scholarly journals ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC SIGNS: THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN HYBRID AND FULL MATRIX E-SIGNS

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Lucas-Alba ◽  
Ana Hernando Mazón ◽  
María Teresa Blanch Micó ◽  
Diego Gutiérrez Pérez ◽  
José Ignacio Echeverría Villaspí ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Reading Strategy ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Full Matrix ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Electronic Displays ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Message Signs

Road signs constitute a complex and growing communication system where different elements (pictograms, shapes, texts, etc.) are combined following different strategies. In this paper we have confronted drivers with a number of messages (congestion or road works, before, between, after location/s) developed as an adaptation of Advance Location Signs (class G, 1c in the 1968 Convention) to electronic displays. We manipulate two main factors a) the reading strategy (top-down vs. bottom-up) and the type of matrix display (hybrid, dissociating pictogram and text, vs. full matrix), in a repeated measures experimental design. The time taken to answer and the response given (correct, incorrect) was measured for each of the 24 message-blocks. Results show that the organization of the elements displayed is a key determinant for driver comprehension. Further thoughts on the need to understand the interplay between the formats adopted by static vs electronic message signs are provided.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3327

scholarly journals ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC SIGNS: REFLECTING UPON ITS TRANSITION

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Lucas Alba ◽  
Alberto E. Arbaiza Martin ◽  
Ana Hernando Mazón ◽  
María Teresa Blanch Micó
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Issue ◽  
Traffic Signs ◽  
Variable Message Signs ◽  
Full Matrix ◽  
Road Signs ◽  
Universal Approach ◽  
Message Signs

In our days we face a fundamental issue concerning road signs. We may display contents in vertical and horizontal format (static signs, variable message signs, road markings), either on a post, a gantry or a dashboard. And we foresee a coming age where the excellent matrix resolution of painted signs will be truly approached by the resolution of full matrix displays. But we also risk a babel context threatening the universal approach encouraged by international catalogues as the 1968 Convention (ECE/TRANS/196, 2007). And the fundamental risk comes from our decisions regarding how the transition from the contents and formats displayed on static message signs to the ones displayed on electronic signs (in gantries or dashboards) should be. Our work explores this issue specifically, considering the transition from Advance Direction Signs (static message signs, class G, 1 in the 1968 Convention) to what could be termed Advance Location Signs (signs concerning the location of variable events with regards to certain landmarks) developed as an adaptation of the G, 1 class to electronic traffic signs.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3217  

scholarly journals Effect of herbage allowances on biomass flows in Italian ryegrass

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa Arnhold Graminho ◽  
Marta Gomes da Rocha ◽  
Luciana Pötter ◽  
Aline Tatiane Nunes da Rosa ◽  
Paulo Roberto Salvador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Similar Growth

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the leaf tissue flows in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), in different phenological stages, grazed by lambs, and managed under three herbage allowances (6, 9 and 12 kg DM/100 kg body weight under rotational stocking method. The experimental design was completely randomized, with repeated measures arrangement. Forage allowances determined similar growth and intake flows, actual and potential utilization efficiencies of grass and they were different in the phenological stages of Italian ryegrass. The intake of leaf blade, as a percentage of body weight, was higher in the 12% herbage allowance. Considering leaf tissue flows, Italian ryegrass can be managed in forage allowances that vary between 6 and 12 kg DM/100 kg body weight.

The effect of religiosity–morality interaction on auditor independence in Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 1009-1031
Author(s):  
Diana Mostafa ◽  
Mostaq Hussain ◽  
Ehab K.A. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Moral Development ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Interactional Effect

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of religiosity on the degree of auditor independence given the significance of symbolic gestures constructed by client economic conditions in different situations before and after considering the degree of auditors’ moral development. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses an experimental design based on running mixed factorial analysis of variance (SPANOVA) using mainly repeated measures GLM to test the interaction effects between (and within) variables on auditor independence. Findings The main findings indicate that there is a significant interactional effect between the degree of moral development and intrinsic religiosity on the degree of auditor independence, given the stimulating effect of the client’s economic gestures/conditions. Practical implications The Egyptian economy is growing and ensuring that auditor independence is paramount to sustaining the local, as well as foreign investors’ interest. Hence, this study is very important in highlighting factors that might lead to some impairment of auditors’ independence. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to test the interactional effect between the religious orientation rather than religious affiliation and moral development on the degree of auditor independence, such a relationship has not been tested before in the literature. Additionally and most importantly, it uses statistical measurement through its experimental design, as there is a lack of studies in terms of auditor independence in Egypt. The existing literature follows the perceptional assessment rather than the real measurement of the degree of auditor independence.

