scholarly journals In-Vitro Trial of Roots of Ishwarmuli (Aristolochia indica Linn.) for Anti-Microbial, Anti-Fungal & Anti-Oxidant Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-409
Author(s):  
Sandeep Binorkar ◽  
Gajanan Parlikar ◽  
Ranjeet Sawant ◽  
Manish Bhoyar ◽  
Milind B Nikumbh
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Anti Fungal

Aristolochia indica is a plant belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae. The medicinal value of A. indica has been known in different system of traditional medicine including Ayurveda. A number of Aristolochia species has been used in herbal medicines throughout the world for the cure of several ailments including metabolic diseases to venomous bites of snake and insects. The current work was executed with an objective to explore the in vitro antimicrobial, anti-fungal and anti-oxidant activity of A. indica. The relevant literature was also pursued for the justification and comparing the resemblances in the results. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots of Aristolochia indica Linn. were tested for their inhibitory effect against 6 bacterial strains [Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae & Shigella flexneri] and 3 fungi strains [Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans]. Agar-well method was used for the assessment of in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity of A. indica against selected standard bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration for each extract of various micro-organisms was also measured. Ethanolic extract of A. indica shows Minimum concentration (MIC) value of 50-100 μg/ml against selected bacterial strains which is better when compared to the aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extracts also showed moderate effects against the selected fungal strains, whereas the aqueous extracts failed to exhibit any effect even at higher concentrations.

scholarly journals The use of an in-vitro batch fermentation (human colon) model for investigating mechanisms of TMA production from choline, l-carnitine and related precursors by the human gut microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Day-Walsh ◽  
Emad Shehata ◽  
Shikha Saha ◽  
George M. Savva ◽  
Barbora Nemeckova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Carnitine Metabolism ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Vitro Model

Abstract Purpose Plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels have been shown to correlate with increased risk of metabolic diseases including cardiovascular diseases. TMAO exposure predominantly occurs as a consequence of gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine (TMA) production from dietary substrates including choline, carnitine and betaine, which is then converted to TMAO in the liver. Reducing microbial TMA production is likely to be the most effective and sustainable approach to overcoming TMAO burden in humans. Current models for studying microbial TMA production have numerous weaknesses including the cost and length of human studies, differences in TMA(O) metabolism in animal models and the risk of failing to replicate multi-enzyme/multi-strain pathways when using isolated bacterial strains. The purpose of this research was to investigate TMA production from dietary precursors in an in-vitro model of the human colon. Methods TMA production from choline, l-carnitine, betaine and γ-butyrobetaine was studied over 24–48 h using an in-vitro human colon model with metabolite quantification performed using LC–MS. Results Choline was metabolised via the direct choline TMA-lyase route but not the indirect choline–betaine-TMA route, conversion of l-carnitine to TMA was slower than that of choline and involves the formation of the intermediate γ-BB, whereas the Rieske-type monooxygenase/reductase pathway for l-carnitine metabolism to TMA was negligible. The rate of TMA production from precursors was choline > carnitine > betaine > γ-BB. 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) had no effect on the conversion of choline to TMA. Conclusion The metabolic routes for microbial TMA production in the colon model are consistent with observations from human studies. Thus, this model is suitable for studying gut microbiota metabolism of TMA and for screening potential therapeutic targets that aim to attenuate TMA production by the gut microbiota. Trial registration number NCT02653001 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), registered 12 Jan 2016.

Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial and Synergistic activity of Dittrichia Viscosa Extracts against Multi-Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Rhazi Fouzia
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Synergistic Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Dittrichia Viscosa ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Study contextual: Faced with the global problem of antimicrobial resistance, and the use of traditional medicine for the research of antibacterial biomolecules. Aim: our work focused on the valorization of a medicinal plant Dittrichia viscosa which has many therapeutic and culinary virtues worldwide. Methods: To do this, a phytochemical screening of the leafy stems of the plant is carried out according to a set of physicochemical reactions, as well as an in vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity, of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts against multi-resistant bacterial strains, by microdilution technique on microplates. An evaluation of the synergistic interaction between extracts and weakened antibiotics against pathogenic bacteria was also highlighted in this study. Results: The tests revealed the richness of Dittrichia viscosa species by tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, sterols and triterpenes. As for the antibacterial effect, the MICs range from 0.858±0.29 to 66.66 ± 0.00 mg / ml and the MBCs from 4.300 ± 1.01 to 11.610 ± 2.31 mg / ml is an interesting antibacterial activity. Regarding the combination of extracts with antibiotics tested, it revealed a synergistic action inducing an amplification of the antibacterial power of Penicillin, Imipenem and Erythromycin with a rate that reaches 471%. Conclusion: The results of this study show that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dittrichia viscosa have interesting and promising antibacterial activity in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries.

