scholarly journals CULTURE IS A PROCESS!

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
David. C. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
State Change ◽  
Cultural Markers ◽  
Over Time

Cultures change and are not static, so culture can be regarded as a process, not a state. Change can be produced by either internal or external factors, or a combination of both, so assumptions about cultures being in equilibrium are probably unrealistic. This paper considers ways in which ethnicity is commonly defined in terms of cultural markers: these overlap with one another within a culture or else, over time, can diverge from one another to such an extent that a new culture can be born.

scholarly journals Wealth of nomads – an exploratory analysis of livestock inequality in the Saami reindeer husbandry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Warg Næss ◽  
Bård-Jørgen Bårdsen
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Reindeer Husbandry ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Wealth Inequalities ◽  
Rank Differences ◽  
Over Time

Social inequality is pervasive in contemporary human societies. Nevertheless, there is a view that livestock, as the primary source of wealth, limits the development of inequalities, making pastoralism unable to support complex or hierarchical organisations. Thus, complex nomadic pastoral organisation is predominantly caused by external factors, i.e., historically nomadic political organisation mirrored the neighbouring sedentary population's sophistication. Using governmental statistics on reindeer herding in Norway (2001 - 2018), this study demonstrates nothing apparent in the pastoral adaptation with livestock as the main base of wealth that level wealth inequalities and limits social differentiation. This study found that inequality was generally decreasing in terms of the Gini coefficient and cumulative wealth. For example, the proportion owned by the wealthy decreased from 2001 to 2018, while the proportion owned by the poor increased. Nevertheless, rank differences persist over time with minor changes. Especially, being poor is stable: around 50% of households ranked as poor in 2001 continued to be so in 2018. In sum, results from this study indicate that pastoral wealth inequality follows the same patterns as all forms of wealth. Wealth accumulates over time, and because the highest earners can save much of their income (i.e., newborn livestock), low earners cannot. High earners can thus accumulate more and more wealth over time, leading to considerable wealth inequalities.

STUDY ON EFFECTS OF DISTRUTIVE AGENTS ON THE ARTWORKS

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
Valeria Mirela Brezoczki ◽  
◽  
Emese Bonta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Baia Mare ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The paper describes a series of effects created by the impact of environmental factors on artworks in museums, as well as the way that active monitoring of these destructive agents (temperature and relative humidity) is done. Over time, artefacts exhibited within museums are subject to a series of degradations caused by external factors (air components, humidity, temperature, sunlight, bacteria, molds or fungi etc.), which can leave a negative impact on these goods with cultural value. The main observed negative effects are directly and intimate related to the deterioration of wood sculptures by the occurrence of cracks and the installation of different types of bacteria; the appearance of brownish-red spots on the surface of the paper and the increase in its reliability; various types of corrosion of artworks from different metals; color losses and cracks on paintings etc. The study brings to the fore the damaging effects produced on the different cultural works hosted within the County Art Museum - Art Center Baia Mare.

Constructing the “Greener, Greater” City

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Urban Nature ◽  
Sustainability Planning ◽  
Actor Networks ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Over Time

Chapter seven synthesizes these two cases, making comparisons across the three thematic areas explored in the book—politics, discourse, and materiality. It begins by returning to the central question of why urban forestry was so appealing that it merited its own signature mayoral initiative in PlaNYC, whereas urban agriculture was overlooked. It analyzes the networks, public-private partnerships, elite ties, and bureaucratic structures that were involved in PlaNYC, revealing whose voice was heard and whose voice was ignored in the sustainability planning process. Then, bearing in mind that the politics of urban nature is both framed by storylines and influenced by non-human actants, the chapter widens this analysis from a focus on politics and social networks to a focus on actor-networks and key narratives. Finally, the chapter observes how the cases shift over time in response to both internal and external factors, even within a four year window.

scholarly journals FACTORS AFFECTING THE LONG-TERM STABILITY OF MICROWAVE OSCILLATORS FOR SPACE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 258 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
M. V. Kuliev
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Instability ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Signal Frequency ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Microwave Oscillators ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Over Time

Main factors affecting the long-term stability of microwave oscillator frequency are discussed in this paper. External factors affect the signal frequency at the output of any actual source, causing it to continuously change over time. Long-term frequency instability could be attributed to aging of the material. So, it is necessary to take special environmental factors into account, when designing microwave oscillators for space electronic equipment.

scholarly journals Adopción y difusión de prácticas de no laboreo en el olivar de la provincia de Granada

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Agustín Franco ◽  
Javier Calatrava
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Process ◽  
External Factors ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Probit Models ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Spanish Province ◽  
Farmer’S Perception ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Relevant Factors

This paper analyses the process of adoption of no-tillage in the olive groves of the Southern Spanish province of Granada. The data used comes from a survey carried out in 2005-2006 to 215 olive farmers. We first analyse the diffusion process of no-tillage practices over time by estimating several diffusion models. Then we identify some factors that determine their adoption by estimating two binomial probit models. Our results show that no-tillage is practiced by 90% of surveyed farmers. The diffusion process of no-tillage practices has been intense since the middle nineties, and has been based on the interactions among farmers in the area of study rather than influenced by other external factors. Some relevant factors that influence the adoption of no-tillage practices are irrigation, the continuity of the farming activity by some relative or farmer’s perception of the soil erosion problem.

scholarly journals The Rehn-Meidner model and its role in the Swedish economic policy

