scholarly journals Reactions of H<sup>+</sup>(pyridine)<sub><i>m</i></sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>n</i></sub> and H<sup>+</sup>(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>1</sub>(pyridine)<sub>1</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>n</i></sub> with NH<sub>3</sub>: experiments and kinetic modelling under tropospheric conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 24535-24566
Author(s):  
M. J. Ryding ◽  
Å. M. Jonsson ◽  
A. S. Zatula ◽  
P. U. Andersson ◽  
E. Uggerud
Keyword(s):  
Water Clusters ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Product Ions ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Reactions between pyridine containing water cluster ions, H+(pyridine)1(H2O)n, H+(pyridine)2(H2O)n and H+(NH3)1(pyridine)1(H2O)n (n up to 15) with NH3 have been studied experimentally using a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The product ions in the reaction between H+(pyridine)m(H2O)n and NH3 have been determined for the first time. It is found that the reaction mainly leads to cluster ions of the form HH+(NH3)1(pyridine)1(H2O)n−x, with x = 1 or 2 depending on the initial size of the reacting cluster ion. For a given number of water molecules (from 5 to 15) in the cluster ion, rate coefficients are found to be slightly lower than those for protonated pure water clusters reacting with ammonia. The rate coefficients obtained from this study are used in a kinetic cluster ion model under tropospheric conditions. The results from the model suggest that cluster ions containing ammonia and more than one pyridine, picoline or lutidine molecule should dominate at ground level under typical conditions.

scholarly journals Reactions of H+(pyridine)m(H2O)n and H+(NH3)1(pyridine)m(H2O)n with NH3: experiments and kinetic modelling

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2809-2822 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Ryding ◽  
A. S. Zatula ◽  
P. U. Andersson ◽  
E. Uggerud ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Clusters ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Product Ions ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Reactions between pyridine containing water cluster ions, H+(pyridine)1(H2O)n, H+(pyridine)2(H2O)n and H+(NH3)1(pyridine)1(H2O)n (n up to 15) with NH3 have been studied experimentally using a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The product ions in the reaction between H+(pyridine)m(H2O)n (m = 1 to 2) and NH3 have been determined for the first time. It is found that the reaction mainly leads to cluster ions of the form H+(NH3)1(pyridine)m(H2O)n-x, with x = 1 or 2 depending on the initial size of the reacting cluster ion. For a given number of water molecules (from 5 to 15) in the cluster ion, rate coefficients are found to be slightly lower than those for protonated pure water clusters reacting with ammonia. The rate coefficients obtained from this study are used in a kinetic cluster ion model under tropospheric conditions. The disagreement between ambient ground level measurements and previous models are discussed in relation to the results from our model and future experimental directions are suggested.

Energetic Cluster Ion Impacts on Carbon and Gold/Carbon Films

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 384-385
Author(s):  
M.C. Ledbetter ◽  
M.W. Matthew ◽  
R.J. Beuhler ◽  
L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Water Clusters ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Pure Carbon ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
Singly Charged ◽  
20 Nm

Mass analyzed beams of accelerated cluster ions have been used to study energy transfer processes on impact with solid surfaces. Singly-charged water molecule clusters containing between 20 and 150 water molecules and one proton have been accelerated to kinetic energies as high as 300 kV and collided with 10 nm films of carbon or carbon covered with 2 μg/cm2 evaporated gold. Alterations in the structure of these films have been studied by transmission electron microscopy.Carbon films bombarded with water clusters of 25 and 100 molecules accelerated to 300 kV are shown in Fig. 1. The use of 100 water molecules produced craters about 7-8 nm in diameter and even 50 molecules produced craters about 1.5-2 nm in diameter; however, 25 molecules failed to produce any detectable alterations in the film. The bombardment of a gold-covered film by similar clusters is shown in Fig. 2. In these cases, gold grains were removed to form voids about 10-20 nm in diameter, even by the clusters as small as 25 molecules, which produced no craters in pure carbon.

