scholarly journals Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah di Pengadilan Agama pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 542-556
Author(s):  
Muhamad Hasan Mafruh ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal Fasa ◽  
Ahmad Kumedi Ja'far
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Government ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Religious Courts

The authority to adjudicate sharia economic disputes has absolutely become the authority of the Religious Courts since the issuance of Law No. 3/2006 concerning Amendments to Law No. 7/1989 concerning Religious Courts and strengthened by Law No. 21/2008 concerning Sharia Banking and the Constitutional Court Decision No. 93/PUU-X/2012. Every year, Islamic economic transactions always increase, even though during the pandemic, Islamic banking in Indonesia grows positively. However, the higher and increasing sharia economic transactions in Indonesia, the more disputes that occur. During the current covid-19 pandemic, the government has issued regulations regarding restrictions ranging from PSBB to PPKM. The purpose of this research is to encourage the emergence of sharia economic dispute resolution innovations, especially in the Judiciary during the Covid-19 pandemic without having to violate the Health protocol. This study uses a qualitative descriptive study, which uses literature studies quoted from books and regulations, both laws and other regulations, as well as direct research into the field to see the realities on the ground related to the settlement of sharia economic disputes during the pandemic. The results in this study indicate that the Supreme Court responds quickly to the rules and policies issued by the government by launching an e-court application and investigation (electronic trial). There are many benefits and conveniences that are felt by people seeking justice, especially parties in sharia economic disputes. However, there are still some obstacles experienced by the Religious Courts and justice seekers in electronic proceedings.

scholarly journals Legal Pollution of Dispute Settlement Results of Regional Head Selection Realizing the Election Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gita Santika Ramadhani, Suteki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dispute Resolution Mechanism ◽  
Sense Of Justice

The implementation of direct regional head elections in the regions often raises disputes regarding the determination of the results of the vote. Efforts made by candidates who are dissatisfied with this determination are to submit a cancellation to the judicial institution. The update on the system for resolving the election results was carried out by the government to overcome this problem, namely the Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1 of 2014. Problems discussed in this study include: how the dispute resolution mechanism was issued before the regulation, what updates are contained in the regulation how to achieve effective and fair election outcome dispute resolution. This study is a normative legal research that is descriptive in nature using a legal and analytical approach. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the fundamental renewal lies with the institution authorized to handle, namely from the Constitutional Court to the High Court appointed by the Supreme Court. The author recommends that the renewal must be supported by technical regulations to ensure effectiveness and fulfill a sense of justice. Based on this research, the results show that the dynamics of the shifting of dispute resolution authority over the election results are influenced by the decision of the MK opened legally policy and the background of certain events. Namely: the problem of bribery that ensnares the judge, decisions that are considered controversial, case accumulation, and unpreparedness of institutional structure and infrastructure. Regarding the threshold requirements as a condition for receiving a dispute over a dispute over the results of a regional election, it has not yet supported the fulfillment of electoral / election justice. Because it has the potential to ignore aspects of substantive justice, mainly because it does not make the facts of the violations structured, systematic and massive (TSM) as a variable in examining cases. This neglect is not in line with one of the universally adopted principles of law and justice, which states that no one can benefit from irregularities and violations committed by himself and no one may be harmed by irregularities and violations committed by others (nullus / nemo commodum capere potes de injuria sua propria).

scholarly journals IMPLIKASI HUKUM TERHADAP AKAD YANG MEMUAT KLAUSUL PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PERBANKAN SYARIAH MELALUI PENGADILAN NEGERI PASCA PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI NOMOR 93/PUU-X/2012

SASI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Rahman Hasima
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
District Court ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This research aims to determine the legal implications of the agreement on which the sharia banking dispute resolution clause was submitted through the state court's post-decision of the Constitutional Court No. 93/PUU-X/2012. The research method used normative research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach and analyzed descriptive qualitative. The results of the study show that the contract that contains the clause for the settlement of Islamic banking disputes through the District Court after the Constitutional Court decision has the implication of being null and void because it contradicts the contract or causa that is lawful, so that the parties make an addendum so that no future disputes occur.

scholarly journals REFORMULATION OF MEDIATION IN DISPUTE SETTLEMENT ON ISLAMIC BANKING

