Assessing the burden of Covid-19 in the slums of Bangalore city: Results of Rapid Community Survey

Background: Karnataka, more so Bangalore, reported an increase in number of COVID-19 cases in early April 2021. Objective: To assess the burden of COVID-19 in the slums of Bengaluru city. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional multi centre community-based study was done in the 2nd and 3rd week of April 2021 in 24 different slums in Bangalore city. WHO cluster random sampling technique was followed. Swabs for RTPCR test and 4 ml of venous blood was collected from 728 subjects more than 18 years of age. Results: A total of 51 (7%) subjects were positive for COVID-19 through RT-PCR. Majority 33 (56.9%) were in the age group of 18-44 years. 148 (20.3%) subjects were sero-positive on blood examination and 18-44 years was the (59.4%) preponderant age group. Overall seropositivity was 20.3% (95%CI; 17.4-23.2) and RT-PCR positivity is 7% (95%CI; 5.2-8.8%) among the subjects surveyed. In the inner core area of Bangalore, seropositivity was 24.2% (95%CI; 21.0 – 27.3) and RT-PCR positivity was 8% (95%CI; 6.1-9.9). Two doses of COVID-19 vaccine were taken only by 1.55% subjects during the study period. Conclusion: The study showed that one in 5 subjects were sero-positive to SARS-CoV-2 and one in 15 individuals had active COVID-19 infection.

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Road traffic accident victims socio-demographic profiles: a community based study in Central India

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20174257 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (10) ◽

pp. 3819

Author(s):

Pramita Muntode Gharde ◽

Syyed Zahiruddin Quazi ◽

Vasant V. Wagh

Keyword(s):

Family Income ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Central India ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Road Traffic Injury ◽

Male Dominance ◽

Age Group ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: A road traffic injury is any injury caused due to crashes originating, terminating or involving a vehicle partially or fully on a public highway.The road crashes are unlike communicable diseases where the role of agent, host and environment is more defined. The aim and objective was to study of the socio-demographic profile of victims of road traffic accidents.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2010 to September 2012 in 3 blocks of Wardha district, in Central India. The sample size was estimated using purposive sampling technique. The data was analyzed using EPI-Info version 3.5.4. Results: Out of 385 study subjects, maximum victims were in 30-60 years age group, 320 were males and 16.88% i.e. 65 were females. The total numbers of literate victims were 94.80%. Maximum accidents were seen in victims who were employed in service 151 (39.22%), followed by self employed 27%. Conclusions: Maximum victims were in 30-60 years age group which is the productive age group and male dominance was also observed which means loss of work days leading to loss of wages and loss of family income hence directly affecting the family economy.

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Vaccination Coverage of Infants and Young Children in a Selected Rural area of Mymensingh

Community Based Medical Journal ◽

10.3329/cbmj.v9i1.56767 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Sultana Sobnam Dipu ◽

Md Tufael Hossain

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Rural Area ◽

Vaccination Coverage ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Age Group ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽

Medical College

This study was conducted to estimate vaccination coverage of infant and young children in a selected rural area of Mymensingh. This was done on the background that vaccine preventable diseases are major causes of under-5 mortality and morbidity in Bangladesh. Though EPI coverage in Bangladesh is high still there are reported cases of meningitis, pneumonia and measles. This was a community-based cross-sectional descriptive study conducted among 240 children belonging from birth to 24 months age group from Churkhai village of Bhavokhali union, Sadar Mymensingh during January 2019 as a part of Residential Field Site Training of 3rd year students under the guidance of Department of Community Medicine of Community Based Medical College Bangladesh. The sampling technique was purposive. A pre-designed, pre-tested questionnaire has been used to collect required information by face to face interviewing mothers of infant and young child with verification of immunization card. Out of total children between birth to 24 months age group surveyed, 121 (50.42%) were males and 119 (49.58%) were females. Most of them 217 (90.42%) were fully immunized and 23 (9.58%) were partially immunized. BCG vaccination was 100% though 19 (7.92%) were 2 months late. Pentavalent, PCV, b OPV, f IPV vaccination coverage was 92.89% each, though 5 (2.37%) were 2 months late. Measles-Rubella coverage was 83.04%. Vaccination coverage was better than the finding of other studies in Bangladesh and neighboring countries except Measles-Rubella coverage. We should motivate mothers to attain a full vaccination coverage of 100%. CBMJ 2020 January: Vol. 09 No. 01 P: 19-24

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Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection at the University of Barcelona during the Third COVID-19 Pandemic Wave in Spain

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18126526 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 6526

Author(s):