Excess partial molar enthalpies of 2-butoxyethanol and water in 2-butoxyethanol–water mixtures

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Siu ◽  
Yoshikata Koga
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Water Clusters ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Pure Liquid ◽  
Entire Concentration Range ◽  
Solute Interaction ◽  
Excess Partial Molar Enthalpy ◽  
Partial Molar Enthalpies

Excess partial molar enthalpies of 2-butoxyethanol (BE) and water, [Formula: see text](I = BE or H2O), were measured from 25 to 35 °C in the entire concentration range. The results indicated that there are three concentration regions bounded at about xB = 0.02 and xB = 0.5, xB being the mole fraction of BE. In each region, the concentration and temperature dependence of [Formula: see text] (I = BE or H2O), is distinctively different from those in the other regions, and appears to support the following views: In the water-rich region, xB < 0.02, BE molecules cause an enhancement in the structure of water, and this effect spans a long range via a structurally enhanced network of water. The solute–solute (BE–BE) interaction is repulsive and of a long range character in terms of enthalpy. As xB increases, the repulsive solute–solute interaction becomes stronger sharply to the threshold value, xB ≈ 0.017, whereupon the mode of such mixing no longer becomes possible. In the intermediate range, 0.02 < χB < 0.5, a new scheme whereby BE molecules tend to associate is predominant. Two clathrate-like aggregates of the types h[BE(H2O)k] with k = 55 and 4 may exist together with BE clusters (BE)n In the third region, 0.5 < xB, BE molecules are exactly in the same environment as in pure liquid, while water molecules are almost in the same environment as in pure water. The solution consists of BE and water clusters. Keywords: excess partial molar enthalpy, 2-butoxyethanol–water.

Interaction of Gold Atom with Clusters of Water: Few Computational Mise-En-Scènes with Hydrogen Bonding Motif

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1457-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene S. Kryachko
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Clusters ◽  
Gold Atom ◽  
Proton Acceptor ◽  
Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time

The present work outlines the fair relationship of the computational model with the experiments on anion photoelectron spectroscopy for the gold-water complexes [Au(H2O)1≤n≤2]- that is established between the auride anion Au- and water monomer and dimer thanks to the nonconventional hydrogen bond where Au- casts as the nonconventional proton acceptor. This work also extends the computational model to the larger complexes [Au(H2O)3≤n≤5]- where gold considerably thwarts the shape of water clusters and even particularly breaks their conventional hydrogen bonding patterns. The fascinating phenomenon of the lavish proton acceptor character of Au- to form at least six hydrogen bonds with molecules of water is computationally unveiled in the present work for the first time.

SPUTTERING WITH GAS CLUSTER-ION BEAMS

1996 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 1017-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. MATSUO ◽  
M. AKIZUKI ◽  
J. NORTHBY ◽  
G.H. TAKAOKA ◽  
I. YAMADA
Keyword(s):  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Silicon Surfaces ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Mass Filter ◽  
Cluster Bombardment ◽  
Cluster Ion Beams ◽  
Cluster Ion

A high-current (~100 nA) cluster-ion-beam equipment with a new mass filter has been developed to study the energetic cluster-bombardment effects on solid surfaces. A dramatic reduction of Cu concentration on silicon surfaces has been achieved by 20-keV Ar cluster (N~3000) ion bombardment. The removal rate of Cu with cluster ions is two orders of magnitude higher than that with monomer ions. A significantly higher sputtering yield is expected for cluster-ion irradiation. An energetic cluster-ion beam is quite suitable for removal of metal.

CONDUCTANCES OF LITHIUM NITRATE SOLUTIONS IN ETHYL ALCOHOL AND ETHYL ALCOHOL - WATER MIXTURES AT 25.0 °C.

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1232-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Campbell ◽  
G. H. Debus
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Lithium Nitrate ◽  
Absolute Alcohol ◽  
Pure Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Water ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

The conductances of solutions of lithium nitrate in 30, 70, and 100 weight per cent ethyl alcohol have been determined at concentrations ranging from 0.01 molar up to saturation, at 25 °C. The densities and viscosities of these solutions have also been determined. The data have been compared with the calculated conductances obtained from the Wishaw–Stokes equation. The agreement is fairly good up to, say, 2 M, for all solvents except absolute alcohol. In the latter solvent there is no value of å, the distance of closest approach, which will give consistent values of the equivalent conductance. In passing from pure water to pure alcohol, the value of å increases progressively and this we attribute to a change in the solvation of the lithium ion from water molecules to alcohol molecules. Some further calculations incline us to the view that the nitrate ion, as well as the lithium ion, is solvated to some extent, at least in alcohol.