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-194
Author(s):  
Dewi Nurul Musjtari ◽  
Benny Riyanto ◽  
Ro’fah Setyowati
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Mediation Process ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Religious Courts ◽  
Scr No

Purpose of the study: The general objective of this study was to explore the potential of the mediation process as a reformulation of Islamic banking dispute settlement after the Supreme Court Regulation (SCR) on mediation procedure in the court. On the one hand, this study tries to find a repositioning of mediation procedures in resolving disputes over Islamic Banking in religious courts. Methodology: This research was normative and empirical. The data collection techniques of this literature would be done utilizing literature study and field research. Primary data was obtained through field research with interviews. The participants from Judges of Religious Court, Abdul Manan as a Judge of in the Supreme Court Institution, Islamic banking legal unit. Data were processed by a qualitative descriptive analysis technique. Secondary data used consisted of primary legal material sourced from SCR No. 1 of 2016 and the contract. Principal Findings: The mediation process as a reformulation of Islamic banking dispute settlement especially in the Religious Court is according to Article 2 Paragraph (1) SCR No. 1 of 2016. The repositioning of mediation procedures in resolving Islamic banking disputes in the Religious Courts applied by making changes as part of the case registration process implemented through honesty, fidelity, and justice. Applications of this study: This paper is essential for the parties to get the legal certainty in maintaining the continuing development of Islamic banking business, product development, risk management and efficiency of the bank. The study may be instrumental in helping to improve the development of the legal studies programs, notably the Islamic Economic Law. The results of this study will provide benefits for the religious court to improve its performance effectively and efficiently in dispute settlement through mediation. Novelty/Originality of this study: Determination of the mediation as reformulation of dispute settlement on Islamic banking post-enactment or issuance of the SCR No. 1 of 2016 and to find out about repositioning of the mediation procedure and proposing changes in the position (repositioning) of the mediation process and reaffirming the roles, duties and accountability of professional mediators or non-judge mediators so that it is expected that the role of non-judge mediators can active in resolving Islamic banking disputes both in procedures in the court or outside the courts applied at the Indonesian Religious Court. The contribution of this paper will be the revision of the curriculum of legal studies and Islamic Economic Law. The importance for researchers of the study is to develop and improve the capability of researchers for developing the law study program called Islamic Economic Law.

scholarly journals Analisis Yuridis Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan Syariah Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 93/PUU-X/2012

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
S.H.S Ulil Albab ◽  
Trinah Asi Islam
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Religious Courts ◽  
Systematic Exposition

Abstract: The problem of resolving Sharia banking disputes arises after the issue of Law Number 8 of 2008 concerning Sharia Banking, precisely in Article 55 paragraph (2). Article 55 paragraph (2) legally reduces Law No. 3/2006 concerning Religious Courts which gives authority to the Religious Courts in resolving Islamic economic disputes. resulting in a dualism of the authority of the Court, namely the Religious Courts and General Courts. In the Constitutional Court Decision Number 93 / PUU-X / 2012 states that Article 55 Paragraph (2) of the Islamic Banking Law, causes legal uncertainty that is contrary to Article 28D Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution concerning legal certainty. This research uses the library research method, namely research that studies and examines theories, and ideas, with a normative approach that aims to provide a systematic exposition of the rule of law. This study analyzes the settlement of Sharia Banking disputes Post Constitutional Court Ruling Number: 93 / PUU-X / 2012 and its legal implications. The decision of the Constitutional Court was that the settlement of sharia banking was settled in the Religious Courts and Arbitration Institutions so that there was no longer dualism in resolving Sharia Banking disputes. Keywords: Juridical Analysis, Sharia Banking Disputes, Constitutional Court Decision Number: 93 / PUU-X / 2012   Abstrak: Masalah penyelesaian sengketa perbankan Syariah muncul setelah lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2008 Tentang Perbankan Syariah, tepatnya pada Pasal 55 ayat (2). Pasal 55 ayat (2) tersebut secara yuridis mereduksi UU Nomor 3 tahun 2006 tentang Peradilan Agama yang memberikan kewenangan kepada Peradilan Agama dalam menyelesaikan sengketa ekonomi syariah. sehingga menimbulkan dualisme kewenangan Pengadilan yaitu Peradilan Agama dan Peradialn Umum. Dalam Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 93/PUU-X/2012 menyebutkan bahwa Pasal 55 Ayat (2) UU Perbankan Syariah, menyebabkan ketidak pastian hukum yang bertentangan dengan Pasal 28D Ayat (1) UUD 1945 tentang kepastian hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode penelitian kepustakaan (library research) yaitu penelitian yang mengkaji dan menelaah tentang teori, dan gagasan, dengan pendekatan  normatif yang bertujuan untuk memberikan eksposisi yang bersifat sistematis mengenai aturan hukum. Penelitian ini menganalisi tetang penyelesaian sengketa Perbankan syariah Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor : 93/PUU-X/2012 dan implikasi hukumnya. Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tersebut memutuskan penyelesaian perbankan syariah diselesaikan di Pengadilan Agama dan lembaga Arbitase sehingga tidak ada lagi dualisme penyelesaian sengketa Perbankan Syariah. Kata Kunci:   Analisis Yuridis, Sengketa Perbankan Syariah, Putusan Mahkamah                                          Konstitusi Nomor: 93/PUU-X/2012

