scholarly journals Content of photosynthetic pigments in peach leaves in the humid subtropics of Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
Ju. S. Abilfazova

Various varieties of peach as a culture with an economically profitable and high early maturity have been described; some features of the weather conditions of the Black Sea coast during cultivation is given. The results of many years of physiological research, which have been carried out in the Laboratory of plant physiology and biochemistry of the Federal Research Center «Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences» (earlier – VNIITSISK) have been presented. The objects of the research are peach leaves of the varieties of Redhaven (control), Nicholas I (Collins clone), Larisa, Krasnaya Zarya (Redhaven clone), Comanche, Sunbeam, Spring Call (Springold clone), Summerset. It has been found that the amount of water deficit does not exceed 12,1–14,2%, and the water content of the leaf blades ranges on average from 55,2% to 70% in the varieties of Redhaven, Comanche, Summerset, Larisa. As stressful situations intensify (drought, lack of moisture in plants, high air temperature and humidity) in the subtropical zone, the Comanche, Vesennyy Prizyk and Summerset varieties show a decrease in the synthesis of a, b, chlorophyll and in the most resistant varieties of Redhaven, Larisa, Krasnaya Zarya, Sunbeam and Nicholas I show its decrease. A high content of carotenoids is up to 0,52–0,65 units.

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Abilfazova

The article presents experimental data on physiological and biochemical studies of stone fruit culture on the example of Persica vulgaris (Mill.) In the humid subtropics of Russia. The research has been carried out since 2011 in the Laboratory of plant physiology and biochemistry of the Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences on peach varieties of different ripening periods grown in the humid subtropics of Russia. To identify any physiological changes in the body of peach plants during drought, especially in summer, comprehensive diagnostic studies of the water regime (leaf turgidity, determination of the thickness of the leaf blade, water deficiency) and pigment composition are carried out, characterizing the functional state of peach plants. Under unfavorable conditions, promising varieties have a higher ratio of chlorophylls to carotenoids, which confirms their more developed adaptive potential. Studies of this nature have been carried out in order to identify and select resistant peach plants among the studied varieties, which would correspond to the humid region of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. In the subtropical zone of our region, the issue of drought resistance has always been acute, since the impact of negative environmental factors (cool spring, accompanied by drizzling rains and a long summer shortage of air and soil moisture) on peach plants lead to a decrease in productivity and a deterioration in the quality of fruits, which makes their unsuitable and non-transportable. It has been found that among the tested plants, peach varieties Maycrest, Fayet, Larisa have been distinguished by high physiological indicators, such as: low water deficiency – 12,20–14,65%, leaf turgidity ­– 0,18 mm, saturation of leaf tissues within 70,12–79,21%, the content of carotenoids is 0,5–0,7 units, which is a confirming sign of their high resistance to the negative effects of weather conditions in the south of Russia.


2021 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
K. V. Slepchenko

Muscari are unpretentious, undemanding, at the same time highly ornamental plants that are widely spred and used in landscape design. Research on Muscari collection was conducted at the experimental base of Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2018-2021. The objects of research were: Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker and its varieties: ‘Early Giant’, ‘Fantasy Creation’, ‘Blue Spike’, ‘Touch of Snow’, ‘Dark Eyes’, ‘Peppermint’, Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten., Muscari comosum (L.) Mill (syn. Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl.) ‘Plumosum’, Muscari racemosum Mill. and Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. The research was carried out according to the developed methodology for studying low-growing flower crops. The characteristics of meteorological conditions were described based on the materials obtained from the weather archive of the Weather and Climate website. During the research, meteorological parameters differed both in the observation years and from the average long-term ones. Higher air temperatures with less precipitation were noted in almost all the research years during the rooting of bulbs (October-November). In the spring months, there was a significant reduction in the amount of precipitation in April and May, often at higher temperatures, which led to a reduction in the duration of the growing season. Phenological observations have shown that Muscari intensively vegetated, bloomed and bore fruit. Vegetation, depending on the variety and the condition of the year, began in late December — early January in early and medium varieties, while in early–mid February — in late varieties. Blooming of early varieties was noted in early–mid March; middle varieties bloomed in mid–late March, late varieties – in the early-mid April. As a result of the conducted research, the ornamental value of 11 Muscari species and varieties has been evaluated. The following varieties with high parameters of ornamental qualities were identified: M. neglectum (58), ‘Fantasy Creation’ (58), ‘Miss Vain’ (58), M. racemosum (58), M. botryoides (58), ‘Blue Spike’ (59). The study of the Muscari collection of Subtropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences has shown that all varieties have high ornamental qualities and long blooming and can be used in landscaping.


