scholarly journals On the Legacy of Translation Theories from the 1950s and 1960s: A Critical Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Henry Sevilla-Morales ◽  
Lindsay Chaves
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Contexts ◽  
Scholarly Publications ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S

Translation theories which bloomed in the 1950s and the 1960s have inspired numerous debates on multiple contexts of theory and praxis. With the increase of specialized journals and publishing houses of the past few decades, the professional literature has gone in so many directions –with supporters and opponents alike— that it is often hard to strike a balanced view of the contributions of these theories to current translation studies. In an attempt to fill this gap, this theoretical review article examines a corpus of scholarly publications which have taken place mainly between 2002 and 2018 about the translation theories proposed in the 1950s and 1960s. To such end, a body of works focusing on the seminal works of Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), Jakobson (1959), Nida (1964a), Catford (1965), and Nida and Taber (1969) are reviewed to infer their degree of applicability to current translation-based discussions and praxis. Findings suggest that the authors exerting the greatest influence on contemporary discussions of translation studies seem to be Vinay and Darbelnet, followed by Nida and Taber, and then by Jakobson and Catford. They also indicate that the degree to which the translation theories under question are obsolete (or not) is hard to determine with accuracy. It remains unclear whether the bulk of publications which these theoreticians inspire is the product of acceptance or rejection of the assumptions contained in their postulates. 

scholarly journals Impact of technology on Translation and Translation Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-361
Author(s):  
Yves Gambier
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Multimodal Communications

The landscape in translation and interpreting is changing deeply and rapidly. For a long time, but not necessarily everywhere, translation was denied as a need (except for the political and religious powers), as effort (translation being defined as a kind of mechanical work, as substitution of words), and as a profession (translators embodying a subaltern position). Technology is bringing in certain changes in attitudes and perceptions with regards international, multilingual and multimodal communications. This article tries to define the changes and their consequences in the labelling and characterisation of the different practices. It is organised in five sections: first, we recall that translation and interpreting are only one option in international relations; then, we explain the different denials of translation in the past (or the refusal to recognize the different values of translation). In the third section, we consider how and to what extent technology is transforming today practices and markets. The ongoing changes do not boil solely to developments in Machine Translation (which started in the 1960s): community, crowdsourced/collaborative translation and volunteer translation encompass different practices. In many cases, users provide their own translations, with or without formal qualifications in translation. The evolution is not only technical but also economic and social. In addition, the fragmentation and the diversity of practices do have an impact on a multi-faceted market. In the fourth section, we emphasize that there are nowadays different concepts of translation and competitive paradigms in Translation Studies. Finally, we tackle the organisational challenge of the field, since the institutionalisation of translation and Translation Studies cannot remain the same as when there was a formal consensus on the concept of translation.

Review article: Cohesion and diversity in the Irish diaspora

1999 ◽  
Vol 31 (123) ◽  
pp. 411-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Noel Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Mary Robinson ◽  
The Past ◽  
Collective Work ◽  
Irish Family ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
At Home

Ireland’s uses of knowledge of the diaspora, much matured since the 1950s, now provide two master images from which to approach it: diversity and cohesion. On 2 February 1995 President Mary Robinson pinpointed its diversity as embodying the multifaceted nature of native Irish identities, and as a makeweight in domestic argument and experiment as to the recognition and acceptance of those identities. In March 1998 President Mary McAleese spoke of ‘our global Irish family’; she accepted such diversity, but sought its reintegration in a master image of cohesion, one obtaining both at home and abroad. The new Article 2 of the Irish constitution states that ‘The Irish nation cherishes its special affinity with people of Irish ancestry living abroad who share its cultural identity and heritage.’In each case, desired standards are merged with claimed realities as to the diaspora. But any such emphasis whether on cohesion or diversity among the overseas Irish matches a growing body of work on the diaspora itself, much of it by the scholars within those communities. Critical work on this scale has not appeared before now. In the past collective work of this kind typically consisted of reprints and dissertations. One might question whether this scholarship answers the external burdens placed upon it.The manpower alone here involved would suggest so. Over two hundred writers produce the Irish diaspora subjects in the four works here reviewed. And two of the editors, O’Sullivan, born in Kilmallock in 1944, a youthful migrant to Britain, and Glazier, an adult migrant to America, both epitomise the curiosity and enterprise of the newer emigrant scholars.

Economic Growth and Change in China: A Twenty-Year Perspective

1973 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 211-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Growth And Change ◽  
The 1960S

Maoist ideology and policy imposed on the realities of China's economic backwardness and the scarcities resulting therefrom have produced a peculiar and sharply contrasting pattern of development during the past two decades. The differences in economic performance were so marked – characterized by rapid expansion in the 1950s and stagnation in the 1960s – that it almost seems as though one were dealing with economies in two entirely different settings, perhaps even in two different countries.