scholarly journals KONTRIBUSI FATWA MUI NO.11 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG ANAK HASIL ZINA DAN PERLAKUAN TERHADAPNYA DALAM HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Haniah Ilhami
Keyword(s):  
Family Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Islamic Family Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Religious Courts

AbstractIdentifying the contributions of Fatwa MUI No. 1 year 2012 in Indonesian Islamic Family Law, this research finds that the Fatwa has contributed in 2 (two) positions. First, the Fatwa contributes to the development of the substance of Islamic family law through its position as the  clarification and explanation of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010, as the confirmation of the prohibition of adultery, as the recommendation for the Government, and as the regulation that provides children’s protection. In the other side, the Fatwa contributes practically in Religious Courts through its contribution as the Judge's guidance, completes the absence of related regulations, and the source of material law.  IntisariDalam kajian terhadap Fatwa MUI No. 11 Tahun 2012, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Fatwa MUI No.11 tahun 2012 telah memberikan kontribusi bagi hukum keluarga Islam di Indonesia dalam 2 (dua) bentuk. Pertama, fatwa berperan terhadap pengembangan substansi hukum keluarga Islam karena telah memberikan klarifikasi dan penjelasan atas Putusan MK Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010, mengatur larangan perbuatan zina, sebagai rekomendasi bagi Pemerintah dalam penyusunan peraturan perundang-undangan terkait zina, dan memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi anak hasil zina. Kedua, fatwa berkontribusi dalam tataran praktis di Pengadilan Agama sebagai pedoman Hakim, pengisi kekosongan hukum, dan sebagai sumber hukum materiil. 

scholarly journals Kepastian Hukum Eksekusi dan Pembatalan Putusan Arbitrase Syariah Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 93/PUU-X/2012

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 861
Author(s):  
Ainun Najib
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Religious Courts