Control of Green Rot Fungus of Arachis hypogaea L. in Orage Using Plant Extracts

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 77-84
Author(s):  
Etim Johnson Umana ◽  
Patrick Ishoro Akwaji ◽  
Emmanuel Michael Ekpenyong ◽  
Penninah Ime Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Effective Inhibition ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
The Media

The antifungal activity of the ethanolic and aqueous fruit extracts of Zingiberofficinale, Tetrapleuratetraptera, Garcinia kola and Cola nitida on the green rot fungus (Penicillium sp.) isolated from infected groundnut (Arachishypogaea) seeds in storage were investigated in vitro. Various concentrations of the aqueous and ethanolic fruit extract ranging from 5g/100ml, 10g/100ml, and 15g/100ml were separately added to Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. The fungus was inoculated into the media and incubated for seven days. Results of the in vitro studies showed that the ethanolic extracts had a significant inhibitory effect (p<0.05) on the radial growth of Penicillium sp. at all levels of concentration tested. Complete inhibition of the fungus was at 15g/100ml of ethanolic extracts of Garcinia kola and Tetrapleuratetraptera. The aqueous extracts showed less inhibitory effect as compared to the ethanolic extracts. The effective inhibition of ethanolic extracts as compared to the aqueous extracts may be attributed to the efficiency of the extraction solvent on the phytochemical content of the plant extracts. The application of botanical extracts for disease management could be less expensive, easily available, non-polluting and eco-friendly. The ethanolic fruit extracts of Garcinia kola and Tetrapleuratetraptera at the higher concentrations can be produced in large quantities and used as spray in controlling the green rot fungus of Arachishypogaea in storage.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF MANGIFERA INDICA L. LEAVES AGAINST URINARY TRACT INFECTION-CAUSING PATHOGENS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Gyanranjan Mahalik ◽  
Sabuj Sahoo ◽  
Kunja Bihari Satapathy
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Tract Infections

  Objective: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of different active compounds and their concentrations in different extracts of Mangifera indica L. leaves which can reduce the incidence of pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs).Methods: Leaves of M. indica L. were extracted in petroleum ether, methanol, and ethanol solvents by Soxhlet apparatus and screened for presence of secondary metabolites, antibacterial, and antifungal activities (agar well diffusion methods). The antimicrobial efficacy of different extracts was tested against UTI-causing organisms such as Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis.Results: Leaves of M. indica revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acid, saponins, phenolics, tannins, sterols, and glycosides. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of M. indica actively showed the presence of all the phytochemical constituents. All the test bacterial strains were found sensitive to ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. indica leaves while P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, and S. flexineri showed resistance to petroleum ether extracts. Aspergillus niger was resistant to all the extracts of M. indica leaves, whereas C. tropicalis, C. krusei, and C. albicans demonstrated sensitivity toward ethanolic extracts. Higher concentrations of methanolic and petroleum ether extracts were capable of inhibiting the growth of fungal strains such as C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei, whereas C. tropicalis was sensitive to all the extracts.Conclusion: The extracts of M. indica leaves can be used as herbal cure to treat UTIs caused by different microorganisms.

Anthelmintic efficacy ofAchillea millifoliumagainst gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep:in vitroandin vivostudies

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Tariq ◽  
M.Z. Chishti ◽  
F. Ahmad ◽  
A.S. Shawl
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Anthelmintic Efficacy ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Motility Inhibition

AbstractAchillea millifoliumLinn., commonly called ‘Pehl-ghasa’, is used by farmers in traditional animal health care as a vermifuge. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of crude aqueous extracts and crude ethanolic extracts of entireA. millifoliumagainst the gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. The worm motility inhibition assay was used forin vitrostudies and faecal egg count reduction assay was used forin vivostudies.In vitrostudies revealed significant anthelmintic effects of aqueous extracts and ethanolic extracts on liveHaemonchus contortusworms (P < 0.05) as evident from their paralysis and/or death at 8 h post exposure. Aqueous extracts ofA. millifoliumresulted in a mean worm motility inhibition of 94.44%, while ethanolic extracts resulted in mean worm motility inhibition of 88.88%. The mean mortality index of aqueous extracts was 0.95 while for ethanolic extracts it was 0.9. The lethal concentration 50 was 0.05 mg ml− 1for aqueous extracts and 0.11 mg ml− 1for ethanolic extracts. Thein vivoanthelmintic activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts ofA. millifoliumdemonstrated a maximum (88.40%) nematode egg count reduction in sheep treated with aqueous extracts at 2 g kg− 1body weight on day 15 after treatment. Ethanolic extracts resulted in a maximum of 76.53% reduction in faecal egg counts on day 15 after treatment with 2 g kg− 1body weight. Thus, the aqueous extracts exhibited greater anthelmintic activity under bothin vitroandin vivoconditions, and could be due to the presence of water-soluble active principle/s inA. millifolium. It is concluded that the entire plant ofA. millifoliumpossesses significant anthelmintic activity and could be a potential alternative for treating cases of helminth infections in ruminants.

