Derivation of an empirical relation between the size of the nanoparticle and the potency of homeopathic medicines

Homeopathic medicines are often prescribed at very high dilutions and it is a clinically observed fact that the medicinal effect of the drug remains even at these high dilutions. The increase in potency of a medicine due to potentization is still debatable from physico-chemical point of view. Out of various hypotheses to explain this phenomenon, a recent hypothesis, advanced by us and supported by others, is that the size of the constituent particles decreases and eventually achieves nano dimension due to potentization. From the experiments performed by our group, the size of nanoparticles (NPs) of Cuprum metallicum, Zincum oxydatum, Aurum metallicum, Ferrum metallicum and Aconitum napellus (6cH, 30cH and 200cH) have been estimated. A general mathematical expression of the form y = a x-n has been derived which relates the size of NPs (y) with the corresponding potencies (x). There is no method to calculate the accurate potency of the homeopathic medicine, as the potency of a medicine depends to some extent on the method of preparation, for which a standardized procedure is warranted. Also, while handling a medicine, the solvent might evaporate causing a change in the potency. Thus by measuring the size of the NPs and using our proposed standard curve, the potency may be estimated.

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Potency dependent activity of homeopathic nanomedicine- classical and quantum electrodynamical approach

International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 ◽

10.51910/ijhdr.v16i2.879 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 01-04

Author(s):

Papiya S Nandy

Keyword(s):

Physical System ◽

Trace Amount ◽

Mechanical Energy ◽

Mathematical Expression ◽

Point Of View ◽

High Dilution ◽

Homeopathic Medicine ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Dependent Activity ◽

Membrane Barrier

The effect of homeopathic medicine on biological and physical system is directly related to its potency [1]. However, from physico-chemical point of view it is difficult to explain this effect at such high dilution, as then the existence of even trace amount of particle is questionable. It has been reported that during the process of potentization, a large amount of mechanical energy gets transferred to the medium due to succussion [2]. This energy in all probability reduces the size of the drug aggregates. The drug then penetrates easily through the membrane barrier, and thereby gives rise to enhanced activity of the medicine. It has been experimentally proved by us and supported by others that indeed a reduction of size of the aggregates takes place with increase in potency [3]. Using five different homeopathic medicines, their sizes at three different potencies have been estimated and a general mathematical expression relating the size of the particle (Y) and the corresponding potency (X) has been derived as follows Y = a X -n

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Der Sommer und Herbst 2003 aus phänologischer Sicht | Summer and autumn 2003 from a phenological point of view

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2004.0142 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 155 (5) ◽

pp. 142-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Claudio Defila

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

New Record ◽

Point Of View ◽

Late Spring ◽

Mean Deviation ◽

Leaf Shedding ◽

The Mean ◽

Very High ◽

Selection Of

The record-breaking heatwave of 2003 also had an impact on the vegetation in Switzerland. To examine its influences seven phenological late spring and summer phases were evaluated together with six phases in the autumn from a selection of stations. 30% of the 122 chosen phenological time series in late spring and summer phases set a new record (earliest arrival). The proportion of very early arrivals is very high and the mean deviation from the norm is between 10 and 20 days. The situation was less extreme in autumn, where 20% of the 103 time series chosen set a new record. The majority of the phenological arrivals were found in the class «normal» but the class«very early» is still well represented. The mean precocity lies between five and twenty days. As far as the leaf shedding of the beech is concerned, there was even a slight delay of around six days. The evaluation serves to show that the heatwave of 2003 strongly influenced the phenological events of summer and spring.

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FEBID 3D-Nanoprinting at Low Substrate Temperatures: Pushing the Speed While Keeping the Quality

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11061527 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1527

Author(s):

Jakob Hinum-Wagner ◽

David Kuhness ◽

Gerald Kothleitner ◽

Robert Winkler ◽

Harald Plank

Keyword(s):

Volume Growth ◽

Point Of View ◽

High Fidelity ◽

Direct Write ◽

General Picture ◽

3D Space ◽

Design Flexibility ◽

Substrate Temperatures ◽

Very High ◽

Comprehensive Discussion

High-fidelity 3D printing of nanoscale objects is an increasing relevant but challenging task. Among the few fabrication techniques, focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) has demonstrated its high potential due to its direct-write character, nanoscale capabilities in 3D space and a very high design flexibility. A limitation, however, is the low fabrication speed, which often restricts 3D-FEBID for the fabrication of single objects. In this study, we approach that challenge by reducing the substrate temperatures with a homemade Peltier stage and investigate the effects on Pt based 3D deposits in a temperature range of 5–30 °C. The findings reveal a volume growth rate boost up to a factor of 5.6, while the shape fidelity in 3D space is maintained. From a materials point of view, the internal nanogranular composition is practically unaffected down to 10 °C, followed by a slight grain size increase for even lower temperatures. The study is complemented by a comprehensive discussion about the growth mechanism for a more general picture. The combined findings demonstrate that FEBID on low substrate temperatures is not only much faster, but practically free of drawbacks during high fidelity 3D nanofabrication.

