scholarly journals Joint Occurrence of Heatwaves and Ozone Pollution and Increased Health Risks in Beijing, China: Roles of Synoptic Weather Pattern and Urbanization

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Zong ◽  
Yuanjian Yang ◽  
Haiyun Xia ◽  
Meng Gao ◽  
Zhaobin Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Synoptic Patterns ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Boundary Layer Height ◽  
Synoptic Weather ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Pollution Events

Abstract. Heatwaves (HWs) paired with higher ozone (O3) concentration at surface level pose a serious threat to human health. Their combined modulation of synoptic patterns and urbanization remains unclear. By using five years of summertime temperature and O3 concentrations observation in Beijing, this study explored potential drivers of compound HWs and O3 pollution events. Three unfavourable synoptic weather patterns were identified to dominate the compound HWs and O3 pollution events. The weather patterns contributing to enhance those conditions are characterized by sinking air motion, low boundary layer height, and hot temperatures. Under the synergistic stress of HWs and O3 pollution, the public mortality risk increased by approximately 12.59 % (95 % confidence interval: 4.66 %, 21.42 %). Relative to rural areas, urbanization caused higher risks for HWs, but lower risks for O3 over urban areas. In general, unfavourable synoptic patterns and urbanization can enhance the compound risk of events in Beijing by 45.46 % and 8.08 %, respectively. Our findings provide robust evidence and implications for forecasting compound heatwaves and O3 pollution event and its health risks in Beijing or in other urban areas all over the word having high concentrations of O3 and high-density populations.

scholarly journals Do adult health outcomes in urban population reflect local health risk? A matched cohort analysis of migration effects in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. e029059
Author(s):  
Philippe Bocquier ◽  
Abdramane Bassiahi Soura ◽  
Souleymane Sanogo ◽  
Sara Randall
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Access To Health

BackgroundSelective migration may affect health indicators in both urban and rural areas. Sub-Saharan African urban areas show evidence of both negative and positive selection on health status at outmigration. Health outcomes as measured in urban populations may not reflect local health risks and access to health services.MethodsUsing the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System and a migrant follow-up survey, we measured differences in health between matched non-migrants and outmigrants. We applied Cox and competing risks models on migration and death.ResultsControlling for premigration health status, migrants who moved out of Ouagadougou have higher mortality (HR 3.24, 95% CI 1.23 to 8.58) than non-migrants and migrants moving to other Ouagadougou areas. However, these effects vanish in the matched sample controlling for all interactions between death determinants. These and other results show little evidence that migration led to higher mortality or worse health.ConclusionsHealth outcomes as measured in Ouagadougou population do reflect local health risks and access to health services despite high migration intensity. However, neither the hypothesis of effect of health on migration nor the hypothesis of negative effect of migration on health or survival was confirmed.

scholarly journals The Temporal Evolution of PM2.5 Pollution Events in Taiwan: Clustering and the Association with Synoptic Weather

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Shih-Hao Su ◽  
Chiao-Wei Chang ◽  
Wei-Ting Chen
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Local Circulation ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Synoptic Weather ◽  
Pollution Events

This study conducted a cluster analysis on the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) data over Taiwan from 2006 to 2015 and diagnosed their association with the synoptic weather patterns. Five clusters are identified via a hierarchical clustering algorithm; three of them correspond to severe events, each with a distinct pattern of temporal evolution within the 240-h window. The occurrence of the different clusters exhibits strong seasonal variation. Two of the polluted clusters are more frequently associated with weak synoptic weather, while the other one is related to northeasterly winds and fronts. Detailed case studies show that the weather patterns’ temporal evolutions clearly modulate the transition among various pollution clusters by influencing the changes in local circulation and atmospheric stability. In winter, the clusters characterizing severe PM2.5 pollution events occur when Taiwan is influenced by persistent weak synoptic condition, while in autumn, the long-range transport by strong northerly winds leads to the occurrence of severe PM2.5 pollution. The current results shed light on the potential of combining the data-driven approach and the numerical weather forecasting model to provide extended range forecasts of local air pollution forecasts.

