Maternal depression and its correlates – a longitudinal study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Nabia Tariq ◽  
Humera Naeem ◽  
Ayesha Tariq ◽  
Sajida Naseem
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Antenatal Depression ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Health Care Center ◽  
Institutional Review

Abstract Objective: To estimate the burden of Antenatal Depression (AND) and Postpartum Depression (PPD) and explore possible predictors of Perinatal Depression (PND). Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology in Shifa International hospital and its community health care center in Islamabad, Pakistan from October 2018 to May 2019 after taking Ethical approval of institutional review board and ethical committee. It included 200 women in their third trimester of pregnancy. Women not consenting, chronic or critically ill, having psychological disorders, medical co morbid or on medications were excluded. Socioeconomic and obstetrical history was recorded on a separate Performa and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used for screening of depression in these women. SPSS was used for data analysis. Linear regression analysis was done to see the association between antenatal and postpartum depression scores. Results: Women in postnatal period had higher Depression scores than women in antenatal period. 12.5% women had AND whereas 36.5% had PPD. Results also suggest that AND increases the risk of PPD. The results also imply that PPD scores are higher in women having unplanned pregnancies and multigravida. Moreover, women belonging to middle and lower class were more prone to PND. Conclusion: It was concluded that AND was strongly associated with PPD indicating AND to be a significant predictor of PPD. Social class and parity are directly linked with prevalence of PND. Continuous...

scholarly journals Incidence of Postpartum Depression and Its Association With Antenatal Psychiatric Symptoms: A Longitudinal Study in 25 Villages of Rural South Karnataka

2021 ◽  
pp. 025371762199106
Author(s):  
Meera George ◽  
Avita Rose Johnson ◽  
Sulekha T.
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Newborn Care ◽  
Care Program

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is the commonest mental health disorder post-childbirth, yet there is a paucity of data in rural areas regarding the actual incidence of PPD, which excludes pre-existing or antenatal depression. To estimate the incidence of PPD among rural women of south Karnataka and identify predictors of PPD, including antenatal psychiatric disorders. Methods: A longitudinal study in 25 villages in south Karnataka among 150 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy using simple random sampling. Baseline data collected and revised Clinical Interview Schedule used to screen antenatal psychiatric disorders. Participants followed-up 6–8 weeks postpartum, end-line data collected, and Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale administered. Chi-square and Fischer’s exact tests for association between PPD and covariates. Logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios. Results: Prevalence of antenatal psychiatric disorders was 15.3%. The incidence of PPD was 11%. A significantly higher proportion of PPD was found among women with adverse events in the last year, low socioeconomic status, and perceived lack of care/support at home. Predictors of PPD were antenatal psychiatric disorders (AOR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.22–5.11; P = 0.028), mothers reporting worry about their infant’s health (AOR = 7.7, 95% CI = 1.22–48.32; P = 0.012) and mothers receiving postpartum care by caregivers other than their own mother (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.13–8.09; P = 0.030). Conclusions: Our study found that one in ten rural women is developing PPD and there is a strong link between PPD and antenatal psychiatric disorders and family factors. This calls for capacity building of general physicians and village-level workers and strengthening of the Home-Based Newborn Care Program, where weekly postpartum home visits by ASHA are an opportunity for screening and counselling mothers.

Social Stress and Depression During Pregnancy in Women of a Low Income Country

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Husain ◽  
I.B. Chaudhry ◽  
Q. Saeed ◽  
S. Khan ◽  
Q. Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Antenatal Depression ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
List Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Positive Correlation

