scholarly journals BURNING OF FORESTS IN SNNP «BURABAY» AND WAYS TO MINIMIZE IT

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Е.В. АРХИПОВ ◽  
И.В. НОВОКШОНОВ ◽  
И.А. ПАНИН
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Actual Rate ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Climate Aridization ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Probability Of Transition ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Combustible Materials

Аридизация климата, наблюдающаяся в последние десятилетия, обусловила увеличение опасности возникновения и развития лесных пожаров. Особенно это проявляется в южных районах, где лесные насаждения произрастают на границе со степью в экстремальных для них лесорастительных условиях. Уменьшение количества осадков, повышение летних температур и усиление ветра приводят к ускоренно- му высыханию напочвенных горючих материалов и, как следствие этого, повышают вероятность прихода в лесные массивы степных пожаров, а также перехода низовых лесных пожаров в верховые. Сосновые насаждения ГНПП «Бурабай» характеризуются повышенной пожарной опасностью. В них велика вероятность перехода низовых пожаров в верховые и создания угрозы населенным пунктам. В целях совершенствования охраны лесов от пожаров проанализированы показатели фактической горимости лесов ГНПП «Бурабай» за период с 2008 по 2019 гг., а также специфика развития указанных пожаров и причины их возникновения. На основе собранных материалов предпринята попытка разработки предложений по совершенствова- нию охраны лесов от пожаров и минимизации послепожарного ущерба. Climate aridization observed in recent decades has led to an increase in the risk of occurrence and development of forest risk. This is especially evident in the southern regions where forest stands grow on the border with the steppe in extreme for them forest growing conditions. A decrease in the amount of precipitation, an increase in summer temperatures and wind increasing leads to an accelerated drying on soil combustible materials and, as a consequence, increases probability of entering into forests steppe fi res as well as transition of ground forest fi res to crown ones. Pine stands in SNNP «Burabay» are characterized by an increased fi re hazard. They have a high probability of transition of ground fi res upper ones and creation of a threat to settlement. In order to improve the protection of forests from fi res the indicators of actual rate of forest burning in SNNP «Burabay» for the period 2009 to 2019, as well as specifi c of these fi res development and the causes of their occurrence were analyzed. On the basis of the collected materials an attempt was made to develop proposals for improving the protection of forests from fi res and minimizing fi re hazardous damage.

scholarly journals Site Type Effect on Litter Decomposition Rates: A Three-Year Comparison of Decomposition Process between Spoil Heap and Forest Sites

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horodecki ◽  
Jagodziński
Keyword(s):  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Decomposition Rates ◽  
Degraded Lands ◽  
Spoil Heap ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Pine Stands

Research Highlights: Direct comparison of leaf litter decomposition rates between harsh soil conditions of degraded lands and adjacent “closer to natural” forest areas has not been done before. Background and Objectives: We aimed to fill this knowledge gap by determining the differences in amounts of carbon and nitrogen released by species-specific litter depending on decomposition rates in various stand and habitat conditions, which enables selection of the most ecologically and economically appropriate (for fast soil organic layer development) tree species for afforestation of reclaimed lands. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on the external spoil heap of the “Bełchatów” lignite mine (Central Poland) and adjacent forests. In December 2013, we established a litterbag experiment beneath the canopies of birch and pine stands. We used litter of Alnus glutinosa (Gaertn.), Betula pendula (Roth), Pinus sylvestris (L.), and Quercus robur (L.) collected ex situ, which we installed (after oven-drying) beneath the canopies of eight stands. The experiment lasted for three years (with sampling of three-month intervals). Results: Harsh soil conditions of degraded lands are unfavorable for litter mineralization. It was found that 23%–74% of decomposed materials were mineralized in spoil heap stands, whereas in forest stands these amounts ranged from 35%–83%. Litter of Q. robur in birch stands on the spoil heap is predicted to take 12 years longer for total decomposition than in forest stands of the same species. This hinders organic carbon turnover and could result in elongation of the time for full biological and economic reclamation of degraded lands. On the other hand, decomposition of relatively fast decomposable litter (A. glutinosa and B. pendula) in pine stands on the spoil heap was faster than in pine stands in forest sites (17% and 13% faster, respectively). We did not observe this trend for decomposition of more recalcitrant litter types of P. sylvestris and Q. robur. Conclusions: The results show the value of selective choice of tree species for afforestation of post-mining areas to accelerate the development of technogenic soil substrates. We recommend introducing all tree species studied in the cluster form of admixtures as all of them could bring some profits in ecological and economical reclamation.