2021 ◽  
Vol Special Edition (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Marta Sawer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Marginal Employment ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Oil Crises ◽  
Over Time

This paper aims to describe the Swedish Rehn-Meidner model, the cause of its creation, its features and the reasons for changes in the Swedish economic policy over several decades. The model was developed by two Swedish economists in 1951 and it impacted the economic policy over the following decades. It was intended to facilitate achieving the goals of full employment, price stability, economic growth and equality in a redistribution of income through the policies of solidarity wage, restrictive economy, active labour market and marginal employment. The model was designed as a solution to the "overheating" of the Swedish economy in the 1950s. The implementation of the model initially proved to be successful. However, in the 1970s the economic policy began to be more influenced by trade unions, acting mainly in their own interest. Due to the growing globalisation other external factors, such as oil crises and negative demand shocks, started to have an increasing impact on Sweden. It was when economic decisions started to shift away from the recommendations of the model, and the "golden age" of the 1950s and 1960s came to an end. The following analysis intends to explain what was the model characterisation, how it influenced Sweden's development, and why the country economic policy has changed over time. It also states that despite changes in the economy, certain elements of the model have remained valid until today.

scholarly journals Temporal state change Bayesian networks for modeling of evolving multivariate state sequences: model, structure discovery and parameter estimation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Mrowca ◽  
Florian Gyrock ◽  
Stephan Günnemann
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Probabilistic Models ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
State Change ◽  
Specification Mining ◽  
Partially Observed ◽  
Discovery Method ◽  
Over Time

AbstractMany systems can be expressed as multivariate state sequences (MSS) in terms of entities and their states with evolving dependencies over time. In order to interpret the temporal dynamics in such data, it is essential to capture relationships between entities and their changes in state and dependence over time under uncertainty. Existing probabilistic models do not explicitly model the evolution of causality between dependent state sequences and mostly result in complex structures when representing complete causal dependencies between random variables. To solve this, Temporal State Change Bayesian Networks (TSCBN) are introduced to effectively model interval relations of MSSs under evolving uncertainty. Our model outperforms competing approaches in terms of parameter complexity and expressiveness. Further, an efficient structure discovery method for TSCBNs is presented, that improves classical approaches by exploiting temporal knowledge and multiple parameter estimation approaches for TSCBNs are introduced. Those are expectation maximization, variational inference and a sampling based maximum likelihood estimation that allow to learn parameters from partially observed MSSs. Lastly, we demonstrate how TSCBNs allow to interpret and infer patterns of captured sequences for specification mining in automotive.

scholarly journals Revealing the Dark Veil of Illegal Business

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Maqfira Izzata Nafsiah ◽  
Nindya Putri Edytya ◽  
Masyita Isnadya Risky Salsabila Putri Bagas Tony ◽  
Aulia Vaya Rahmatika
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Central Java ◽  
The Social ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Over Time

Prostisusi becomes one of the social problems that continues to develop over time. Various internal and external factors trigger this activity to continue to exist until now. This research examines the business of prostitution as a form of disease in society and social problems. This research tries to reveal the karaoke business under the guise of illegal prostitution business, especially in Central Java. This research uses the approach of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Social Structure. The research method used is qualitative research, where the writer directly looks at existing social phenomena and seeks field facts through observation, interviews, and investigations. This research found that various factors become the background of the existence of the karaoke business under the guise of illegal prostitution in Central Java, ranging from economic and business factors to weak rules and law enforcement. The study also revealed the fact that the karaoke business secretly provided sex or prostitution services, but law enforcement was ineffective. One of the ineffectiveness of law enforcement is the problem of law enforcement apparatuses and bribery resources that occur within the law enforcement environment. In addition, this business also deals directly with business and economic investment holders.

Recognising politics in unrecognised states: 20 years of enquiry into the de facto states of the South Caucasus

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Laurence Broers
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
External Support ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Central State ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
South Ossetia ◽  
Internal Politics ◽  
Over Time

De facto states in the South Caucasus have presented a range of theoretical and empirical challenges for both scholars and policy-makers for some 20 years. This article charts the trajectories of different concepts, theories and paradigms deployed over this period to understand de facto states in this region, and in particular their internal dynamics. It is argued that while external factors are central to the sustainability of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorny Karabakh, scholarship on these entities has increasingly over time asserted the relevance of their internal politics. The article discusses how over the last decade this analysis has increasingly conflicted with the revival of the region’s central state authorities, whose conceptual reading and policy repertoires vis-à-vis de facto states remain focused on their external support structures. The article finishes by discussing some of the implications of this disjunction for policies enacted towards to de facto states of the region by both central state authorities and the international community.

scholarly journals The role of internal and external factors in the performance of brazilian companies and its evolution between 1990 and 2003

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (spe) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Ribeiro Gonçalves ◽  
Rogério H Quintella
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Business Units ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
The Many ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Over Time

This work studies the variance of the return over assets (ROA) of 1,664 Brazilian organizations between 1996 and 2003. This variance is divided into in factors associated with differences between business units, imdustries and economic conditions. The model is also calculated dividing the overall period into four year intervals so as to follow the evolution of the factors over the years. Results show that the main source of the variation in the performance can be attributed to differences among companies. The weight of this element increases over time. Surprisingly, considering the many and frequent crises suffered in the last couple of years, the role of the economic climate is slight and similar to that found by other authors for the American market.

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