There has been considerable research on postnatal depression (PND), in comparison to antenatal depression (AND). We aimed to study the Prevalence of AND, testing the following hypotheses:a.Depressed pregnant women will have more negative life events than non depressed women.b.Depressed women will have less social support than non-depressed women.Methods:Using a cross sectional study design 1366/1401 women in their 3rd trimester of pregnancy were screened for depression using the Self-Rating Questionnaire (SRQ) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). These instruments are validated, available in Urdu and have been used in the pre and postnatal period in Pakistan. The life events checklist was used to measure social stress and the Brief Disability Questionnaire (BDQ) for disability.Results:342 women scored ≥ 12 on the EPDS giving an estimated AND prevalence of 25.6 %. The EPDS and SRQ scores showed a high positive correlation. A significantly higher percentage of depressed women experienced problems in marital relations, work, finances, housing and domestic violence. Depressed women had higher disability scores. 32% of the depressed and 14% of non depressed were unable to perform usual daily activities. 35% of depressed women stayed in bed due to illness as compared to only 16 % of non-depressed.Conclusion:This study confirms a high prevalence of AND in less educated women, experiencing a large number of social difficulties.

scholarly journals Screening and diagnosing postpartum depression: when and how?

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Paranhos de Albuquerque Moraes ◽  
Laura Lorenzo ◽  
Gabriela Arruda Reinaux Pontes ◽  
Maria Cristina Montenegro ◽  
Amaury Cantilino
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Diagnosis Tool ◽  
Screening And Diagnosis ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Introduction: Prevalence rates of postpartum depression (PPD) vary widely, depending on the methodological parameters used in studies: differences in study populations, diagnostic methods, and postpartum time frame. There is also no consensus on the ideal time to perform screening, on whether PPD can only be diagnosed in the early postnatal period, or on how soon after a delivery depression may be related to it. Objective: To review which instruments have been used over recent years to screen and diagnose PPD and the prevailing periods of diagnosis. Methods: Only articles published within 5 years and related exclusively to screening and diagnosis were selected. The sample comprised 22 articles. Results: The Edinburgh Posnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was the most common screening tool, used in 68% of the sample (15 articles), followed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) (27%, 6 articles), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (18%, 4 articles). Screening time frame was reported in 21/22 articles: 0 to 3 months postpartum in 9 (43%), up to 6 months in 4 (19%), and up to 12 months or more in 8 (38%). In short, 13 articles screened during the first 6 months (59%) while only 8 (36%) screened up to 1 year. Conclusion: The most frequent PPD diagnosis tool was the EPDS, but other scales were also used. The most common period for diagnosis was up to 3 months postpartum. However, some researchers diagnosed PPD 12 months or more postpartum. Greater standardization of parameters for investigation of this disease is needed.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression at a tertiary care institute

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2773
Author(s):  
Vanithamani Sivapragasam ◽  
Anitha A. Manjappa ◽  
Aruna B. Patil ◽  
Monicka Kalaimani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Unplanned Pregnancy ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Care Institute ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
History Of

Background: Up to 85% of the women experience some type of mood disturbance in the postnatal period. Postpartum depression affects bonding with infant which may lead to malnutrition and other complications in the infant. This article focuses on the prevalence of depression among postnatal women attending a tertiary care institute in Chennai and to identify the risk factors that affect postpartum depression.Methods: This study was a cross sectional study, performed over a period of three months from January 2019 to March 2019. 200 postnatal mothers were recruited for the study, who were in postpartum period from 1 to 6 weeks after delivery. Specially designed proforma was used to record various determinants to assess the risk factors which could contribute to postpartum depression. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to detect the depressive symptoms in postnatal mother.Results: A total of 200 cases were studied. Prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 25%. Primi gravida, history of miscarriage and unplanned pregnancy were associated with increased risk of developing depression in the postnatal period. Fear regarding gender of the child and failure of lactation were not contributing risk factors to postpartum depression. Spacious house and partner support were found to be protective factors to combat depression in postnatal women.Conclusions: Prevalence of postpartum depression was 25%. Significant association was found between primi gravida, history of miscarriage, unplanned pregnancy and postpartum depression. Early screening of the women will reduce the adverse outcomes among both mother and the child.

scholarly journals An Integrative Review of Paternal Depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen-leigh Edward ◽  
David Castle ◽  
Cally Mills ◽  
Leigh Davis ◽  
June Casey
Keyword(s):  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Antenatal Depression ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Depression ◽  
Review Current