scholarly journals Polygon «Ural-carbon» (Severka)

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
С.В. Залесов ◽  
В.В. Фомин ◽  
Е.П. Платонов ◽  
Г.А. Годовалов ◽  
К.А. Башегуров ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Southern Taiga ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Southern Taiga Subzone ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Mature Stands

На основе баз данных лесорастительных материалов проанализированы таксационные показатели насаждений, произрастающих на территории карбонового научно-исследовательского по- лигона, расположенного в Уральском учебно-опытном лесхозе (УУОл) Уральского государственного лесотехнического университета (УГлТУ). Отмечается, что основными лесными формациями на поли- гоне являются сосняки и березняки. Доля насаждений с доминированием в составе древостоев других пород-лесообразователей невелика. Помимо сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) и березы повислой (Betula pendula Roth.), другие виды произрастают, как правило, в примеси с указанными. Среди дре- востоев преобладают среднеполнотные спелые и перестойные насаждения. большинство древостоев характеризуется относительно высокими классами бонитета. Насаждения, произрастающие на террито- рии полигона, относятся к 13 типам леса, что свидетельствует о разнообразии лесорастительных усло- вий. В целом можно отметить, что видовое разнообразие древесных пород и лесорастительных условий на карбоновом научно-исследовательском полигоне УУОл УГлТУ обеспечивает возможность изучения широкого спектра вопросов депонирования углерода лесными экосистемами в условиях подзоны южной тайги Урала. The taxation indicators of plantations growing on the territory of the carbonic research polygon located in the Ural educational experimental forest enterorize (UEEF) of the Ural State Forest Engineering University were analyzed on the base of the forestry materials database. It is noted that the main forest formations on the polygons are pine and birch forest stands. The share of stands with other species of forest formers dominating in composition of forest stands is small. In addition to scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.), other species usually grow in admixtures with the specified. Among the stands mature and over mature stands of average density prevails. Most of the stands are characterized by relatively high bonitet classes. Plantations growing on the territory of the polygon belong to 13 types of forest, which indicates a variety of forest growing conditions. In general, it can be noted that the species diversity of tree species and forest growing conditions at the carboniferous research sity (UEEF) provides an opportunity to study a wide range of problems of carbon deposing forest ecosystems in conditions of the Southern Taiga subzone in the Urals.

scholarly journals Indicator of tension in the living space of protective forest stands

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Maliuha ◽  
V. V. Minder
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Scotch Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Living Space ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
The Stability