scholarly journals In vitro free radical scavenging and antidiabetic activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts: a comparative evaluation of Argyreia pierreana and Matelea denticulata

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkataiah Gudise ◽  
Bimalendu Chowdhury ◽  
Arehalli S. Manjappa
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Phenolic And Flavonoid

Abstract Background Oxidation is believed to play a vital role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus by lipid peroxidation; DNA and protein damage leads to the development of vascular complications like coronary heart disease, stroke, neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. The herbal preparations are complementary and alternative medicines to allopathic drugs which are believed to cause adverse events. Therefore, the current study was aimed to identify the novel plants, which belong to the genera Argyreia (Argyreia pierreana (AP)) and Matelea (Matelea denticulata (MD)), and assess the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts for in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential by DPPH, OH•, superoxide, and glucose uptake and gene expression (GLUT-4 and PPARγ) studies using the L-6 cell line respectively. Results The preliminary scrutiny revealed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and glycosides. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of ethanolic extracts were found higher than those of aqueous extracts. The ethanolic extracts exhibited the superior antioxidant capacity when compared with aqueous extracts. However, the ethanolic extract of MD was shown superlative glucose uptake activity (72.54%) over control (0.037%) and GLUT-4 and PPARγ gene expressions (1.17 and 1.20) in term of folds respectively over cell control (1.00). Conclusion The ethanolic leaf extracts of both plants showed significant in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities compare to aqueous extracts. The Matelea denticulata ethanolic leaf extract exhibited superior activity. This superior activity might be due to their higher phenolic and flavonoid content. However, further approaches are needed to define these activities.

scholarly journals Antiplasmodial activity of Anthocleista djalonensis leaves extracts against clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum and multidrug resistant K1 strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-138
Author(s):  
Brice Kouakou Bla ◽  
Oléfongo Dagnogo ◽  
Rolland Gueyraud Kipré ◽  
Opportune Gogo Ballé ◽  
Jonhson David Trébissou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Information collected from nine (09) traditional healers in the Moronou village in the Department of Toumodi revealed that Anthocleista djanlonensis is regularly used by the population for primary health care in the processing of malaria. Evaluation of the In vitro antiplasmodial activity showed that the aqueous extracts inhibit growth of clinical isolates and chloroquinoresistant strains (K1) with IC50 of 8.29 µg/mL and 10.23 µg/mL while the ethanolic extracts had IC50 of 37.65 µg/mL and 46.07 µg/mL on the same strains respectively. Results of the In vitro antimalarial bioassay showed that aqueous extracts have promising antiplasmodial effects on clinical isolates and on Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistant K1 strain (3 µg/mL <IC50 <15 µg/mL). Phytochemical screening revealed that the extracts contain mainly alkaloids, polyphenols, polyterpenes and flavonoids

scholarly journals Effects of Crinum jagus Water/Ethanol Extract on Shigella flexneri-Induced Diarrhea in Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Aimé Noubissi ◽  
Michel Archange Fokam Tagne ◽  
Gaëtan Olivier Fankem ◽  
Joseph Ngakou Mukam ◽  
Henri Wambe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Sodium Potassium

Diarrheal disease, characterized by the release of more than three loose or liquid stools per day, remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years of age in developing countries. Many drugs used in diarrhea management face contraindication and, with regard to infectious diarrhea, resistance of some bacterial strains; this therefore increases the need of new alternative and more effective drugs. This study aimed to evaluate anti-Shigella flexneri activities of Crinum jagus water/ethanol extract. In vitro activities were assayed by disc diffusion and agar dilution methods and in vivo section on Shigella flexneri-induced diarrhea in rats. This was done by oral administration of 9 X 108 CFU of Shigella flexneri to rats that were treated twice daily with Crinum jagus water/ethanol extract for seven consecutive days. Ciprofloxacin was used as positive control. Daily Shigella flexneri load was evaluated. After one treatment week, animals were then sacrificed and interleukins (IL-2 and INF-γ), immunoglobulins (IgA and IgM), motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride) levels were determined. Also, blood cell count was realized. Crinum jagus water/ethanol extract dose-dependently inhibited Shigella flexneri growth with inhibition diameter of 18.90 and 25.36 mm, respectively, at 0.39 and 200 mg/mL. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 0.10 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 0.30 mg/mL with MBC/MIC ratio of 3.0. In Shigella flexneri-induced diarrheic rats, Crinum jagus reduced (p<0.01) diarrheal stools emission and Shigella load and lowered IL-2, INF-γ, IgA, IgM, and motilin blood levels, whereas it increased (p<0.01) vasoactive intestinal peptide, sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride blood levels. In diarrheal rats, Crinum jagus restored the decreasing white blood cells and haemoglobin and restored the damaged colon epithelium, where it reduced the density of mucus-filled goblet cells. These results confirm the use of Crinum jagus in ethnomedicine in diarrhea treatment.

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