Central and Eastern European Constitutional Courts Facing New Challenges: Ten Years of Experience

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern European ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
New Challenges

Where is biological nutrient removal going now?

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L. Barnard ◽  
M.T. Steichen
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Biological Nutrient Removal ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
General Direction ◽  
New Challenges

With more than 30 years of experience multiple options exist for removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. Communities that were exempt from nutrient removal for many years must now comply with imposed nutrient limits, and in areas where technology-based nutrient limits have been in place communities are now faced with more stringent mass-based limits that are becoming more difficult to meet as their populations increase. Recent efforts in the industry have been focused on getting more out of existing plants, or in many cases where land is not available, in intensifying existing processes to increase capacity and/or level of treatment. This paper will discuss some of these methods and the general direction in which biological nutrient removal is developing to address these new challenges.

The Relationship between the EU and Member States in Constitutional Case Law: A Comparison between Western and Eastern Europe

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 189-198
Author(s):  
Constance Grewe
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
European Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Constitutional Identity ◽  
The Eu

It is indeed a crucial moment now that Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have begun to join the EU. The Maastricht Treaty was itself, in several respects, a turning point in European construction; Member States then became aware of the increasing influence of EU law and started to defend their autonomy against the ‘attacks’ stemming from it. With the accession of the CEE states, the ‘Solange story: a story about national constitutional courts resisting a straightforward surrender of national legal sovereignties, and insisting on their own role as guardians of any further transfer of powers from the national to the European level’, can now enter into ‘its chapter 3’. National or constitutional identity is the main arm of resistance, and these national reactions require a rethinking of the relationship between national and European law.

scholarly journals Post-Pandemic Cooperation between China and Central and Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Long Jing
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Cooperation Mechanism ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The Covid-19 pandemic has given rise to an array of problems in cooperation between China and Central and Eastern European Countries. Some items on the cooperation agenda have been delayed and people-to-people exchanges have come to a halt. The pandemic, notwithstanding, is a testament to the value and resilience of the “[Formula: see text]” framework and has presented an opportunity for both sides to identify new areas for future collaboration. In a post-pandemic world, China and Central and Eastern European countries will not only have to address the shortfalls and drawbacks in the current cooperation mechanism, but also firmly work together to deal with new challenges arising from the pandemic.

scholarly journals Towards a Conceptual Framework for Struggles over Democracy in Backsliding States: Gender Equality Policy in Central Eastern Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Krizsan ◽  
Conny Roggeband
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Gender Policy ◽  
Central Eastern Europe ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Gender Policies ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Gender Equality Policy

Trends of de-democratization across Europe and the Americas are emerging, along with opposition to gender equality and threats to previous gender equality policy gains. Yet de-democratization has been barely analysed through the lens of gender equality, and so far, efforts to systematically analyse the implications for inclusive democracy and the representation of gender interests are lacking. Backsliding in gender policies, and new forms of feminist engagement with hostile states and publics, also raise new challenges to the literature on gender and politics. In this article we explore gender equality policy backsliding in fragile democracies. Backsliding and de-democratization processes in these contexts pose a series of important challenges to how we have thought about gender policy change in progressive, mainly Western democratic contexts until now. We propose a conceptual framework discussing these two conceptually interesting realms: backsliding in gender equality policies, and feminist responses to backsliding. We illustrate our framework with empirical observations from four backsliding or temporarily backsliding Central and Eastern European countries: Croatia, Hungary, Poland and Romania. With our article we aim to contribute to the understanding of gendered aspects of de-democratization both in gender and politics literature and in mainstream democratization literature.

scholarly journals NATO in Europe: Between Weak European Allies and Strong Influence of Russian Federation

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (80) ◽  
pp. 5-32
Author(s):  
Lidija Čehulić Vukadinović ◽  
Monika Begović ◽  
Luka Jušić
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Balkan Countries ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Times

AbstractAfter the collapse of the bipolar international order, NATO has been focused on its desire to eradicate Cold War divisions and to build good relations with Russia. However, the security environment, especially in Europe, is still dramatically changing. The NATO Warsaw Summit was focused especially on NATO’s deteriorated relations with Russia that affect Europe’s security. At the same time, it looked at bolstering deterrence and defence due to many concerns coming from eastern European allies about Russia’s new attitude in international relations. The Allies agreed that a dialogue with Russia rebuilding mutual trust needs to start. In the times when Europe faces major crisis from its southern and south-eastern neighbourhood - Western Balkan countries, Syria, Libya and Iraq - and other threats, such as terrorism, coming from the so-called Islamic State, causing migration crises, it is necessary to calm down relations with Russia. The article brings out the main purpose of NATO in a transformed world, with the accent on Europe, that is constantly developing new security conditions while tackling new challenges and threats.

scholarly journals Green Energy in Central and Eastern European (CEE) Countries: New Challenges on the Path to Sustainable Development

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Pakulska
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Taxonomic Methods

In the conditions of climate change and the scarcity of natural resources, the future of energy is increasingly associated with the development of the so-called green energy. Its development is reflected in the European Commission strategic vision to transition to a climate-neutral economy. This is a challenge that the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, members of the EU, are also trying to meet. In recent years, these countries have seen an increase in the share of renewable energy and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (GGE). On the other hand, basing the energy sector on unstable energy sources (photovoltaics and wind technologies) may imply new challenges on the way to sustainable development. These are old problems in a new version (ecology, diversification of supplies) and new ones related to the features of renewable energy sources (RES; instability, dispersion). The aim of the article was to classify, on the basis of taxonomic methods, the CEE countries from the point of view of green energy transformation (original indicator) and to predict new threats to Romania, Poland, and Bulgaria, the countries representing different groups according to the applied classification. The issues presented are part of a holistic view of RES and can be useful in energy policy.

The Czech Constitutional Court's Second Decision on the Lisbon Treaty of 3 November 2009

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
The Editors ◽  
Jan Komarek
Keyword(s):  
Lisbon Treaty ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Constitutional Courts ◽  
Treaty Of Lisbon ◽  
The Way

On 3 November 2009 the Czech Constitutional Court gave its second ruling within a year on the Treaty of Lisbon. The Court squarely rejected the complaints against the Treaty. For scholarship the most interesting characteristic of the ruling is the way the Court distanced itself from the Lissabon-Urteil of the Bundesverfassungsgericht in such unequivocal terms that the judgment's central passages deserve a place in this issue, even though we only dispose of a provisional translation by Jan Komárek and cannot make comments available yet. As it did in the previous judgment on the Lisbon Treaty of 28 November 2008, the Czech Court again belies the established idea that eastern European constitutional courts take the Bundesverfassungsgericht as their guide.

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