Perkembangan pertumbuhan sistem ekonomi syariah, menuntut terhadap adanya penyesuaian-penyesuaian aturan hukum yang diberlakukan, khususnya terkait dengan penyelesaian sengketa yang terjadi. Baik secara litigasi maupun secara non litigasi. Termasuk bagian upaya penyelesaian ekonomi syariah, adalah melalui badan arbitrase syariah. Namun dalam perspektif yuridis, aturan mengenai kewenangan memberikan putusan eksekusi dan pembatalan terhadap putusan arbitrase syariah masih terjadi dualisme antara Peradilan Umum dan Peradilan Agama. Hal ini mencerminkan adanya ketidakpastian hukum dalam masalah tersebut. Melalui penelitian hukum normatif atau penelitian hukum doktrinal ini, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan jawaban-jawaban yang benar dengan melakukan pembuktian kebenaran yang dicari dari preskripsi-preskipsi hukum yang tertulis dalam kitab Undang-Undang serta sumber hukum lainnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan historis (historical approach). Penelitian ini difokuskan untuk mengkaji penerapan kaidah-kaidah atau norma norma dalam hukum positif tentang kepastian hukum pelaksanaan eksekusi dan pembatalan putusan arbitrase syariah, khususnya pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 93/PUU-X/2012. Pertentangan norma hukum tentang kewenangan pelaksanaan eksekusi dan pembatalan putusan arbitrase tersebut, meskipun secara yuridis terdapat pertentangan, namun  Mahkamah Agung telah melakukan langkah politik hukum untuk menyelesaikan dualisme kewenangan tersebut yang dapat menyelesaikan dalam jangka waktu pendek. Namun untuk penyelesaian jangka panjang, perlu adanya pembenahan terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada, guna menjamin kepastian hukum bagi para pencari keadilan.The development of the growth Islamic economic system requires the adjustments to the rule of law applied, particularly related to the settlements of disputes that occur, both litigation and non-litigation. One of the parts of  efforts to solve sharia economics is through Islamic arbitration bodies. But in a juridical perspective, the rules regarding the authority to give execution decisions and cancellation of sharia arbitration decisions still occur between the General Justice and the Religious Courts. This reflects the legal uncertainty for the case. Through normative legal research or doctrinal legal research, this study aims to find the correct answers by carrying out the verification of the truth sought from the legal prescriptions written in the law and other legal sources. By using statute approach and historical approach, this research is focused on examining the application of norms in positive law regarding legal certainty in the execution and cancellation of sharia arbitration decisions, especially after the Decision of the Constitutional Court Number 93/PUU-X/2012. Contradicting legal norms regarding the authority to carry out the execution and cancellation of the arbitration decision, even though there is a juridical conflict, the Supreme Court has taken legal political steps to resolve the dualism of authority which can be resolved in the short term. Yet for long-term solutions, it is necessary to reform existing laws and regulations to ensure legal certainty for justice seekers. 

scholarly journals THE DUALISM OF THE SUPREME COURT’S DECISIONS ON THE POSITION OF NON-MARITAL CHILD

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Nurhadi Nurhadi
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Religious Courts ◽  
Unmarried Child

Since the birth of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010, the legal experts have discussed the positions of marriage children through articles, papers, books and seminars, pros and cons when interpreting the non-marital child, judges also gave birth to many interpretations. The Supreme Court (MA) has two views in adjudicating the marriage case, Supreme Court Decision Number 329 K/AG/2014 states that the ratification of an unmarried child is not a jurisdiction of the Religious Courts, whereas in Decision of Supreme Court Number 597 K/AG/2015 states that the non-marital children are legitimate even though the marriage of their parents only carries out marriage under Islamic law. The formulation of the problem is how the criteria of marital legitimacy in Indonesia? How is the outsider interpretation of the two Supreme Court decisions? The research method used is literature study, with the type of normative legal research, which is descriptive analytical. The conclusion is that in Supreme Court Decision Number 329 K/AG/2014 considered the marriage to be legitimately religious, but because it is not recorded so that the marriage does not get the certainty and protection of the law, consequently the child born from the marriage is not a legal child, whereas in Decision Number 597 K/AG/2015 The Supreme Court considers that although the marriage is not recorded, the child born from the marriage must still have legal certainty and protection so that the child is considered a legal child.

scholarly journals PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI ISLAM BERBASISKAN NILAI KEPASTIAN HUKUM

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Misbahul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
District Court ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Economic Instruments ◽  
Business Law ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Religious Courts