Sebastián Videla ◽

Aurema Otero ◽

Sara Martí ◽

M. Ángeles Domínguez ◽

Nuria Fabrellas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ad Hoc ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

The University ◽

The Impact

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic started in December 2019 and still is a major global health challenge. Lockdown measures and social distancing sparked a global shift towards online learning, which deeply impacted universities’ daily life, and the University of Barcelona (UB) was not an exception. Accordingly, we aimed to determine the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at the UB. To that end, we performed a cross-sectional study on a sample of 2784 UB members (n = 52,529). Participants answered a brief, ad hoc, online epidemiological questionnaire and provided a nasal swab for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) SARS-CoV-2 analysis and a venous blood sample for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assay. Total prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (positive RT-PCR or positive IgG) was 14.9% (95%CI 13.3 to 17.0%). Forty-four participants (1.6%, 95%CI: 1.2–2.1%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. IgG against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in 12.8% (95%CI: 11.6–14.1%) of participants. Overall, while waiting for population vaccination and/or increased herd immunity, we should concentrate on identifying and isolating new cases and their contacts.

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Prevalence of Goiter and Associated Factors among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Demba Gofa Woreda, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1155/2020/5102329 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Befikaduwa Zekarias ◽

Frehiwot Mesfin ◽

Bezatu Mengiste ◽

Adane Tesfaye ◽

Lemma Getacher

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Iodine Deficiency ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Iodized Salt ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Women Of Reproductive Age ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Reproductive Age Group

Background. Iodine deficiency disorder is a major public health problem in Ethiopia that is more common in women of reproductive age. However, it is not well addressed and there is a lack of information on its prevalence and associated factors in women of reproductive age group. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess goiter prevalence and associated factors among women of reproductive age in the Demba Gofa woreda, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was used among 584 randomly selected women in the reproductive age group from February 05 to April 20, 2016. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study kebeles, and a systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study samples. Data were collected through a pretested questionnaire, and the goiter examination was done clinically for each participant. The collected data were coded and entered into a computer for statistical analysis using EpiData version 3.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Variables with a P value ≤0.25 in bivariate logistic regression analysis were entered into multivariate logistic regression analysis, and finally, variables with a P value <0.05 in multivariate logistic regression were considered significantly associated with the dependent variable. Results. The total goiter rate was 43%, 95% CI = 39.2–46.9. Cassava consumption (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.03–4), salt wash before use (AOR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.1–11.3), salt use after >2 months of purchase (AOR: 11, 95% CI: 5–26), family history of goiter (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.4–15.8), and poor knowledge of iodized salt (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.4–5.5) were significant factors associated with goiter. Conclusion. Iodine deficiency was found to be severe in women of reproductive age in the study area. This showed that women of reproductive age, especially during pregnancy, are exposed to iodine deficiency and its adverse effects at delivery. Thus, they need urgent supplementation with iodine, improved access to foods rich in iodine, and intake of iodized salt. Additionally, health education should focus on the importance of iodized salt, the proper method of use, and the prevention of iodine deficiency, which are highly recommended to minimize the problem.

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN DIARE PADA ANAK USIA 4-6 TAHUN

Jurnal Vokasi Kesehatan ◽

10.30602/jvk.v3i1.78 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Selviana Selviana ◽

Elly Trisnawati ◽

Sitti Munawarah

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Water Storage ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Microbial Quality ◽

Community Based ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract: Factors Related To Occurrence Of Diarrhea In 4-6 Year Children. Diarrhea cases in 4-6-year-old children in Desa Kalimas raised annually, from 10% in 2013 to 33% in 2014, and 35% in 2015. This study aimed at factors related to diarrhea cases in 4-6-year-old children in Desa Kalimas Kecamatan Sungai Kakap. Cross Sectional approach was used forty one sample participated in this study. They were selected by using proportional random sampling technique. The data analysis using chi-square test with a 95% confidence level. The study revealed significant correlation of hand washing (p = 0,043 ; PR = 2,175), microbial quality of drinking water storage (p = 0,016 ; PR = 1,462), availability of family latrine (p = 0,003 ; PR = 3,242), and diarrhea cases. There was no significant correlation between diarrhea cases are the habit of boiling water with the microbial quality of drinking water, the source of water for washing cutlery, and microbial of drinking water, (p > 0,05). It is hoped health authorized staffs in Desa Kalimas apply community- based total sanitation, enhance clean and healthy behaviour, and socialize healthy drinking water storage based on Regulation of Minister of Healthy No. 3/2014.Abstrak: Faktor-Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun. Angka kejadian diare pada anak usia 4-6 tahun di Desa Kalimas mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya. Tahun 2013 kejadian diare sebesar 10%, tahun 2014 sebesar 33% dan 35% pada tahun 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diare pada anak usia 4-6 tahun di Desa Kalimas Kecamatan Sungai Kakap. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dengan jumlah sampel 45 orang yang diambil menggunakan teknik proportional random sampling. Uji statistik yang digunakan uji chi-square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara kebiasaan mencuci tangan dengan diare (p = 0,043; PR = 2,175), penyimpanan air minum dengan kualitas mikrobiologi air minum (p = 0,016; PR = 1,462), ketersediaan jamban keluarga dengan diare (p = 0,003; PR = 3,242). Variabel yang tidak berhubungan yaitu kebiasaan memasak air dengan kualitas mikrobiologi air minum, sumber air untuk mencuci alat makan/minum dan kualitas mikrobiologi air minum dengan diare (p ≥ 0,005). Disarankan agar di Desa Kalimas bisa diterapkan program STBM dan peningkatan penerapan PHBS pada masyarakat Desa Kalimas serta mensosialisasikan cara penyimpanan air minum yang baik sesuai dengan Permenkes No 3 tahun 2014.

