scholarly journals Nutritional properties and plausible benefits of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) on bone metabolism and osteoimmunology : a mini-review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (08) ◽  
pp. 336-342
Author(s):  
Abdelhafid Nani ◽  
Meriem Belarbi ◽  
Naim Akhtar Khan ◽  
Aziz Hichami
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Sahel Region ◽  
And Function ◽  
Bone Tissue Formation

Bone is a hard connective tissue that undergoes a systematic renewal. This highly dynamic organ is made up of four different types of cells, however, bone formation is commonly attributed to osteoblasts and bone resorption to osteoclasts. Bone tissue formation occurs during embryonic development and in certain post-birth pathological conditions. The immune system could influence the functions of bone cells, and the crosstalk between hematopoietic, immune, and bone cells is known as osteoimmunology. Indeed, cytokines produced by immune cells, including TNF-α and IL-6, are critically implicated in bone pathogenesis. It is well established that diet plays an important role in bone health and function. Indeed, an antioxidant nutraceuticals-rich diet, of which pearl millet is one, can be effective in treating osteoporosis. Pearl millet (PM) is an African native cereal that constitutes the staple food for African Sahel region inhabitants as well as for many peoples in rural regions in India. Pearl millet grains’ content in amino acids, minerals, and phytochemicals may contribute to promoting bone health and metabolism. Accordingly, in the current review, we discuss the putative effects of PM nutrients, with a focus on polyphenols, bone metabolism and osteoimmunology. In the light of our previous studies and others from the literature, we suggest that PM whole grains can be effective in the prevention and management of bone pathogenesis. Keywords: PM whole grains, nutrients, polyphenols, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoimmunology, TNF-α.

scholarly journals Nutritional properties and plausible benefits of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) on bone metabolism and osteoimmunology : a mini-review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 336-342
Author(s):  
Abdelhafid Nani ◽  
Meriem Belarbi ◽  
Naim Akhtar Khan ◽  
Aziz Hichami
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Sahel Region ◽  
And Function ◽  
Bone Tissue Formation

Bone is a hard connective tissue that undergoes a systematic renewal. This highly dynamic organ is made up of four different types of cells, however, bone formation is commonly attributed to osteoblasts and bone resorption to osteoclasts. Bone tissue formation occurs during embryonic development and in certain post-birth pathological conditions. The immune system could influence the functions of bone cells, and the crosstalk between hematopoietic, immune, and bone cells is known as osteoimmunology. Indeed, cytokines produced by immune cells, including TNF-α and IL-6, are critically implicated in bone pathogenesis. It is well established that diet plays an important role in bone health and function. Indeed, antioxidant nutraceuticals-rich diet, of which pearl millet is one, can be effective in treating osteoporosis. Pearl millet (PM) is an African native cereal that constitutes the staple food for African Sahel region inhabitants as well as for many peoples in rural regions in India. Pearl millet grains content in amino acids, minerals, and phytochemicals may contribute to promoting bone health and metabolism. Accordingly, in the current review, we discuss the putative effects of PM nutrients, with a focus on polyphenols, on bone metabolism and osteoimmunology. In the light of our previous studies and others from literature, we speculate that PM whole grains may be effective in the prevention and management of bone pathogenesis. ​Keywords: PM whole grains, polyphenols, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteoimmunology, TNF-α.

scholarly journals Obesity and Bone Health: A Complex Link

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Hou ◽  
Chen He ◽  
Wenzhen He ◽  
Mi Yang ◽  
Xianghang Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Fat Volume