The aim of this project was to review current research regarding postnatal depression in fathers and to present potential screening and referral options. The search was limited to scholarly (peer reviewed) journals and all articles were retrieved with date limits. Initial search parameters were the following: antenatal depression OR pregnancy depression OR postnatal depression OR perinatal depression AND father* OR men OR paternal. The search yielded 311 abstracts returned. With reference to the inclusion criteria and primary and secondary outcomes intended for the focus of this review, N = 63 articles were retrieved and read in full by the researchers. These articles were included in the final integrative review. Depression in fathers following the birth of their child was associated with a personal history of depression and with the existence of depression in their partner during pregnancy and soon after delivery. Based on the review the authors suggest routine screening and assessment of both parents should occur across the pregnancy and postnatal period. The use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for screening of depression in men needs to be linked to referral guidelines for those individuals who require further investigation and care.

scholarly journals Coping Styles in Pregnancy, Their Demographic and Psychological Influences, and Their Association with Postpartum Depression: A Longitudinal Study of Women in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3654
Author(s):  
Min Yu ◽  
Wenjie Gong ◽  
Beck Taylor ◽  
Yiyuan Cai ◽  
Dong (Roman) Xu
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Positive Coping ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Psychological Influences ◽  
Negative Coping ◽  
In Pregnancy

We aimed to investigate the coping styles of Chinese pregnant women, identify factors associated with coping and further explore the effect of coping during pregnancy on postpartum depression. A longitudinal study was performed from early pregnancy to six-week postpartum. A total of 1126 women were recruited by convenience sampling and participants who completed eight questionnaires at four time points were included (three self-developed questionnaires, Coping Style Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Brief Resilience Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) (n = 615). Linear regression analyses were used to identify the possible factors for coping and their association with postpartum depression. The mean scores of positive coping and negative coping were 2.03 and 1.21, respectively. Women with a higher educational level scored higher on both positive and negative coping in pregnancy. Resilience was associated with both positive and negative coping, while self-esteem only related to positive coping (p < 0.05). Postpartum depression was associated with both positive and negative coping (p < 0.05). The women in our study reported using positive coping styles more than negative coping antenatally. Positive and negative coping behaviors could be used simultaneously. Increasing self-esteem and resilience antenatally might promote more positive coping and further reduce the occurrence of postpartum depression.

scholarly journals Antidepressants strongly influence the relationship between depression and heart rate variability: findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O'Regan ◽  
R. A. Kenny ◽  
H. Cronin ◽  
C. Finucane ◽  
P. M. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Self Report

BackgroundHeart rate variability (HRV) is known to be reduced in depression; however, is unclear whether this is a consequence of the disorder or due to antidepressant medication.MethodsWe analysed data on 4750 participants from the first wave of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Time [standard deviation of normal to normal intervals (SDNN ms2)] and frequency domain [low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF)] measures of HRV were derived from 3-lead surface electrocardiogram records obtained during 10 min of supine rest. Depression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression scale.ResultsParticipants on antidepressants [with (n = 80) or without depression (n = 185)] differed significantly from controls (not depressed and not taking antidepressants n = 4107) on all measures of HRV. Depressed participants not taking antidepressants (n = 317) did not differ from controls on any measures of HRV. In linear regression analysis adjusted for relevant factors all antidepressants were associated with lower measures HRV. Participants on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) had higher measures of HRV relative to participants on tricyclic antidepressants or serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors respectively.ConclusionsOur results suggest that reductions in HRV observed among depressed older adults are driven by the effects of antidepressant medications. SSRIs have less impact on HRV than other antidepressants but they are still associated with lower measures of HRV. Study limitations include the use of a self-report measure of depression and floor effects of age on HRV could have limited our ability to detect an association between HRV and depression.

scholarly journals Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression and to insufficient income