Author(s):  
Yu.S. Abilfazova ◽  

the characteristic the best varieties peach plants cultivated in the subtropical zone Krasnodar Territory is given. The study collection plantations peach in the subtropical zone Krasnodar Territory has been carried out since 2009 at the Federal Research Center Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The results of many years of research have identified the best peach varieties (Redhaven, Favorita Morettini, Larisa, Medin red, Veteran, Fayet), distinguished by resistance to stress factors and high palatability of the fruits.


Author(s):  
N. I. Kashevarov ◽  
R. I. Polyudina ◽  
D. A. Potapov

The Institutions of the Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences have created 118 cultivars of 32 crops up to 2019. The early maturing winter hardy high yielding cultivars of red clover have been first obtained in Siberia, among them are Meteor, Pamyati Lisitsyna (4x) and Prima (2x) cultivars. Four cultivars of sudan grass Novosibirskaya 84, Lira, Dostyk and Karagandinskaya were created. Three cultivars of soybean such as SibNIIK-315, SibNIIK-9, Gorinskaya and five canola cultivars have been included in the State register. Sibiryachka cultivar of oil radish was created first in Siberia.


Author(s):  
N. A. Konnov ◽  
N. N. Karpun ◽  
A. V. Kelina

The lawn coverings creation in the humid subtropics zone of Russia is one of the topical areas of ornamental horticulture. This is due to the high requirements for year-round decorative plantings, the peculiarities of natural and climatic conditions and the general lack of issue knowledge. This direction is of particular importance in plantations located in shaded areas under the canopy of tree crowns, where, in addition to common for the region unfavourable factors of the hydrothermal regime, insufficient illumination is added, which together limits the possibility of traditional cereal grasses cultivating. Evergreen grass-like ground cover plants can be a complete substitute for lawn grasses in shaded areas. The aim of the research was to determine the degree of drought resistance of Liriope graminifolia (L.) Baker and Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. and the ability to maintain decorativeness during the period of unfavourable hydrothermal conditions in the summer in the humid subtropics of Russia. The studies were carried out in 2013-2018 on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the Sochi region, in plantations (on test plots with an area of 5-10 m2) and in conditions of vegetation experiments (in containers with a volume of 2 liters) on the territory of the Kuban Subtropical Botanical Garden (settlement Uch-Dere), according to generally accepted methods adapted to the studied taxa. It was found that an important mechanism of adaptation of the studied plants to drought is the ability to accumulate and redistribute moisture between vegetative organs, providing a high water content in the leaves. The decorativeness of O. japonicus and L. graminifolia in open ground in the atmospheric moisture absence lasts up to 12-14 days, in a vegetation experiment (container culture) – up to 14-16 days. O. japonicus and L. graminifolia retained the ability to self-regenerate up to 35-37 days of the experiment, and then the plants died. The consequences of summer drought in the studied plants were compensated by active autumn growth. Unlike classic lawns, which require daily watering, lawns from O. japonicus and L. graminifolia should be irrigated with a long (more than 12-14 days) absence of precipitation in the summer months.