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The impact of pictorial warning attached on cigarette packet to the attitude of smoking habit

Z H Sikder Women’s Medical College Journal ◽

10.47648/zhswmcj.2020.v0201.05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (Number 1) ◽

pp. 20-23

Author(s):

Dr. Kamrun Nahar ◽

Prof. Dr. Belal Ahmed ◽

Prof. Dr. Md. Khorshed Alam

Keyword(s):

Smoking Habit ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Face To Face ◽

Quit Smoking ◽

Warning Message ◽

Attitude And Practice ◽

The Impact ◽

Structured Questionnaire

This was a cross sectional descriptive study conducted to assess the effect pictorial warning message on cigarette packets to the attitude and practice of smokers using a semi-structured questionnaire employing purposive sampling technique with a sample size of 214 by face to face interview carried out in different cities, towns, and villages of Bangladesh from August 2016 to February 2017. Almost 97.6% were male and Most of the respondents (40.9%) belonged to the 20-29 years age group. Majority (58.3%) of them were educated from secondary to graduate few percent below primary. Highest 22.9% respondents were students followed by 17.6% private job holder, 16.9% day labor and only 1.4% was jobless. About 40.2% started smoking by the influence of friends, 26.2% started on curiosity and 20% due to depression and majority 41.0% smoked 1-5 cigarette sticks per day. More than half (65.5%) of respondents felt relax to refreshing by smoking and about two third 77.6% continued their smoking due to habitual act or psychological pleasure Almost 93.4% gave attention to the pictorial warning on the cigarette packets. About 46.4% thought pictorial warning in cigarette packets alarms for not to smoke and only 23.8% thought smoking will cause cancer; 21.4% thought smoking is injurious to health. After seeing the pictorial warning on cigarettes 57.6% reduced the smoking number of sticks per day also attempted to quit smoking. To reduce this restricting the advertisement of tobacco, arranging campaign to raise awareness among people about the health and environmental hazards of smoking and increase the tax on tobacco.

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Study of Cervical Length in Bangladeshi Cadaver

Community Based Medical Journal ◽

10.3329/cbmj.v5i2.53927 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 26-28

Author(s):

Zubaida Gulshan Ara ◽

ASM Shafiqul Islam ◽

Umme Kulsum Sharmin Zaman ◽

Anjuman Ara ◽

Reeva Aireen Busreea

Keyword(s):

Uterine Cervix ◽

Anatomical Variation ◽

Age Groups ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Descriptive Study ◽

Cervical Length ◽

Age Group ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

Female Genital

This cross sectional descriptive study was done to see the length of the cervix in Bangladeshi cadaver to find out the anatomical variation and to compare it with other study findings. 60 post mortem specimens containing female genital organs particularly uterine cervix were collected by purposive sampling technique from cadavers of different age groups. All the collected specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution. This study was carried out in the department of Anatomy, Mymensingh Medical College from July 2006 to June 2007. Both gross and fine dissections were performed to measure the length of the uterine cervix. We compare our study findings with that of the references. Maximum mean length of the cervix was found in the 13-45 years age group. It was 2.89 cm. CBMJ 2016 July: Vol. 05 No. 02 P: 26-28

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KORELASI PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DAN PENDIDIKAN IBU TERHADAP PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF

Herb-Medicine Journal ◽

10.30595/hmj.v3i3.7677 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Faricha Kurnia Illahi ◽

Yusuf Alam Romadhon ◽

Yuni Prastyo Kurniati ◽

Tri Agustina

Keyword(s):