The density of stands remains a controversial issue to this day, requiring a practical solution in terms of the optimal liquefaction of plantings without a significant loss of the quantitative productivity of the trunk stock of wood and the stability of forest stands. Only as a result of focused efforts can the patterns of natural liquefaction or the process of self-regulation of complex biological systems, to which the forest belong, be achieved. Natural liquefaction of forest stands is an extremely complex process due to its multifactorial nature, to the manifestation of which climatic, soil, biological conditions and many other mutual influences are involved. In forest biogeocenoses, the edifacatory role belongs to the main stand. This tier represents a group of tree species in a phytocenosis, which determines its structure and, to a certain extent, composition. In this study, it is proposed to evaluate the functional load by an indicator of the tension of the living space of the plantation. Since Scotch pine is one of the most common edificators, widely used in the creation of anti-erosion plantations on soils of varying degrees of washout, substantiation of the indicator of tension is carried out on its example. The formula for calculating the tension indicator of the living space, characterizing the growing conditions of the plantation, is given. The indicator of the tension of living space is the ratio of the average height of plantings to their absolute completeness. The verification of the proposed indicator was carried out using tables of the course of growth, highlighting the patterns of the structure of tree stands. A graphic interpretation of the static research of forest stands is carried out. If the values of the tension indicators coincide with the distribution curve obtained from the standard tables of the sum of the cross-sectional areas of tree trunks with a completeness of 1.0, this indicates the optimal use of living space by plantations. The values of the indicators placed above the curve indicate the intensive use of living space. If the values of the indicators are located under the curve - it is incomplete use of living space. Since there is continuous forest management in Ukraine, and for timely forestry measures, it is necessary to constantly monitor the state of plantations. For successful cultivation of anti-erosion plantings of sufficiently high productivity and convenience of monitoring their condition, the proposed indicator can be used.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Ring Road on the growth of pine stands in Zhernovsky district forestry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.В. Полякова ◽  
С.Г. Шурыгин
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Construction Technology ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ring Road ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Surrounding Areas

В связи с увеличением территорий крупных городов все больше изымается площадей биогеоценозов под строительство линейных объектов (городская инфраструктура). Это ведет к увеличению нагрузки на биогеоценозы прилегающих к объектам территорий. Одним из наиболее значимых линейных объектов Санкт-Петербурга является кольцевая автодорога (далее – КАД). Строительство и функционирование КАД приводит к нарушению связей между компонентами биогеоценозов и к изменению самих биогеоценозов. В настоящей работе изучалось влияние кольцевой автодороги вокруг Санкт- Петербурга на компонент биогеоценоза – сосновый древостой. В качестве количественного показателя роста соснового древостоя были выбраны радиальные приросты, так как их параметры отражают качество условий произрастания. При анализе радиальных приростов сосновых древостоев, помимо положения от КАД, были учтены климатические условия. Корреляционный анализ подтвердил значимую достоверную связь между радиальными приростами древостоев участка 3 и средней температурой за вегетационный период на 25%. Также корреляционный анализ подтвердил значимую достоверную связь между радиальными приростами древостоев участка 6 и суммарным количеством осадков за вегетационный период на 30%. Дисперсионный анализ показал, что влияние КАД на приросты сосновых древостоев на подтопленных опытных участках 5 и 6 достоверно и составляет 38 и 30% соответственно от всех внешних факторов, влияющих на рост древостоев. Таким образом, полученные результаты подтверждают достоверное влияние КАД, построенное с технологическими нарушениями, так как насыпь КАД на рассматриваемых участках послужила дамбой, подпирающий поток почвенно-грунтовых вод, на рост сосновых древостоев. Наиболее изменчивы приросты древостоев на подтопляемых участках с нарушенным водно-воздушным режимом. The territory of large cities is increasing, larger areas of biogeocenoses are used for the construction of linear objects (urban infrastructure). This leads to an increase of the load on the ecosystems of surrounding areas. The most significant linear object of the city of St. Petersburg is the Ring Road. The construction and operation of the Ring Road leads to the disruption of the links between the components of biogeocenoses and to changes in biogeocenoses themselves. In this paper the influence of the Ring Road of St. Petersburg on the component of biogeocenosis – pine stands was studied. The quantitative indicator of pine stands growth is radial increment. Parameters of radial increment reflect the quality of growing conditions. The influence of position of the Ring Road and climatic conditions on the radial increments of pine stands was taken into account. The correlation analysis revealed a significant reliable relationship between the radial increments of the pine stands of site 3 and the average temperature over the vegetation period by 25%. Also, the correlation analysis revealed a significant reliable relationship between the radial increments of the stands of site 6 and the total amount of precipitation temperature over the vegetation period by 30%. Single-factor analysis of variance showed that the influence of the Ring Road on the growth of pine stands of underflooded sites 5 and 6 is reliable and is 38 and 30%, respectively, of all external factors affecting the growth of stands. The Ring Road was built with the construction technology infringement. The road embankment works as a dam on the way of soil water and groundwater. The obtained results confirm the reliable influence of the Ring Road on the growth of pine stands. The most significant deviation of the increments of stands was on underflooded sites with disturbed water and air conditions.