So far, the connections between obesity and skeleton have been extensively explored, but the results are inconsistent. Obesity is thought to affect bone health through a variety of mechanisms, including body weight, fat volume, bone formation/resorption, proinflammatory cytokines together with bone marrow microenvironment. In this review, we will mainly describe the effects of adipokines secreted by white adipose tissue on bone cells, as well as the interaction between brown adipose tissue, bone marrow adipose tissue, and bone metabolism. Meanwhile, this review also reviews the evidence for the effects of adipose tissue and its distribution on bone mass and bone-related diseases, along with the correlation between different populations with obesity and bone health. And we describe changes in bone metabolism in patients with anorexia nervosa or type 2 diabetes. In summary, all of these findings show that the response of skeleton to obesity is complex and depends on diversified factors, such as mechanical loading, obesity type, the location of adipose tissue, gender, age, bone sites, and secreted cytokines, and that these factors may exert a primary function in bone health.

scholarly journals Male Hypogonadism and Osteoporosis: The Effects, Clinical Consequences, and Treatment of Testosterone Deficiency in Bone Health

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Golds ◽  
Devon Houdek ◽  
Terra Arnason
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Male Osteoporosis ◽  
Clinical Consequence ◽  
Male Hypogonadism ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Clinical Consequences ◽  
Secondary Hypogonadism

It is well recognized that bone loss accelerates in hypogonadal states, with female menopause being the classic example of sex hormones affecting the regulation of bone metabolism. Underrepresented is our knowledge of the clinical and metabolic consequences of overt male hypogonadism, as well as the more subtle age-related decline in testosterone on bone quality. While menopause and estrogen deficiency are well-known risk factors for osteoporosis in women, the effects of age-related testosterone decline in men on bone health are less well known. Much of our knowledge comes from observational studies and retrospective analysis on small groups of men with variable causes of primary or secondary hypogonadism and mild to overt testosterone deficiencies. This review aims to present the current knowledge of the consequences of adult male hypogonadism on bone metabolism. The direct and indirect effects of testosterone on bone cells will be explored as well as the important differences in male osteoporosis and assessment as compared to that in females. The clinical consequence of both primary and secondary hypogonadism, as well as testosterone decline in older males, on bone density and fracture risk in men will be summarized. Finally, the therapeutic options and their efficacy in male osteoporosis and hypogonadism will be discussed.

scholarly journals Phenology and reproductive effort of cultivated and wild forms of Pennisetum glaucum under experimental conditions in the Sahel: implications for the maintenance of polymorphism in the species

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 959-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-F. Renno ◽  
T. Winkel
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Flowering Period ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Sahel Region ◽  
Average Individual

In the Sahel region of Africa, the wild and the cultivated forms of pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br., are sympatric and interfertile and yet have remained distinct for millenia. Reproductive barriers are not sufficient to explain this situation. To elucidate other possible mechanisms, the two forms were compared under experimental conditions in the Sahel for their phenology and reproductive effort. The length of the flowering period of each type was much longer than the average individual flowering period. When the last cultivated plants were finishing flowering, 65% of the wild plants were still flowering and 30% were just starting to flower. Thus, the last group was completely isolated from cultivated pearl millet gene flow (endogamic reproduction). The two forms of pearl millet also differed in the distribution of aboveground biomass among different plant parts, except for the number of seeds per plant. Both phenological behaviour and reproductive effort contribute to the maintenance of distinct forms of wild and cultivated pearl millet. Keywords: Pennisetum glaucum, pearl millet, wild pearl millet, reproductive effort, phenology, endogamy.

scholarly journals Decitabine Promotes Modulation in Phenotype and Function of Monocytes and Macrophages That Drive Immune Response Regulation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Fabiana Albani Zambuzi ◽  
Priscilla Mariane Cardoso-Silva ◽  
Ricardo Cardoso Castro ◽  
Caroline Fontanari ◽  
Flavio da Silva Emery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
M2 Macrophage ◽  
M2 Polarization ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Monocytes And Macrophages ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Decitabine is an approved hypomethylating agent used for treating hematological malignancies. Although decitabine targets altered cells, epidrugs can trigger immunomodulatory effects, reinforcing the hypothesis of immunoregulation in treated patients. We therefore aimed to evaluate the impact of decitabine treatment on the phenotype and functions of monocytes and macrophages, which are pivotal cells of the innate immunity system. In vitro decitabine administration increased bacterial phagocytosis and IL-8 release, but impaired microbicidal activity of monocytes. In addition, during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, treatment promoted the M2-like profile, with increased expression of CD206 and ALOX15. Macrophages also demonstrated reduced infection control when exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. However, cytokine production remained unchanged, indicating an atypical M2 macrophage. Furthermore, when macrophages were cocultured with lymphocytes, decitabine induced a reduction in the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, maintaining IL-10 production, suggesting that decitabine could potentialize M2 polarization and might be considered as a therapeutic against the exacerbated immune response.