A New Type of Cluster-Ion Source for Thin Film Deposition

1990 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellmut Haberland ◽  
Martin Karrais ◽  
Martin Mall
Keyword(s):  
Electron Impact ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Thin Film Deposition ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Cluster Ions ◽  
Cluster Ion ◽  
Impact Ionisation ◽  
Aggregation Technique ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACTAtoms are gas discharge sputtered from a solid target. They are condensed to form clusters using the gas aggregation technique. An intense beam of clusters of all solid materials can be obtained. Up to 80 % of the clusters can be ionised without using additional electron impact ionisation. Total deposition rates vary between 1 and 1000 Å per second depending on cluster diameter, which can be varied between 3 and 500 nm. Thin films of Al, Cu, and Mo have been produced so far. For non accelerated beams a weakly adhering mostly coulored deposit is obtained. Accelerating the cluster ions this changes to a strongly adhering film, having a shiny metallic appearance, and a very sharp and plane surface as seen in an electron microscope. The advantages compared to Kyoto ICB-method are: easy control of the cluster size, no electron impact ionisation, high degree of ionisation, and sputtering is used instead of thermal evaporation, which allows the use of high melting point materials.

Kinetic Modelling of Phenol Oxidation in a Bioremediation Medium Using Fenton's Reagent

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pardeep Kumar ◽  
Hossein Nikaktari ◽  
Mehdi Nemati ◽  
Gordon A. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Modeling ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Maleic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Phenol Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Increase With Increase ◽  
Oxidation Of Phenol

The present study is aimed at kinetic modeling of phenol oxidation using Fenton’s reagent in a medium suitable for bioremediation of organic pollutants. Batch experiments were conducted to study the effects of H2O2 concentration (29.26 to 146.31 mM), temperature (5 to 35°C), and to compare the oxidation of phenol in a bioremediation medium to that in pure water. The reaction mechanism used for kinetic modeling is based on the intermediate oxidation products identified in this study using LC-MS and ion chromatography. Progress of the chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent was monitored by determining the residual phenol concentration and concentrations of evolved intermediate compounds (catechol and hydroquinone) at regular time intervals. The rate of phenol oxidation and ultimate conversion of phenol were found to increase with increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration. The increase in temperatures has a positive effect on phenol oxidation and the rate of phenol oxidation was found to increase with temperature in the range of 5-35°C. Kinetic parameters, namely rate constants and activation energies for reactions involved, were determined by best-fitting the experimental data to the proposed reaction model. The values of the rate constants for oxidation of phenol and intermediate compounds, k1 (phenol to catechol), k2 (phenol to hydroquinone), k3 (catechol to maleic acid), k4 (hydroquinone to maleic acid) at 25°C were found to be 7.02x10-5±4.63x10-5, 7.22x10-4±6.09x10-4, 1.82x10-4±1.08x10-4, 1.68x10-3±1.29x10-3 L/mM min, respectively.

Topotactic route to synthesis of novel hydroxylated phases: I. Trioctahedral Micas

Clay Minerals ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Komarneni ◽  
R. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Hydration Energy ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Clay Layers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Alkaline Earth Cations

AbstractK-depleted phlogopite mica was used as a topotactic precursor and treated with alkali (Li+, K+, , Rb+, Cs+), alkaline-earth (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) and trivalent (Al3+) cations under hydrothermal conditions of 200°C and 30 MPa pressure. K-, NH4-, Rb- and Cs-aluminosilicate micas were synthesised at 200°C in one day. The synthesis of Cs-aluminosilicate mica, with potential applications in the management of nuclear wastes, has been achieved for the first time by this approach. Ion exchange by Li+, Na+ and alkaline-earth cations under hydrothermal conditions did not produce anhydrous mica phases but resulted in hydrous phases with one or two layers of water molecules between the clay layers. The formation of hydrous phases may be attributed to the high hydration energy of the above cations compared to K+, , RB+ and Cs+. Ion exchange with Al3+ produced a chlorite-like phase because of the hydrolysis of Al3+ under these hydrothermal conditions. These studies are of relevance in the immobilization of wastes where hazardous ions can be fixed in highly stable insoluble phases like mica or chlorite.

scholarly journals Self-Organization of Water Molecules Over 11-Year Solar Cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Water Clusters ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Rate Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Northern And Southern Hemispheres

Abstract The variations of solar activity and distribution of solar energy due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis and around the Sun exert a strong influence on the self-organization of water molecules. As a result, the rate of hydrolytic processes with the participation of water clusters displays diurnal, very large annual variations, and is also modulated by the 11-year cycles of solar activity. It also depends on the geographic latitude and can be different at the same time in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This phenomenon is well accounted for by the influence of muons on the self-organization of water molecules. Muons are constantly generated in the upper atmosphere by the solar wind. They reach the surface of the Earth and can penetrate to some depth underground. Buildings also absorb muons. For this reason, the rate of hydrolysis outside and inside buildings, as well as underground, can differ significantly from each other.

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