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Megamasers as probes of galaxy mass spectrum evolution

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900239934 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 147 ◽

pp. 440-440

Author(s):

V.K. Khersonskii ◽

N.V. Voshchinnikov

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrum ◽

Spectral Line ◽

Emission Line ◽

Frequency Shift ◽

Empirical Relation ◽

Far Infrared ◽

Merging Galaxies ◽

Maser Emission ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Very High

OH megamasers having very high luminosities in the spectral line can be effectively used for the probing of the evolutionary properties of the galaxies in the earliest cosmological epochs. The frequency shift of the emission line uniqually determines the redshift z, which tells about the epoch of emission. One of the important cosmological problems is the investigation of the galaxy mass spectrum in the expanding Universe. There is the empirical relation between the OH and far-infrared luminosities of galaxies. Therefore, if in the earliest cosmological epochs, there were galaxies with sufficient powerful infrared excesses and containing molecular material, they can be detected using the observations of their OH maser emission. The interacting and merging galaxies can be considered as the best candidates for such objects.

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Interaction between Solvatochromic Dyes and Water Sampled from a Natural Source Treated with High Dilutions of Phosphorus

Homeopathy ◽

10.1055/s-0039-3400255 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 109 (03) ◽

pp. 126-132

Author(s):

Ana Carla C. Aparicio ◽

Larissa Helen S. de Oliveira ◽

Jefferson S. Silva ◽

Cideli P. Coelho ◽

Sonia Regina Pinheiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Source ◽

Chemical Monitoring ◽

Lake System ◽

Solvatochromic Dyes ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Untreated Water ◽

Before And After ◽

High Dilutions ◽

Methylene Violet ◽

Solvatochromic Dye

Abstract Background Highly diluted and succussed solutions interact with solvatochromic dyes, indicating that changes in solvent and solute polarity could be related to their mechanism of action. It is not known, however, how the activity associated with succussed high dilutions is transferred to untreated water and what the limits of this process are. Aims The aims of the present study were to ascertain whether a succussed high dilution of phosphorus (1.5 × 1−59 M; Phos 30cH) seeded into a natural water source that fed a fjord and two connected lakes could propagate itself through the lake system (total volume 2200 m3) and, moreover, whether the process could be tracked using solvatochromic dyes. Methods Samples of water were collected before and after seeding, at different times and places throughout the lake system. Controls comprised water taken from an untreated and adjacent, but independent, lake (1385 m3). Results Water samples taken up to 72 hours after the source treatment produced significant increases (p ≤ 0.03) in the absorbance of the solvatochromic dye methylene violet (MV), while samples from the control lake produced no changes. Conclusions The study indicates that activity associated with Phos 30c can propagate itself through large volumes of water, causing changes throughout a whole connected lake system, and that these changes can be tracked using the solvatochromic dye MV. This in turn means the use of homeopathic medicines in large volumes of drinking water, in farming and ecological contexts, now has the potential to be assessed with physico-chemical monitoring.

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Revolving cards: A financial analysis of the credit repayment and legal implications

Studies of Applied Economics ◽

10.25115/eea.v39i2.3457 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Salvador Cruz Rambaud ◽

Salvador Cruz Vargas

Keyword(s):

Interest Rate ◽

Credit Card ◽

Financial Analysis ◽

Point Of View ◽

Excessive Amount ◽

Nominal Interest Rate ◽

Legal Implications ◽

Long Duration ◽

Very High

The framework of this paper is credit card holding by users and consumers, more specifically, the so-called revolving cards. In most cases, the true interest rate applied to a credit is much higher than its nominal interest rate. Usually, this is due to the existence of some fees to be paid by the holder, and to the process of splitting the periods of interest. However, the contracted annual interest rate of revolving cards is very high which, together with the peculiar amortization system, gives rise to an excessive amount of interests. The objective of this paper is to describe and analyze, from a legal and financial point of view, the main characteristics of the credit repayment in revolving cards. We conclude that the complete amortization of the principal needs a long duration and the payment of a high amount of interests.