Three major handbooks in three years: Stylistics as a mature discipline

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandrine Sorlin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The State ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Specific Character ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Publishing Houses ◽  
Do So

This review article brings to the fore what the publication of three handbooks in major publishing houses in the past three years ( The Routledge Handbook of Stylistics, The Cambridge Handbook of Stylistics and The Bloomsbury Companion to Stylistics) can reveal about the state of stylistics in 2016. After depicting the specific character of each volume, the article highlights the way old theoretical models in stylistics are re-exploited in innovative ways and gives prominence to new theories and perspectives that have developed rigorous methodologies and proper purposes. It also makes apparent how the volumes both explicitly and implicitly perceive the field of stylistics as regards its scope and frontiers, the extent of its corpora and its relation with other close disciplines. If it inherently welcomes interdisciplinary collaborations, it yet seems to do so without adulterating its primary concern for language. The three handbooks show that stylistics has entered its prime as a discipline. Yet although it has become a self-assured field, it remains uncompromisingly open to criticism and debate as reflected in some chapters. The last sub-section is devoted to the future prospects of stylistics in terms of the promising research paths the discipline is currently taking.

Age, Period and Cohort Differences Between the Homicide Trends of Canada and the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateus Rennó Santos ◽  
Yunmei Lu ◽  
Rachel E Fairchild
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract A robust literature has investigated homicide trends in the United States since 1950. The prevalence of homicide in the country almost doubled in the 1960s, remained high until the 1990s and then declined precipitously. Surprisingly, Canada displayed the same trend. We decompose the age, period and cohort effects on the homicide trends of the United States and Canada since 1950, exploring shared effects in light of these countries’ historical and policy differences over the past seven decades. Our study reveals remarkably similar trends and effects in Canada as those previously documented for the United States, despite diverging approaches to criminal justice and to the use of incarceration since the 1950s. We explore these findings and expand on their implications.

scholarly journals Attributes and Determinants of Female Criminality

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-50
Author(s):  
Dania Sinno
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Female Criminality ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
A Minor

In the past, gender was often disregarded by male researchers as a variable that needs to be considered in most domains of inquiry. Hence, women represented a minor concern in the writings on criminality prior to the 1950s and the 1960s. They were studied less, appeared less often as subjects of attention and thus remained, on the whole, marginal, secondary and almost invisible. Even when they were studied, they were portrayed in distorted ways.

scholarly journals Measuring The Evolution Of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Steven A. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Accounting Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Accounting Principles ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S

<span>Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) guide financial reporting. Although numerous opinions and standards have been issued over the past 45 years, there is little quantitative evidence concerning the degree of change in GAAP. The purpose of this study is to generate a quantitative understanding of the degree of evolution in GAAP since Accounting Research Bulletin (ARB) 43. The results indicate that significant changes are occurring in GAAP. Less than 50% of the GAPP issued in the 1950s and in the 1960s remains in effect today. Furthermore, significant changes have occurred in GAAP issued within just the past 20 years. The primary implication is that GAPP is continually being reviewed and revised in response to investors and creditors changing information needs.</span>

Transformations: The New Deal through the 1950s

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Woloch
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Labor Standards ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Fair Labor Standards Act ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The New Deal

This chapter traces the changes in federal and state protective policies from the New Deal through the 1950s. In contrast to the setbacks of the 1920s, the New Deal revived the prospects of protective laws and of their proponents. The victory of the minimum wage for women workers in federal court in 1937 and the passage in 1938 of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which extended labor standards to men, represented a peak of protectionist achievement. This achievement rested firmly on the precedent of single-sex labor laws for which social feminists—led by the NCL—had long campaigned. However, “equal rights” gained momentum in the postwar years, 1945–60. By the start of the 1960s, single-sex protective laws had resumed their role as a focus of contention in the women's movement.

Literacy and Education: Fifth Release From the 1961 Census of Pakistan (Review Article)

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-442
Author(s):  
Jamila Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Interim Report ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Past ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Age And Sex

This review of the Literacy and Education Bklletin1 of the 1961 Census is fourth in the series of review articles published in this journal2. The Bulletin under review forms a part of the interim report on the characteristics of the population of Pakistan. It gives information on the number of illiterate and literate persons by age and sex for rural and urban areas on division and district basis; illiterate and literate.population in selected cities and towns; and the educational levels attained by the literate population by age and sex for divisions and districts. Relevant statistical notes and statements precede the tables in the Bulletin. The objective of this review is to describe the meaningfulness and significance of literacy statistics. To this end, a distinction is made between formal and functional levels of literacy. Comparisons of the 1951 and 1961 census figures are undertaken to indicate the progress of literacy and education during the past decade with reference to the effect of intercensal rate of population growth on such progress. Certain questions regarding the reliability of data are raised, which emphasize the need for caution in the interpretation of literacy statistics.

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