scholarly journals Constraints to Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) Production and Farmers’ Approaches to Striga hermonthica Management in Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8460
Author(s):  
Armel Rouamba ◽  
Hussein Shimelis ◽  
Inoussa Drabo ◽  
Mark Laing ◽  
Prakash Gangashetty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Central Plateau ◽  
South Central

Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a staple food crop in Burkina Faso that is widely grown in the Sahelian and Sudano-Sahelian zones, characterised by poor soil conditions and erratic rainfall, and high temperatures. The objective of this study was to document farmers’ perceptions of the prevailing constraints affecting pearl millet production and related approaches to manage the parasitic weeds S. hermonthica. The study was conducted in the Sahel, Sudano-Sahelian zones in the North, North Central, West Central, Central Plateau, and South Central of Burkina Faso. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and focus group discussions involving 492 participant farmers. Recurrent drought, S. hermonthica infestation, shortage of labour, lack of fertilisers, lack of cash, and the use of low-yielding varieties were the main challenges hindering pearl millet production in the study areas. The majority of the respondents (40%) ranked S. hermonthica infestation as the primary constraint affecting pearl millet production. Respondent farmers reported yield losses of up to 80% due to S. hermonthica infestation. 61.4% of the respondents in the study areas had achieved a mean pearl millet yields of <1 t/ha. Poor access and the high cost of introduced seed, and a lack of farmers preferred traits in the existing introduced pearl millet varieties were the main reasons for their low adoption, as reported by 32% of respondents. S. hermonthica management options in pearl millet production fields included moisture conservation using terraces, manual hoeing, hand weeding, use of microplots locally referred to as ‘zaï’, crop rotation and mulching. These management techniques were ineffective because they do not suppress the below ground S. hermonthica seed, and they are difficult to implement. Integrated management practices employing breeding for S. hermonthica resistant varieties with the aforementioned control measures could offer a sustainable solution for S. hermonthica management and improved pearl millet productivity in Burkina Faso.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Functional Alterations of Immune Effectors in Periodontitis; A Multifactorial and Complex Oral Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 875
Author(s):  
Kawaljit Kaur ◽  
Shahram Vaziri ◽  
Marcela Romero-Reyes ◽  
Avina Paranjpe ◽  
Anahid Jewett
Keyword(s):  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Oral Disease ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
And Function

Survival and function of immune subsets in the oral blood, peripheral blood and gingival tissues of patients with periodontal disease and healthy controls were assessed. NK and CD8 + T cells within the oral blood mononuclear cells (OBMCs) expressed significantly higher levels of CD69 in patients with periodontal disease compared to those from healthy controls. Similarly, TNF-α release was higher from oral blood of patients with periodontal disease when compared to healthy controls. Increased activation induced cell death of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) but not OBMCs from patients with periodontal disease was observed when compared to those from healthy individuals. Unlike those from healthy individuals, OBMC-derived supernatants from periodontitis patients exhibited decreased ability to induce secretion of IFN-γ by allogeneic healthy PBMCs treated with IL-2, while they triggered significant levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 by untreated PBMCs. Interaction of PBMCs, or NK cells with intact or NFκB knock down oral epithelial cells in the presence of a periodontal pathogen, F. nucleatum, significantly induced a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ. These studies indicated that the relative numbers of immune subsets obtained from peripheral blood may not represent the composition of the immune cells in the oral environment, and that orally-derived immune effectors may differ in survival and function from those of peripheral blood.

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