the university students. Furthermore, the fact that a student studies in a thematic or regional center, or belong to a different university center does not affect or shows the reasons why the students do not do any physical activity during their free time. Being only the sedentary, the students that are studying a degree. This situation obligates us to emphasis and to pay more attention to this group of students, because in case of continuing without any physical activity, this could increase the rate of mortality, inability and morbidity.Key words: motivations, college students, physical inactivity.

Measurement of Values Expression in Sports and Athletics

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale D. Simmons ◽  
R. Vern Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
University Students ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Energy Release ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
Group Coordination ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Value Priorities

Research on psychological variables involved in sport has emphasized personality traits and attitudes. This report introduces an instrument for measuring the role of personal values in sport. The Survey of Values in Sport assesses the priority given to 14 sport-related values, e.g., energy release, winning, expressing feelings, group coordination, and maintaining good health. The value priorities among university students for their “favorite sport” were reasonably reliable (2-wk. retest correlations averaged .65); a factor analysis yielded five factors: Achievement, Exercise in a Pleasant Setting, Sociability, Good Health, and Self-fulfillment. In a comparison of two female teams, gymnastics and volleyball, seven of the fourteen values significantly discriminated the two groups—rather notable for samples of 8 and 13 members, respectively.

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