Te laag, te traag en te omstreden

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Bleijenbergh ◽  
Marloes van Engen ◽  
Jac Vennix ◽  
Eric Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Cognitive Bias ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Gender Balance ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
Stocks And Flows ◽  
And Gender

Too low, too slow and too controversial: Why gender target figures are set so low Too low, too slow and too controversial: Why gender target figures are set so low Many Dutch organizations set target figures to increase the number of women in top positions. This paper aims to support executives and policymakers in taking measures to support gender target figures by showing that cognitive bias and gender stereotypes play a role in decision making about this issue. We discuss an experiment in which respondents determine a yearly hiring percentage of women to reach an equal representation of women and men in top positions at a given point in time. From the 168 participants two thirds severely underestimate the percentage needed to reach an equal gender balance in the target year; one third recommends a percentage by which equal representation would never be reached. Arguments participants use to justify their decision show cognitive bias such as mixing up stocks and flows and an underestimation of delay. Gender stereotypes were that hiring (more) women is considered a threat to quality and a threat to equal opportunities for men. Participants using more pragmatic arguments towards gender target figures were best able to predict the effects of their decisions. We argue that addressing both cognitive bias and gender stereotypes is needed to support organizations in reaching gender balance in top positions.

scholarly journals Women’s Participation in Politics as Represented in the Novel “In Praise of Hatred”

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Nor Fatin Abdul Jabar ◽  
Kamariah Yunus ◽  
Nurul Fatihah Muhamad Nazmi ◽  
Muhammad Farriz Aziz ◽  
Nurul Afiqah Muhammad Zani
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Analysis Approach ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Political Discourse Analysis ◽  
Politics And Gender ◽  
And Gender

In today’s reality, there is a definite gap when it comes to men’s and women’s participation in politics. It can be seen that the society prefers men to lead them, make decisions and solve problems. The society assumes men to have better leadership qualities, but people tend to be sceptical when it comes to women. In Syria, men’s responsibilities as leaders and the ones who make decisions are valued highly by the Syrian society. They believe that men’s power and abilities to lead are more stable, prosperous and secure than women. Among the society, women are considered as subordinates and excluded from negotiations. This matter is highlighted in Syrian literature too, especially in novels and writings since masculinity, is practiced in Syrian society. This present study attempted to investigate the gender stereotypes on politics portrayed in the novel “In Praise of Hatred”, by Khaled Khalifa. The present study employed a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach to investigate the pragmatic representation of politics portrayed in the controversial Syrian novel. The findings focused on the representation of women in politics. To this end, Van Dijk’s Social-political Discourse Analysis Approach was adopted to reveal the ideology behind the constructions. The issues of gender and politics were analysed based on the pragmatic representation in the novel. Adopting the Social-political Discourse Analysis approach under Sociocognitive Discourse Studies (SCDS), the criteria of social aspects (politics and gender) were being looked at thoroughly. Regarding subject positions, the data analysis showed that the portrayal of gender is always biased and women’s participation in politics is not encouraged.

Intersectional Stereotyping in Political Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin C. Cassese
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Voter Decision Making

Intersectionality is an analytic framework used to study social and political inequality across a wide range of academic disciplines. This framework draws attention to the intersections between various social categories, including race, gender, sexuality, class, and (dis)ability. Scholarship in this area notes that groups at these intersections are often overlooked, and in overlooking them, we fail to see the ways that the power dynamics associated with these categories reinforce one another to create interlocking systems of advantage and disadvantage that extend to social, economic, and political institutions. Representational intersectionality is a specific application of intersectionality concerned with the role that widely shared depictions of groups in popular media and culture play in producing and reinforcing social hierarchy. These representations are the basis for widely held group stereotypes that influence public opinion and voter decision-making. Intersectional stereotypes are the set of stereotypes that occur at the nexus between multiple group categories. Rather than considering stereotypes associated with individual social groups in isolation (e.g., racial stereotypes vs. gender stereotypes), this perspective acknowledges that group-based characteristics must be considered conjointly as mutually constructing categories. What are typically considered “basic” categories, like race and gender, operate jointly in social perception to create distinct compound categories, with stereotype profiles that are not merely additive collections of overlapping stereotypes from each individual category, but rather a specific set of stereotypes that are unique to the compound social group. Intersectional stereotypes in political contexts including campaigns and policy debates have important implications for descriptive representation and material policy outcomes. In this respect, they engage with fundamental themes linked to political and structural inequality.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF LAW NUMBER 6 OF 2014 ON VILLAGES RELATED TO THE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN VILLAGE REGULATION IN INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Ani Purwanti ◽  
Fajar Ahmad Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Village