Form Equivalence of the Selective Auditory Attention Test Administered to 6-Year-Old Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail D. Chermak ◽  
M. Janet Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Learning Effect ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Auditory Attention ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Competing Speech

The form equivalence of the Selective Auditory Attention Test (SAAT) was examined. Forty normal-hearing 6-year-old boys and girls were assigned randomly in equal numbers to one of two groups. Each group listened to four lists of words at 70 dB SPL sound field in one of two orders. Equal mean difficulty and significant correlations between lists in quiet and between lists presented with competing speech substantiate the form equivalence of the SAAT. Form equivalence analyzed for individual subjects confirmed conclusions derived from analysis of group data. A learning effect seen as improved mean performance for the second of the two lists resented in competing speech resulted from the repeated measures experimental design of the study and does not undermine the clinical viability of the SAAT.

scholarly journals Public Administration Reform in Bulgaria: Top-down and Externally-driven Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-124
Author(s):  
Emilia Zankina
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Public Administration Reform ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Eu

The article examines public administration reform (PAR) in Bulgaria and the main factors that shaped the reform agenda and dynamics. PAR is examined along five key dimensions – transparency and accountability, civil service and human resources management (HRM), public service delivery and digitalisation, organisation and management of government, and policy-making coordination and implementation. The article argues that there are four main factors influencing reform dynamics and determining policy outcomes in the Bulgarian case: the specific political choices made by government elites, external influence of the EU and of past national legacies, and the importance of institutions and reform mechanisms. To illustrate these factors at work, the article examines three policy initiatives, i.e. e-government, the reduction of administrative burden, and civil service reform. The article presents a longitudinal analysis and a qualitative case-study approach, utilising Annual Reports on the Status of the Public Administration 2001–2018, mapping European Semester Documents 2011–2017, an inventory of PAR initiatives 2005–2018, and interviews of public officials. The pushes for reform have been top-down, externally-driven, and stop-and-go in nature. The results confirm previous findings that Bulgaria is among the EU countries with the poorest record in PAR, struggling to overcome communist legacies and high levels of corruption and politicisation. The Bulgarian case highlights several important lessons: the importance of political will and political dynamics for the outcome of reform efforts; the importance of external pressure and financing; the difficulty of uprooting long-standing legacies in administrative traditions; and the limitations of the top-down approach as an obstacle to the sustainability of reform efforts.

scholarly journals Determination of Nitrites in Commercial Sausages by Anthocyanins Degradation. Experimental Design and Optimization

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Andrés Galán-Vidal ◽  
Araceli Castañeda-Ovando ◽  
Ma. Elena Páez-Hernández ◽  
Elizabeth Contreras-López
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Spectrophotometric Method ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Linear Calibration ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Experimental Design And Optimization

<p>With the purpose of obtaining the main factors in the nitrite quantification by bleaching Roselle anthocyanins, an experimental design (2<sup>3</sup>) was carried out. The control factors were ultrasound, time and temperature at two levels (−, +). Results for sausages analysis were obtained by the colorimetric method of AOAC 973.31, and the proposed spectrophotometric method. Statistical analysis show that results do not differ significantly. A better linear calibration range is obtained using this new method. The main advantage is the reagents that are used are cheaper.</p>

scholarly journals Crude protein content in Urochloa cultivars (Syn. Brachiaria) in exclusive pasture system or consorciated with Macrotyloma axillare cv. Guatá

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Rossi Simões ◽  
Käthery Brennecke ◽  
Liandra Maria Abaker Bertipaglia ◽  
Luciana Gerdes
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Interaction Type ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Season Interaction