Planning for the Future: Leadership Development and Succession Planning in Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie C. Fusarelli ◽  
Lance D. Fusarelli ◽  
Fran Riddick
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Leadership Development ◽  
School Leadership ◽  
Succession Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
District Level Leaders

Superintendents leading school districts, particularly in hard-to-staff areas, face immense challenges in recruiting and retaining high-quality, well-trained teachers, principals, and district leaders. Many large urban areas as well as their rural counterparts have high concentrations of intergenerational poverty and unemployment. Rural areas are further disadvantaged by the lack of social and cultural attractions as well as fewer health care resources. In North Carolina, many of the lowest performing schools in the state are disproportionately clustered in rural areas. Superintendents leading districts in such areas face serious problems of high teacher and school leader turnover. As a result, superintendents are constantly engaged in an ongoing cycle of hiring new teachers, assistant principals, and district-level leaders. The graying of the school leadership profession further compounds the problem. For example, over the next 4 years in rural, high-poverty schools in North Carolina, an estimated 50% of principals will be eligible for retirement—making succession planning for quality school leadership a critical issue. In this article, we review the research and best practices on succession planning in education as well as in other sectors. Utilizing the theoretical framework of human capital theory, we illustrate how forward-thinking superintendents can partner with universities and other organizations to address the leadership challenges they face by creating strategic, long-term, leadership growth plans that build leadership capacity and potentially yield significant returns in improved student outcomes.

An Epidemiological, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Study of Giardia lamblia in Anbar Province – Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Suad Shallal Shahatha
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Giardia Lamblia ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Teucrium Polium L ◽  
Therapeutic Study

This study was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of Giardia lamblia parasites in patients who visited some of the hospitals in Anbar province, which included (Fallujah Teaching Hospital, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Women and Children and Hit Hospital) during by examining 864 stool samples in a direct examination method, The results revealed the infection rate was 41.7 % and the percentage of infection among males 47.8% is higher than that of females 35.4% with significant differences (p≤0.05). The age groups (1-9) years recorded the highest rates 55.4% and the lowest rate 13.6% in the age group (40-49) years. The highest rate of infection was 62.5% during the month of June, while the month of October was the lowest rate 5% and significant differences. The incidence rate in rural areas was 50.6% higher than in the urban areas 32.5%. The study also included the effect of Teucrium polium L. on the parasite in the culture media HSP-1, the concentrations of 0.5-3 mg / mL significantly affected Giardia, it was noted whenever the greater the concentration, the greater the effect during different treatment periods (1-4) days, as the highest concentration 3 mg/ml killed all Giardia parasites on the fourth day of treatment.

A Study Of Expansion Of The Fmcg Market Across Rural Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 142-151
Author(s):  
Dr. Udayagiri Raghunath ◽  
Dr. V.Venkateswara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Customer Choice ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Rural Markets ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
Tv Media ◽  
Rural Clients ◽  
Tv Watching

The corporate companies dealing with FMCG products have started focusing on rural markets as the urban markets have become saturated and highly competitive. Capturing the rural markets brings forth a whole new set of challenges as it is laborious to break in. This market presents the companies with gamut challenges on a new dimension which demand entirely different strategies as compared to the ones used in urban areas. Studying the rural markets for rural markets has become crucial more than ever. It is an objective learning, psychiatry of dispersion, impact of the FMCG in rural areas. This research uses diverse utensils, procedure toward analyze composed records. Several of the features used in analyzing the data are the consumer characteristics like educational qualifications, professions they are in, and the income levels. The role of TV media advertising is also analyzed. Many deals and promotions advertised on TV are investigated. The scope of authority wield by publicity happening customer choice production has looked into. The different levels of media exposure and preferable TV watching times and their favorite programs considered while analyzing the data. The spending prototype of rural clients on FMCG is examined and further categorized based on their income levels, educational qualifications, and legal awareness of consumer act. All the analyzed data, results, and suggestions presented in the visual formats.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

Digital Entrepreneurship for Rural Youth: Entrepreneurial Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-76
Author(s):  
Wawan Dhewanto ◽  
Salma Azzahra ◽  
Vania NR Rhommadhonni ◽  
Fera Yunita
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Process ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
United Nation ◽  
Digital Entrepreneurship