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Gebuza ◽  
Patrycja Kudziełko ◽  
Marzena Kaźmierczak ◽  
Agnieszka Dombrowska-Pali ◽  
Małgorzata Gierszewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
History Of ◽  
Financial Income ◽  
History Of Depression

Introduction: No studies on paternal postnatal depression (PPND) have been performed in Poland. Aim: The aim of the study was to estimate the symptoms of depression in women and men and identify the determinants of mental health of fathers after the birth of their child. Material and methods: Parents (142) participated in the study during the period 1 to 12 months after the birth. Results and discussion: The analyses reveal that 13% of fathers and 18% of mothers after the birth of their child had Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) scores of 10 or higher, which indicates possible depression. At score 12 and more, the proportion detected by EPDS decreased to 7% of fathers and 13% of mothers, which is an indicator of major depressive disorder. At EPDS score 12 and more, a probable depressive disorder was indicated in 10% of fathers in the period of 1–3 months, 7% of fathers at 4–7 months and 4% of fathers at 8–12 months. The symptoms of maternal depression at a score of 12 and more were detected in 16% of women at 1–3 months, 12% at 4–7 months 11% at 8–12 months. PPND was significantly associated with depression in mothers OR 5.7, lower education OR 4.3, low financial income OR 6.0, decreased relationship satisfaction OR 3.3, and previous history of depression OR 3.2. Conclusions: Psychosocial factors were strong predictors of PPND up to a year after the birth of the child. The authors suggest the routine screening and assessment of both parents should occur during the woman’s pregnancy and in the postnatal period.

scholarly journals Evaluation of prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale: a cross-sectional analytic study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Gaye Kahveci ◽  
Bekir Kahveci ◽  
Hamza Aslanhan ◽  
Pakize Gamze Erten Bucaktepe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Antenatal Depression ◽  
Analytic Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inadequate Care ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and associated risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS).  Study design: The population of this cross-sectional analytic study consisted of 311 women who were admitted to our hospital at 4-6 weeks after birth. The data were collected between April-June 2018 by applying a sociodemographic data form consisting of 44 questions and the EPDS consisting of 10 questions. We used the EPDS in postpartum period to divide parturients into those with (n=47) and without (n=264) PPD using a cut-off score of ³ 13. The primary outcome is the prevalence of PPD, while the secondary outcomes are associated risk factors.Results: The PPD prevalence was 15.1% (n=47).  In the PPD group, the difference was highly significant in terms of abortion, antenatal depression, inadequate care for the baby and health problem in the newborn [0.6±0.9 vs. 0.2±0.6, 13 (37.1%) vs. 27 (10.5%), 9 (56.3%) vs. 38 (12.9%), 12 (36.4%) vs. 35 (12.6%), respectively] (p<0.001). The logistic regression analysis revealed that abortion increased PPD by 1.64 fold (1.13-2.37% at 95% CI), antenatal depression by 5.04 fold (2.38-10.68% at 95% CI), inadequate care for the baby by 6.28 fold (1.89-20.86% at 95% CI), and health problem in the newborn increased PPD by 3.59 fold (1.43-8.99% at 95% CI).Conclusion: PPD is a health problem that can affect primarily mother and child. Therefore, it is important to determine highly predictable risk factors using a scale (e.g. EPDS) for early diagnosis and timely treatment of symptoms.

scholarly journals Depression during Pregnancy in a Tertiary Care Center of Eastern Nepal

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (171) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabi Shakya ◽  
S Sitaula ◽  
P M Shyangwa
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Antenatal Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hamilton Depression Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Family ◽  
Work Up

This is a cross sectional study, conducted in 45 pregnant women coming for antenatal check ups in the eastern regional hospitals in Nepal. Hamilton -Depression Scale (HAM-d) was applied after initial psychiatry work up to all women who were selected for the interview. Analysis revealed about half of the pregnant women having some form of depression. Life events (e.g. chronic illness in the family, marital disharmony, economic crisis to sustain the family) were found to be important risk factors (P<0.05). Antenatal depression is a more common than generally thought.JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2008 Jul-Sep;47(171):128-131.

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