Leptosphaeria salvinii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Late Infection ◽  
Water Line ◽  
Partial Sterility ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Growing Conditions

Abstract A description is provided for Leptosphaeria salvinii[Magnaporthe salvinii]. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza sativa. DISEASE: Stem rot of rice (Oryza sativa). Symptoms are usually first seen at the later growth stages. Necrotic lesions begin on the outer leaf sheath near the water line; these spread gradually to the inner sheaths and the stem base. At about maturity lodging may occur and sclerotia will be found within the tissues. Partial sterility is caused and grain becomes light and chalky. Late infection can lead to small tillers but whether the pathogen caused excessive tillering, as earlier reports stated, is in doubt. Sclerotia form conidia when floating free or detached on moist substrata. Symptoms seem to vary with the growing conditions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with host (CMI Map 448, ed. 1, 1968). Additional records not mapped are: Costa Rica, Indonesia, Laos, Panama, Peru. TRANSMISSION: Probably largely through the sclerotia; the role of the conidium and ascospore has been little studied. Viability of the sclerotium is variable, depending on temperature and substratum conditions (11: 599; 47, 182), and a period of 6 yr has been reported (20: 381). Both sclerotia and perithecia survive high summer temperatures (46, 1574).

The timing of adult sockeye salmon migration into fresh water: adaptations by populations to prevailing thermal regimes

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayre Hodgson ◽  
Thomas P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Migration Route ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Timing Of Migration ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Timing Of Spawning

Anadromous fishes migrate to sea, apparently to take advantage of growing conditions, and return to fresh water to spawn. Despite favorable growing conditions at sea in summer, some populations leave the ocean in spring, many months prior to spawning. We hypothesized that this premature migration is a consequence of the fish having to avoid stressful summer temperatures in order to access certain suitable areas for spawning in the fall. We tested this idea in sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, by compiling data on the timing of migration and spawning and the freshwater temperature regime along the migration route in populations throughout the species' North American range. The timing of migration varied among populations and was primarily related to temperature regime during migration and the timing of spawning. When temperatures were moderate (<19°C), sockeye salmon tended to migrate to the vicinity of the spawning grounds about 1 month prior to spawning, regardless of the length of the freshwater migration. However, populations on whose migration route the average temperature exceeded 19°C displayed two basic patterns. Some populations entered fresh water prior to the warmest period, months before spawning, whereas others migrated after the period of highest temperatures had occurred.

scholarly journals Conversion of little value forest stands in Republic of Belarus: their state and problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
A.M. Potapenko ◽  
◽  
M.S. Lazareva ◽  
K.M. Storozhyshina ◽  
P.E. Mokhnachev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Broad Leaved Forest ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Methods Of Reconstruction ◽  
Average Survival Rate ◽  
Leaved Forest

The article provides data on the assessment of the state of broad-leaved forest crops created during the reconstruction of low-value forest stands in the forest fund. The effectiveness of various methods of reconstruction of measures depending on the share of broad-leaved species in the composition of forest crops is analyzed. It was found that during the period 2006–2018 reconstruction was carried out on an area of 3628 hectares in the Republic of Belarus using corridor (69 %), curtin-group (22 %) and continuous (9 %) methods. It is shown that the average survival rate of forest crops in the continuous reconstruction method was 84, corridor — 71 %, and preservation, respectively, — 61 and 63 %. The sub-topological forest crops created during the curtin-group reconstruction had an unsatisfactory condition (average survival and preservation — 40 %). It is recommended when creating broadleaf forest crops during the reconstruction of low-value forest stands to take into account their age, composition, forest growing conditions, as well as the biogroup placement of plantings, which ensures faster closing of crops in rows, and contributes to their favorable growth and formation, and to create an optimal width of corridors 4...6 meters, which will ensure uniform and sufficient distribution of light in forest crops.