The objective of this study was to evaluate the crude protein content of Urochloa spp.cultivars (U. brizantha cv Marandu and U. decunbens cv. Basilisk), within a consortium systemwith Macrotyloma axillare cv Guatá. The experimental design was a completely randomized design,with four replications, in a factorial scheme (2 x 2), at which two types of grass (U. decumbensand U. brizantha) and two pasture types were studied (intercropped or exclusively fertilized with 60kg of nitrogen/ha) with repeated measures in time (samplings at two seasons of the year: February(summer) and August (winter)). Subsequently, samples were collected from a 2 m long PVC bar atfour points in each picket, and the forage cut close to the ground, with costal mowing coupled with0.5 m length hedge trimmer, each sample of 0.5 x 2.0 m, totalizing 1m2. The sampled material wasidentified, weighed and sent for analysis of crude protein to assess the contribution of leguminousin grass protein content. No significant differences were found when the type of grass versus type ofpasture interaction for the crude protein variable was met; however, significant differences were foundwhen evaluating the type of grass versus season interaction, at which the highest levels were foundwithin the month of February (summer), the same occurring for the interaction type of pasture versusseason of the year. It was concluded there were increases in crude protein content for U. decumbenscv. Basilisk and U. brizantha cv. Marandu when in consortium with M. axillare cv. Guatá in thesummer season.Keywords: Biological nitrogen. Forage. Forage quality. Leguminous.

scholarly journals Análisis de una experiencia de prevención primaria en violencia de género en Educación Secundaria / Analysis of an Experience of Primary Prevention in Gender Violence in Secondary Education

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Mikel Luzarraga ◽  
Juan Manuel Núñez-Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Prevention Program ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fourth Grade ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Knowledge And Attitudes ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Cognitive Knowledge

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a prevention program that examined genderbased violence carried out using the “The Mask of Love” program (TML). In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the TML program, we implemented a quasi-experimental design with repeated measures using pretest-postest in a sample of fourth grade in Secondary Education. The results indicate an increase in knowledge and attitudes about gender violence within couples. The intervention sessions with the TML improve cognitive knowledge of the formal aspects of the program, but did not change the attitudes they held at the beginning of the study with regard to stereotypes and prejudices.RESUMENEste trabajo presenta los resultados y las conclusiones de una experiencia de prevención primaria en violencia de género llevada a cabo con el programa LMA (La máscara del Amor). El programa llevado a cabo fue elaborado fundamentalmente, para incrementar la sensibilidad de los/as estudiantes en torno a la violencia de género y, a su vez, para fomentar cambios y mejorar sus actitudes. Con el objetivo de analizar y/o evaluar la efectividad que tiene el programa LMA, se optó por un diseño cuasi experimental con medidas repetidas pretest-postest en una muestra de 48 alumnos/as de 4º de Educación Secundaria, dividida a su vez en dos grupos, sin grupo control. Los resultados mostraron un incremento de los conocimientos, percepciones y actitudes relacionados con los hechos que definen la realidad de la violencia de género en pareja; así mismo, se apreció correlación entre el promedio de las actividades realizadas y la medida de evaluación de conocimientos sobre la violencia de género. Como conclusión, el desarrollo de este programa mostró ser una herramienta eficaz para la prevención primaria en violencia de género. Por contra, el programa LMA no modificó la percepción que los/as alumnos/as tuvieron del resto de sus compañeros/as, por lo que difícilmente actúa en los estereotipos y prejuicios que puedan ser formados en relación al tema que nos ocupa. Contacto principal: [email protected]

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON DISSOCIATIVE PERSPECTIVE OF ATTENTION AND CONSCIOUSNESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 516-521
Author(s):  
Aarushi Agarwal ◽  
Ajeet Patel ◽  
Tara Singh ◽  
Trayambak Tiwari ◽  
Anju Lata Singh
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose of the study: To answer the two existing controversies regarding attention and consciousness as brain processes. 1) Can one be aware of objects or events without attending to it? 2) Can one attend to objects or events without being aware of it? And also how top-down attention and awareness have opposing functions. Methodology: This article is a systematic review of the relationship between visual attention and awareness. An extensive elaborate study on concepts relating to attention and consciousness dissociation has been done. In this article we also narrow it down to experimental design that requires independent manipulation of each. Which include top-down attention and awareness aspect of consciousness? Main Findings: Many researches have been put forward supporting the independent nature of attention from awareness using sophisticated experimental and physiological shreds of evidence. On the other hand, some researches still stick to the contemporary common-sense notion of no awareness no attention. Our evaluation suggests an independent nature of attention and awareness. Application: This article intends to give a clear perspective of the ongoing debate on the relationship between attention and consciousness. Simplification of both umbrella terms will give basis for building more empirical evidence. Novelty: Further, this article put forward studies on both sides of debate aiming to bridge the gap to get a conclusive outlook in the future.

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