The young generation has a very important role as the nation's next generation, so it needs special attention to make them strong and independent figures. The young age phase is also a determining gate for the future after completing education (United Nation, 2013). Unfortunately, in Indonesia the number of young unemployed reaches 22.48% (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2018). Under these conditions, one of the efforts that can be done to reduce the unemployment rate is through an entrepreneurial program (Fatoki, 2014). This is a challenge for all parties because Rahmatiah et al (2019) states that currently the young generation of Indonesia is still difficult to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, competition in the 4.0 industrial revolution era is getting tougher. For entrepreneurs in rural areas, the challenges faced are greater than those who live in urban areas (Azzahra & Dhewanto, 2017), however by utilizing digital technology and becoming digital entrepreneurs, rural residents are able to compete, minimize social inequalities and accelerate economic growth (Ratten, 2018 ). Only a few young people have the talent and interest to run a business (Ceptureanu & Ceptueanu, 2015). Therefore an in-depth study of the interests and entrepreneurial processes for rural youth to become a digital entrepreneur is needed. This research was conducted in order to have young digital entrepreneurs who came from rural areas to be able to compete in this 4.0 industry era. Thus, the research questions in this study are: (1). Why does rural youth want to be a digital entrepreneur? How is the entrepreneurial process of rural youth to become digital entrepreneurs? Keywords: Digital Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurial Process, Rural Youth

Management of Water Cycle: An Approach to Urban Ecology

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ripl
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
River System ◽  
Soil Restoration ◽  
Environmental Damage

Abstract Densely populated urban areas, which have developed over the last century, depend heavily on centralized water supply, sewage treatment plants, and hydroelectric or thermal power generation with vast demand of cooling water. Considerable areas have been drained or sealed, and the short-circuited water cycle has been distorted. Large rivers have been converted to shipping canals with the permanent risk of accidental pollution. Technical means such as sewage treatment, air filters, emission control and lake and soil restoration measures have contributed to correct the environmental damage. However, a balance sheet for irreversible matter losses (mainly base cation charges) from the urbanized areas and the surrounding landscape into the sea shows ever-increasing trends. These losses are destabilizing the ecosystems. In this paper, management of the water cycle in urban areas, together with the coupled matter cycles, is discussed. Particular reference is given to Metropolitan Berlin, with a network of shipping canals, which move biologically treated waste, containing base cations and nutrients to the surrounding rural areas. This could create manageable productive wetlands and re-establish soil fertility. At the same time, the natural cooling system close to the urban areas will be improved by providing more areas with permanent vegetation. In addition, reduction of the present large oscillations of the groundwater table, resulting from groundwater pumping and its recharge with less polluted surface water, is contemplated. The widely used shoreline infiltration of the Havel River should then be eliminated and the severe damage of the littoral vegetation in large sections of the Havel River system be avoided.

Integrated waste water management for a small river basin - a case study

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
R. Fenz ◽  
M. Zessner ◽  
N. Kreuzinger ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Management ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
The North ◽  
Waste Water Management

In Austria approximately 70% of the population is connected to sewerage and to biological waste water treatment plants. Whereas the urban areas are already provided with these facilities to a very high extent, effort is still needed in rural areas to meet the requirements of the Austrian legislation. The way, this task should be solved has provoked much controversy. It is mainly the question, whether centralised or decentralised sewage disposal systems are preferable from the ecological and economical point of view, that became a political issue during the last 5 years. The Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management was asked to elaborate a waste water management concept for the Lainsitz River Basin, a mainly rural area in the north of Austria discharging to the Elbe river. Both ecological and economical aspects should be considered. This paper presents the methodology that was applied and the criteria which were decisive for the selection of the final solution.

Impact of Elected Women Representatives of Panchayati Raj in Physical and Financial and Business Assets Development of Rural Women: A Study among the Rural Women’s of Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu[1]

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalaichelvi Sivaraman ◽  
Rengasamy Stalin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Panchayati Raj

This research paper is the part of Research Project entitled “Impact of Elected Women Representatives in the Life and Livelihood of the Women in Rural Areas: With Special Reference to Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu” funded by University of Madras under UGC-UPE Scheme.The 73rd and 74th amendments of the Constitution of India were made by the government to strengthen the position of women and to create a local-level legal foundation for direct democracy for women in both rural and urban areas. The representation for women in local bodies through reservation policies amendment in Constitution of India has stimulated the political participation of women in rural areas. However, when it’s comes to the argument of whether the women reservation in Panchayati Raj helps or benefits to the life and livelihood development of women as a group? The answer is hypothetical because the studies related to the impact of women representatives of Panchayati Raj in the life and livelihood development of women was very less. Therefore, to fill the gap in existing literature, the present study was conducted among the rural women of Tiruvannamalai district to assess the impact of elected women representatives in the physical and financial and business development of the women in rural areas. The findings revealed that during the last five years because of the women representation in their village Panjayati Raj, the Physical Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (55.8%) and Highly (23.4%) and the Financial and Business Asset of the rural women were increased or developed moderately (60.4%) and Highly (18.7%).

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