scholarly journals Growth of pine stands on the dried lands of the Leningrad region

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Б.В. Бабиков ◽  
С.Г. Шурыгин ◽  
Л.С. Богданова
Keyword(s):  
Pine Forest ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
The Impact

Особенность исследований с оценкой изменения состояния древесных насаждений является необходимость длительного изучения. Для комплексной оценки влияния осушения на лесные биогеоценозы и окружающую среду в Лисино кафедрой почвоведения и гидромелиорации в 1973 г. был заложен стационар Малиновский . В статье приведены данные 40летних наблюдений за изменением водного режима объекта разной степени осушения и состояния почв и динамикой роста сосновых древостоев на осушенных территориях. Также приведены результаты почвенных исследований и динамика мощности торфа после осушения. Feature of researches with assessment of change of a condition of wood plantings need of long studying. For complex assessment of the impact of drainage on forest biogeocenoses and the environment in Lisino by the department of soil science and hydromelioration in 1973 put a constant trial areas Malinovsky . In article data of 40 summer observations of dynamics of growth pine forest stands are given in the drained territories. Results of soil researches and the loudspeaker of power of peat after drainage are also given.

scholarly journals Main forestry and management indices of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands involving beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in composition of Ukrainian Roztochchia

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Myklush Yuriy ◽  
Myklush Stepan ◽  
Havryliuk Serhii ◽  
Savchyn Volodymyr
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Common Oak

Abstract As of 2019, the total area of forest stands with the varying proportion of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in composition on the Ukrainian Roztochchia was 11,251.3 ha and the area of pine stands involving European beech in composition was 6879.5 ha. Pine stands involving beech in composition are formed on the fresh, moist and boggy relatively pure and relatively rich soil condition. Pine forest stands (average share of pine exceeds 56%), which include beech in composition occupy more than 80% of the total area of interest. Mature and overmature forest stands dominate most of the landscape. More than 85% of stands are characterized by an average relative completeness. Undergrowth of deciduous tree species, which is mainly formed by European beech or hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and rarely by common oak (Quercus robur L.) or sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), is available under a canopy of middle-aged, ripening and mature stands. The study points to the need to rethink forest management approaches and eventually to use such methods of forest cuttings that ensure natural regeneration not only of a European beech and common oak, but primarily of a pine. The practice of creating pine plantations in such conditions favourable for its growth and development should be used only in those cases when it is impossible to achieve natural regeneration of pine.

scholarly journals Impact of air pollution on forest stands in the vicinity of Wodzisław Śląski and Rybnik, Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Joanna Barniak ◽  
Agnieszka Jureczko
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Tree-ring analysis was used to investigate the impact of air pollution on forest stands in the southern part of the Upper Silesia region of southern Poland. Four about 120 years old Scots pine stands located near Wodzisław Śląski and Rybnik were selected for study and 20 increment core samples from each stand were taken. All study stands were selected based upon their considerable exposure to air and dust pollution.The results of dendrochronological analysis showed strong and significant reductions in tree ring growth especially during the period from 1960 to 1990. A significant number of trees with reductions (85%) was observed in two Scots pine stands both of which are directly exposed to air pollution from mine-owned coking plant and power and heating plants. Since 1990s the improved growth of these pines was clearly noted. A comparison for the period 1970 to 1990 for stands located west from the main emitters’ versus stands east and directly exposed found fewer trees with growth reductions (ca. 40%). At the beginning of the 21st century, a large number of trees in these western stands were observed with growth reductions between 50 and 60%. Probably, these trees were affected by air pollution from a nearby power plant located immediately across the border in the Czech Republic. Relationships between periods of severe reductions in ring width growth or missing rings were noted in a large percentage of pine trees in all four stands; these cross-stand relationships suggested common weather-related impacts. Missing rings were noted in 1956, 1963, 1968, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976 and 1979.

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