<em>This article explores the affirmative action related to women's political participation in the village's decision-making process that results in village regulations.</em> <em>This article uses a law-based approach, it will also demonstrate the contrasting implications between affirmative action on the village legislative system and the regional parliamentary system (city, province, and state). The decision-making process in the village differs from the conventional Parliament, where the implications of the affirmative action of village law differ from the parliamentary system. This is due to the existence of the village deliberation where a group of women is mandated to be directly involved in direct deliberation. This feature facilitates bottom-up politics for gender equality and advocacy of women's rights in decision-making where female and group representatives can work shoulder-to-shoulder and safeguard one another on the agenda of Women's empowerment and gender equality. This is a unique advantage that does not exist in parliamentary politics because the quota system does not guarantee the representation of women ideologically in line with the interests of women they represent.</em>

Women in Presidential Cabinets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson ◽  
Meredith P. Gleitz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Women's Issues ◽  
Access To Resources ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Gender Balance ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
And Gender ◽  
National Legislatures

Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson and Meredith P. Gleitz show that the overall representation of women in cabinets has increased significantly since the democratic transition, but women and men tend to be represented in stereotypically gendered cabinet portfolios and women who get appointed look like men in experience, backgrounds, and other qualifications. They identify the main causes of the increase in women’s presence in cabinets as the recent political crises that have led to outsider, leftist, and female (to only a very small degree) presidents who select more women. Additionally, as women are getting more represented in national legislatures and subnational governments, they are more represented in cabinets. The consequences of greater gender balance in cabinets for women’s issues and gender equality programs are minimal. Female cabinet ministers find it difficult to promote women’s issues because they are often in posts with little access to resources or need to implement the president’s priorities instead.

Outsourcing and Local Public Administration: Water and Sanitation Services Delivery and Women Participation in Urban Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalsoom BeBe ◽  
Wang Bing
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Services Delivery ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
And Gender

Women in developing countries are the majority of those who access and use water and sanitation services but women’s low participation at decision making level in outsourcing and limited representation of women in services departments of local public administration aremajor obstruction to include women’s interests. The purpose of this paper is to analyze perceptions of women citizensand local officialsregarding water and sanitation services delivery situation, women responsive requirements and gender equality at decision making level in outsourcing. In order to conduct an empirical research, this paper has used multifactor structured questionnaire and for this purpose population of public sector local officials including women and women citizens are taken to ascertain the rationale of the study field.Women are most dissatisfied with the services, women responsive requirements and gender equality at decision making level while preparing the outsourcing requirements of services delivery but local officials hold more positive feelings. This study also finds that there is inadequate representation of women in the front line of basic public services organizations such as water and sanitation. It is important for public organizations to include women and women should get involvement in outsourcing requirements to improve water and sanitation services. 

scholarly journals Intervention on Coeducation through Physical Education. Reality or intention?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Isabel Cabrita Condessa
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Young People ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Male Stereotypes ◽  
Alternative Behaviors ◽  
And Gender

Conscious and organized intervention, in order to achieve promotion of equal opportunities in school has been, in recent decades, a major goal of physical education (PE) in Europe. Through routines and opportunities that provide both boys and girls access to physical activity and sports (PAS) which enables them to improve skills, competencies and attitudes.  We believe that the contribution of PE in education is of significant value, as it enables children and young people to build their body image and gender stereotypes, develop affections and emotions, cultivate their relationship with others, build capacity and values, thus helping the training of individual or collective attitudes that respect gender equality and human rights.This study was conducted from the information collected through the application of a questionnaire to a population of 993 children, 57.5% girls and 42.5% boys, aged between 10 and 12 years, belonging to various schools. It aspires to compare the perceptions and preferences of boys and girls in respect of PAS practices that take place in PE, and to present alternative behaviors that are more flexible and inclusive.From our results we conclude that the PAS in school remains very marked by practical training of movement techniques, games and sport competitions. These experiences, mainly identified with male stereotypes, do not always help, for many young people, the formation of a good body image and good behaviors that should be maintained throughout life.We suggest that the activities offered to children and young people in schools should be more diverse and inclusive, imposing an appropriate level of performance and satisfaction to each case in particular.The activities should also be more focused either on outdoor practices or in practices that develop the sensory, expressive and body dimensions of students.