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Back to the Future: Very High-Energy Electrons (VHEEs) and Their Potential Application in Radiation Therapy

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13194942 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 4942

Author(s):

Maria Grazia Ronga ◽

Marco Cavallone ◽

Annalisa Patriarca ◽

Amelia Maia Leite ◽

Pierre Loap ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Therapy ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

High Energy ◽

High Dose Rate ◽

Point Of View ◽

High Dose ◽

Dose Rates ◽

High Energy Electrons ◽

Very High Energy ◽

Very High

The development of innovative approaches that would reduce the sensitivity of healthy tissues to irradiation while maintaining the efficacy of the treatment on the tumor is of crucial importance for the progress of the efficacy of radiotherapy. Recent methodological developments and innovations, such as scanned beams, ultra-high dose rates, and very high-energy electrons, which may be simultaneously available on new accelerators, would allow for possible radiobiological advantages of very short pulses of ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) therapy for radiation therapy to be considered. In particular, very high-energy electron (VHEE) radiotherapy, in the energy range of 100 to 250 MeV, first proposed in the 2000s, would be particularly interesting both from a ballistic and biological point of view for the establishment of this new type of irradiation technique. In this review, we examine and summarize the current knowledge on VHEE radiotherapy and provide a synthesis of the studies that have been published on various experimental and simulation works. We will also consider the potential for VHEE therapy to be translated into clinical contexts.

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STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BIRD VALLEY’S QUARRY WATER PCMC, MAHARASHTRA

Green Chemistry & Technology Letters ◽

10.18510/gctl.2020.622 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Shashikala Kokcha ◽

Harsha Chatrath

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variations ◽

Water Samples ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Point Of View ◽

Present Condition ◽

Chemical Parameters ◽

Standard Methods ◽

Drinking Purposes ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Methods And Techniques

Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study is to make sure that the Bird valley’s quarry water is suitable for drinking purposes or not and to monitor the seasonal variations in the physico-chemical parameters of this quarry water. Methodology: Water samples from the quarry were collected in clean and sterilized polyethylene bottles. Water samples were collected from different points and mixed together to get an integrated sample. Some of the selected physico-chemical parameters of the quarry water have been analyzed. Results were compared with standard limits of IS: 10500-2012. All the parameters were analyzed in the laboratory by using standard methods and techniques. Main Findings: As per the obtained results this quarry water contains a very large number of Coliforms detected in the months of September and December and in June month Coliform count was 33 CFU/ml. This overall result for coliform is making this quarry water unfit for domestic purposes. Applications of this study: This study helps us to understand the current condition of this quarry water and also enables us to know whether the quarry water is fit for drinking purposes. It also enables us to know whether this quarry water can be used for domestic purposes after the treatment. Novelty/Originality of this study: Bird valley’s quarry water has not been analyzed from this point of view till date. This study will help us to understand the present condition of the water.

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Common Birds of Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Journal of Advanced Academic Research ◽

10.3126/jaar.v1i2.16585 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 19-26

Author(s):

Parveen Kumar Jha

Keyword(s):

Protected Area ◽

National Park ◽

Bird Species ◽

Point Of View ◽

Central Nepal ◽

South Central ◽

Tropical Vegetation ◽

Chitwan National Park ◽

Common Birds ◽

Very High

This research paper gives checklist of common birds of Chitwan National Park, which is a wild-life protected area in south-central Nepal. It covers tropical and sub-tropical vegetation. It is first protected area and includes 932 sq. km. Common birds observed are about 170 belonging to 48 Avian families during 2013-2014. Present investigator has very minutely observed birds in habitat conditions. Bird species were recognized by very high binocular. Birds were thoroughly studied from point of view of Taxonomy. Machans were also erected for observing birds.

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Prophetism and Enigma in Zviad Gamsakhurdia’s poetry

TRANSACTIONS OF TELAVI STATE UNIVERSITY ◽

10.52340/tuw.2021.453 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nana Qiria

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

The Veil ◽

Very High

Even a glance at Zviad Gamsakhurdia's work shows that he has experienced a long creative burn, he is extremely strong in worldviews and eternal, unchanging, even strangely calm, but thematically changeable.In his work, the arousal of feelings and the veil of thought are harmoniously combined. When the register of such harmony is very high, elements of prophethood appear in Zviad Gamsakhurdia's work and it must be said that his prophecy is infallible and skillfully placed in the artistic mold. In his poetry there is a skillfully blended vague allegory conveyed with a premeditated intent, something between mediocre openness and obscure, transparent and obscure. It can be boldly said that Zviad Gamsakhurdia is a master of enigmatic poetry.The aim of the research is to critically analyze the poetry of the great Georgian figure, thinker and writer Zviad Gamsakhurdia (from a prophetic and enigmatic point of view).The method is comparative. The merits and weaknesses of Zviad Gamsakhurdia's works can be seen in comparison, more - the first.Research result - Prophecy by Zviad Gamsakhurdia is the biggest secret of life. Both his enigma and prophecy stem from bottomless freedom.

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