<p align="center"><strong>PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI ISLAM BERBASISKAN NILAI KEPASTIAN HUKUM</strong></p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Misbahul Huda</span></p><p align="center">Dosen Institute of Business Law and Legal Management</p><p align="center">ABSRAK</p><p>Ekonomi islam sebagai salah satu instrumen ekonomi indonesia telah menwarkan sebuah sistem yang tepat bagi keberlangsungan ekonomi nasional. Namun dalam praktiknya, sistem ekonomi islam mestinya masih perlu dilakukan perbaikan yang salah satunya dalam sistem penyelesaian sengket. Selama ini dalam praktinya sesuai dengan perundang-undangan penyelesaian sengketa dilakukan oleh pengadilan agama, akan tetap masih terbukanya peluang dalam penyelesaian segketa melalui pengadilan negeri telah membuka peluang besar bagi terciptanya ketidakpastian hukum. Disinilah perlunya mahkamah agung memberikan penegasan yang berkaitan hal-hal masalah sengketa ekonomi islam diselesaikan melalui pengadilan agam dan secara khusus kewenangan tersebut bersifat mutlak sehingga nilai penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi islam nantinya dapat berbasiskan nilai kepastian hukum.</p><p> </p><p align="left">Keyword : <em>sengketa, ekonomi islam dan kepastian hukum.</em></p><p align="left"><em> </em></p><p align="center"><strong>ISLAMIC ECONOMIC DISPUTE SETTLEMENT </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>BASED ON THE VALUE OF LEGAL DEFINITION</strong></p><p align="center"> </p><p align="center"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Misbahul Huda</span></p><p align="center">Lecture Institute of Business Law and Legal Management</p><p align="center">Abstract</p><p>Islamic economics as one of the economic instruments in Indonesia has offered a system that is right for the sustainability of national economy. But in practice, the Islamic economic system should still need to be repaired, one of them is in the system of settlement of clutch. So far, in practice in accordance with the dispute resolution legislation carried out by religious courts, there is open opportunities in the dispute settlement through the district court. It has opened up great opportunities for the creation of legal uncertainty. This is where the necessity of the Supreme Court to provide affirmations related to issues of economic disputes of Islam. It is resolved through religious courts and specifically the authority is absolute, so that the value of Islamic economic dispute resolution will be based on the value of legal certainty.</p><p>Keyword: dispute, Islamic economy and legal certainty.</p>

scholarly journals Kedudukan Hukum Perbankan Syariah dalam Sistem Perbankan Nasional

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Titik Triwulan Tutik
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Ideal Situation ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Conventional Banks ◽  
Islamic Economic ◽  
Religious Courts

The development of Islamic banks as part of the Islamic economic system inIndonesia can be said late compared to that in other countries whose populationis predominantly Muslim. However, the legal position of Islamic banking isjuridically strong and aligned with other conventional banks. If a dispute occursto those banks, according to the decision of Constitutional Court No. 93/PUU-X/ 2012 stating that it can be solved using two ways, namely, litigation and non-litigation. Problem solving using way of litigation becomes the absolute uthority of religious courts, while problem solving using nonlitigation, each party may choose the solution which is not only that explained on Article 55 paragraph (2) of Law No. 21 of 2008 concerning Islamic Banking, but it can also take other alternatives according to the deal made. Surveillance towards Islamic Banking is held not only by insider but also by independent regulatory institution namely DPS and DSN that both have duty of maintaining the Islamic banking towards an ideal situation and keep the Muslims. In addition, as a form of public participation, all Muslims have an obligation to conduct surveillance towards Islamic banking either directly or indirectly as a vehicle for commanding the good and forbidding dishonor towards the implementation of Islamic banking as the Islamic economic life

scholarly journals EXPLORING THE PROGRESSIVE LAW IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT DECISION NO. 93 / PUU-X / 2012 ON TESTING ARTICLE 55 VERSES (2) AND (3) LAW NO. 21 OF 2008 CONCERNING SHARIA BANKING

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-233
Author(s):  
Ahmad Syarifudin
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Arbitration Board ◽  
Legal Force

After the Constitutional Court issued decision No. 93/PUU-X/2012 for testing Article 55 paragraph (2) and (3) of Law No. 21 of 2008 concerning Sharia Banking to Article 28D paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, the Religious Court has regained its authority to settle Islamic banking disputes. In the ruling, the Constitutional Court stipulates that the explanation of Article 55 paragraph (2) is contrary to the 1945 Constitution, and at the same time does not have binding legal force. The cause of the unconstitutionality occurs because the explanation of Article 55 paragraph (2) of the a quo law contains several dispute resolution forums, namely deliberation, banking mediation, National Sharia Arbitration Board or other arbitration and through a general court which makes the court conclude it will cause uncertainty because of the Paragraph (1) has clearly mentioned the Religious Court. This paper wants to know the urgency of progressive law in the Constitutional Court's decision No. 93/PUU-X/2012 also wants to know whether in the Constitutional Court's decision No. 93/PUU-X/2012 has implemented progressive laws.

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