scholarly journals Sports Diplomacy and Gender: Equal Opportunities for Women in Czech Basketball

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-479
Author(s):  
Kateřina Kočí ◽  
Zbyněk Dubský ◽  
Ilona Burgrová
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
Sports Diplomacy ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Female Sports ◽  
And Gender ◽  
International Sport

Abstract The article focuses on the role of equal opportunities and gender in the sports environment, examining their impacts on the creation and functioning of sports diplomacy. Subsequently, in the form of a case study it first concentrates on the Czech sports environment and women’s representation in international and national sports federations. In the final part, it examines the basketball environment and analyses its individual structures. Women are not sufficiently represented as coaches, referees or officials. Several main challenges are mentioned: the perception of sport as a predominantly male phenomenon, the overall society setting fixed on traditional perceptions of the role of women and men in the Czech Republic, a small number of suitable female sports models, the time-consuming character of the activities, gender stereotypes at work, the absence of suitable conditions for reconciling family and work life and the low self-confidence of female candidates. The article concludes that the Czech sports environment (including basketball) is markedly masculine, and women face a number of barriers, which in practice are reflected in the Czech Republic’s representation in international sport organisations and the way in which sports diplomacy is used as a foreign policy tool.

scholarly journals Debuking patriarchal legacy in african traditional setting: A reading of Efo Kodjo Mawugbe’s In the Chest of a Woman

2014 ◽  
pp. 103-123
Author(s):  
Damlègue Lare
Keyword(s):  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
African Society ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Balance ◽  
Gender Oppression ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Traditional Setting

This article investigates the critical views of Efo Kodjo Mawugbe on some African traditional customs which deny identity and welfare to women and his literary endeavor to unravel the patriarchal legacy in his In the Chest of a Woman. It examines the dictates of patriarchy that militate against females’ emancipation and lay a foundation for their marginalization and oppression. It attempts to read Mawugbe’s call for gender balance and equal treatment for men and women in modern society. Two sexist practices are targeted: the denial of inheritance rights to female children and the capital punishment of those who go against tradition by becoming pregnant out of customary wedlock. The study asserts that if modern African society should experience a participatory socio-economic development it is urgent to end sexism and gender oppression in families and society, and to give men and women equal opportunities to emerge as fulfilled free beings.

The Effect of Extralegal Factors in Decision-Making About Juvenile Offenders in Chile: A Quasi-Experimental Study

2022 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2110668
Author(s):  
Pablo Carvacho ◽  
Catalina Droppelmann ◽  
Mariel Mateo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Critical Weight ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Extralegal Factors ◽  
And Gender

This study seeks to identify the underlying factors related to the sentencing process for juvenile justice cases in Chile. To this end, a factorial survey method or quasi-experimental vignette method was used. This method allows us to understand with greater clarity the complex cognitive process involved in judicial decision-making. The results confirm that legal factors carry the critical weight for judicial decisions, though extralegal factors also play a role. Among these, factors associated with the offender (such as drug use and school attendance) and characteristics of the judges themselves (such as judicial attitudes and their previous experience) all influenced the decision-making process. These findings allow us to provide evidence about decision-making in the Latin American contexts and add to existing evidence in order to understand the moderating effect of certain class and gender stereotypes.

scholarly journals Subtle Gender Stereotypes in the News Media and Their Role in Reinforcing a Culture Tolerating Violence Against Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monia Azzalini
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
News Media ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Media Monitoring

This paper examines how news media play a crucial role in tolerating gender-based violence by constantly reinforcing ‘subtle’ gender stereotypes. After presenting the institutional background in which media, gender stereotypes and gender-based violence have been studied over the last 30 years, subtle gender stereotypes are defined as those stereotypes that are less evident than the obvious ones and are not usually correlated to gender violence. Nevertheless, they can be detected in the underrepresentation and misrepresentation of women in the news, as measured by the GMMP (Global Media Monitoring Project), which is the longest and most extensive study on the representation of women in news media.

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