Author(s):  
Н.Н. Карпун

Влажные субтропики Черноморского побережья России являются региономреципиентом для большого количества инвазионных видов вредных организмов. В начале XXI в. в зоне влажных субтропиков России выявлены 35 новых видов дендрофильных насекомых, из которых 26 можно отнести к инвазионным: из них 17 видов новые для территории России, а 9 новые для субтропической зоны Черноморского побережья Кавказа. Особенности инвазионного процесса у фитофагов изучались на основе анализа таксономического состава, регионовдоноров, векторов и путей инвазии, биотопического распределения видов и динамики инвазий. За период 2000 2017 гг. в общем количестве появившихся инвазионных видов отмечено снижение доли представителей отряда Hemiptera и увеличение доли представителей отряда Lepidoptera. В последние годы наибольшее количество инвазионных видов вредителей имеет североамериканское, а не восточноазиатское происхождение, что было характерно для региона на протяжении предыдущих полутора столетий. Установлены векторы инвазии для новых видов: непреднамеренный завоз с посадочным материалом, проникновение с транспортными потоками, непреднамеренный завоз с грузами нерастительного происхождения, самостоятельные перелеты. Все инвазионные виды восточноазиатского, американского и австралийского происхождения характеризуются двухступенчатой инвазией, т. е. они проникали в Россию из вторичного ареала в Европе. Максимальное количество чужеродных видов обосновалось в насаждениях декоративных пород (садовопарковые экосистемы), причем эта тенденция традиционна для региона. Частота появления инвазионных видов на Черноморском побережье Кавказа в начале XXI в. 1 вид в 9 месяцев, что в 7,4 раза чаще, чем в начале XX в. Humid subtropics of the Russian Black Sea coast are the recipient region for many invasive species of harmful organisms. At the beginning of the XXI century, 35 new species of dendrophilous insects were identified in the humid subtropical zone of Russia, 26 of which can be considered invasive: 17 species are new for Russia and 9 are new for the subtropical zone of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Special features of the invasive process among phytophages were studied using following parameters: taxonomic composition, donor regions, vectors and pathways of invasion, biotopic distribution of the species and invasion dynamics. During the period of 2000 2017, a decrease in the representatives of order Hemiptera and an increase in the representatives of order Lepidoptera has been recorded. In recent years, the largest number of invasive species has North American origin rather than East Asian, which was typical for the region over the previous one and a half centuries. The following invasion vectors were specified for the newly recorded species: unintentional importation with planting material, invasion with traffic flow, unintentional importation with goods of nonplant origin, independent migration. All invasive species of East Asian, American, and Australian origin are characterized by twostage invasion, namely arriving to Russia from the secondary invasive range in Europe. The maximum number of alien species has settled in the plantations of ornamental species (landscape ecosystems), and this trend is traditional for the region. The rate of invasive species on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the early XXI century was once in nine months, which is 7,4 times higher than in the early XX century.


2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 00026
Author(s):  
Shomurod Kullaev ◽  
Vera Cheryomushkina ◽  
Mariyo Boboev

The article deals with the seasonal rhythm of development of the bulbaceous acrosympodially accreting polycarpic Allium trautvetterianum Regel (the subgenus Melanocrommyum) when growing in the Kulyab Botanical Garden of the Khatlon Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan in 2010-2015. Duration of vegetation and phenological phases is described. The species is characterized on the phenorhytmotype as a shortgrowing ephemeroid. Influence of weather conditions on duration of phenological pahses is shown. It is established that the rhythm of development completely corresponds to the eastern variant of Mediterranean climate.


Ekosistemy ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
N.V. Polyakova

Fruiting is an important characteristic of plant adaptation to new growing conditions. This is especially actual for ornamental plants, which, after successful introduction, can be used in landscaping of settlements. The genus Syringa L. has about 30 species, many of which can replenish the range of ornamental plants in the region. The collection of lilacs of the South Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of the UFIC RAS (Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences) currently contains 11 species that have reached a generative state. The aim of this research is to identify the features of fruiting species of the genus Syringa during introduction in the conditions of the Bashkir Cis-Urals. The fruiting level of lilac species in the collection of the Botanical Garden was studied by determining the total number of fruits of the mother bushes. It is revealed that the fruiting level of introduced species of lilac is determined by the biological (hereditary) characteristics of the species and seasonal changes of weather conditions. S. velutina is characterized by the highest fruiting level, S. vulgaris and S. wolfii – by the lowest ones. It is assumed that there might be a tendency for dependence of the degree of fruiting on the quality of the formed pollen. Two taxa among all studied ones demonstrate fruiting level instability: S. reticulata ssp. reticulata blooms and bears fruit irregularly, while S. reticulata ssp. amurensis has regular abundant flowering, but there is a lack of fruiting in some years.


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