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Government Regulation ◽

Family Income ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Income Level ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Central Java ◽

Observational Design ◽

Mother Education ◽

Cluster Random Sampling

Exclusive breastfeeding based on Government Regulation Number 33 of 2012 concerning Exclusive Breastfeeding isbreast milk that is given to babies from birth for six months, without adding and or replacing with other food ordrinks. Coverage of infants gets exclusive breastfeeding nationally at 61.33%. This figure has exceeded the 2017Strategic Plan target of 44%. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for infants 0-6 months in Central Java in2017 was 54.4%. Coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Sukoharjo Regency is 60.36%.Thepurpose of this researchaims to determine whether there is a correlation between the level of family income and level of mother education ofexcluxive breastfeeding. This research use analytic observational design with cross sectional approach. Thepopulation in this study are mothers who have children more than six month in the working area of Gatak SukoharjoPublic Health Center. Sampling technique in this research using cluster random sampling technique. LogisticRegression test data obtained significance of family income level equal to 0.034 and mother education level equal to0.004.The limitation of this study is to collect data on the level of family income based only on interviews withoutany supporting questionnaireBased on these results indicate the correlation of family income level and mothereducation level of excluxive breastfeeding.

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Morbidity Pattern and Its Determinants in Urban Field Practice Area of VIMS, Bellary - A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare ◽

10.18410/jebmh/2021/507 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (30) ◽

pp. 2763-2767

Author(s):

Pratibharani Reddy ◽

Ramesh K ◽

Anju Mariam Jacob ◽

Gangadhara Goud T

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Disease Burden ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Age Group ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Training Centre ◽

The Family

BACKGROUND India is doubly burdened with communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCD). Knowledge regarding morbidity profile is important for timely intervention so as to improve the quality of life. For effective health strategies, it is important to know the disease burden of a community. As for the effective preventive strategies, it’s important to know the information regarding disease burden and changing trends of diseases in the locality. Hence this study was done to find the morbidity pattern of urban population in Bellary district, Karnataka. METHODS A cross sectional study was carried out in Millerpet, urban health training centre (UHTC), Bellary, Karnataka. The respective UHTC covers 69195 populations, which has eight wards. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select the ward. The study was carried out in the selected ward and the study duration was for a period of 3 months. Based on the estimated sample size, 416 houses were selected using random number method. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 26 was used for analysing data. Descriptive statistics were used to describe socio demographic and morbidity conditions. RESULTS The most common morbidity among 416 houses were found to be diabetes (22.8 %) followed by hypertension (20 %) and musculoskeletal problems (9 %). Majority of the houses were of nuclear type and the most common age group was 31 - 60 (91.8 %) years followed by 13 - 30 years (80.8 %). 167 (40.1 %) houses had at least one morbidity and 451 (41.4) subjects had at least one morbidity. Socio-demographic variables like age group, family size, monthly income, occupation of head of the family and type of the family were found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that non communicable are the most common diseases present and there is a need to further evaluate the factors responsible so that preventive measures can be taken at the earliest so as to improve the quality of life. KEYWORDS Morbidity Pattern, Urban, Bellary

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CONSANGUINITY AND MATERNAL AGE;

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.04.1458 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (04) ◽

pp. 511-515

Author(s):

Nayyab Zehra ◽

Ahmed Hassaan Malik ◽

Zahabia Khalid ◽

Misha Sabir ◽

Simra Tanvir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Family History ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Maternal Age ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Military Hospital ◽

Age Group ◽

Spontaneous Abortions ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of

Objectives: To determine the frequency of risk factors i.e. consanguinity andmaternal age associated with spontaneous abortions in Pakistan and to propose ways toreduce them. Study design: Cross sectional descriptive study. Place of study: Gynecologydepartment of Military Hospital and Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Duration ofstudy: 6 months (September 2015 to February 2016). Sampling technique: Non probabilityconvenient sampling. Methodology: 150 married female patients in reproductive age group(15-49 years), who were confirmed cases of pregnancy and presented with abortions, wereinterviewed and responses were filled in a structured questionnaire after written consent.The collected data was then entered and analyzed by SPSS 20.0. Results: The major bulkof spontaneous abortions occurred in the maternal age group of 25-35 years (55.3%). A totalof 53.3% of abortions occurred in the gestational age of less than 12 weeks. Around 54.7% offemales had family history of spontaneous abortions and 65.3% had consanguineous marriage.Conclusion: Spontaneous abortions occur more frequently in the females of 25-35 yearsage group and among the fetuses with gestational age less than 12 weeks (1st trimester ofpregnancy). Family history of spontaneous abortions and consanguinity are associated withspontaneous abortions.

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