scholarly journals Automatic focus algorithms for TDI X-Ray image reconstruction

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Dörr ◽  
M. Rosenbaum ◽  
W. Sauer-Greff ◽  
R. Urbansky
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Inverse Filtering ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Blurred Image ◽  
Time Delay And Integration ◽  
Image Processing Algorithms ◽  
Processing Algorithms ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Correct Image

Abstract. In food industry, most products are checked by X-rays for contaminations. These X-ray machines continuously scan the product passing through. To minimize the required X-ray power, a Time, Delay and Integration (TDI) CCD-sensor is used to capture the image. While the product moves across the sensor area, the X-ray angle changes during the pass. As a countermeasure, adjusting the sensor shift speed on a single focal plane of the product can be selected. However, the changing angle result in a blurred image in dependance to the thickness of the product. This so-called ''laminographic effect'' can be compensated individually for one plane by inverse filtering. As the plane of contamination is unknown, the blurred image will be inversely filtered for different planes, but only one of these images shows the correctly focussed object. If the correct image can be found, the plane containing the contamination is identified. In this contribution we demonstrate how the correctly focussed images can be found by analyzing the images of all planes. Different characteristics for correctly and incorrectly focussed planes like sharpness, number of objects and edges are investigated by using image processing algorithms.

scholarly journals Inverse filtering for time, delay and integration X-ray imaging

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
M. Rosenbaum ◽  
W. Sauer-Greff ◽  
R. Urbansky
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Inverse Filtering ◽  
Single Plane ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ccd Sensor ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Time Delay And Integration ◽  
Shift Speed

Abstract. In food industry, most finished products are scanned by X-ray for contaminations. These X-ray machines continuously scan the product passing through. To minimize the required X-ray power, a Time, Delay and Integration (TDI) CCD sensor is used to capture the image. While the product moves across the sensor area, the angle of the X-rays changes during the pass. This can be compensated for by adjusting the sensor shift speed to focus on a single plane of the product. If the product has a significant thickness, the image will show artifacts due to the laminographic effect. In this contribution we demonstrate that by the use of inverse filtering images which are focused on planes of different height can be generated out of a single X-ray image.

Detection of Pneumonia Using Chest X-Ray Images and Image Processing Algorithms - A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beena Ullala Mata B N ◽  
Rishika I. S ◽  
Nikita Jain ◽  
Kaliprasad C S ◽  
Niranjan K R
Keyword(s):  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Contour Detection ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Lung Region ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Otsu Thresholding ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Image Processing Algorithms ◽  
Processing Algorithms

Utilizing exclusively picture handling procedures, this examination proposes an original strategy for distinguishing the presence of pneumonia mists in chest X-rays (CXR). Collected the several analogue chest CXRs from patients with normal and Pneumonia-infected lungs. Indigenous algorithms have been developed for cropping and for extraction of the lung region from the images. To detect pneumonia clouds first conducted the preprocessing of the image then used the image segmentation techniques like Otsu thresholding K-means clustering and global thresholding and then contour detection algorithm was applied which helped to detect lung boundary, the area’s ratio is used to classify the normal lung from pneumonia affected lung.

The Effects of X-Ray Irradiation on Safety and Nutritional Value of Food: A Systematic Review Article

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 919-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakiyeh B. Zehi ◽  
Asma Afshari ◽  
Seyyed M.A. Noori ◽  
Behrooz Jannat ◽  
Mohammad Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Iceberg Lettuce ◽  
Spoilage Bacteria ◽  
Effective Technology ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Fresh Products

X-ray is a non-thermal technology that has shown good efficacy in reducing pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, viruses and parasites. X-ray hygiene technology resulted in a high microbial loss in numerous food products, such as dairy products, ready-to-eat shrimp, oysters, fresh products, strawberries, shredded iceberg lettuce, and spinach leaves. Some X-ray studies on food safety have shown that X-ray is an effective technology and is also an appropriate alternative to the electron beam and gamma rays, and can be used in the food industry without side effects on human health. Besides, we reviewed the X-ray effect on the nutritional value of food. Therefore in this study, we aimed to review the available pros and cons of current studies regarding X-rays’ effects on the food industry.

scholarly journals Energy and spectral analysis of confined solar flares from radio and X-ray observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 274
Author(s):  
Cheng-Ming Tan ◽  
Karl Ludwig Klein ◽  
Yi-Hua Yan ◽  
Satoshi Masuda ◽  
Bao-Lin Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Flares ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Energies ◽  
Spectral Behaviour ◽  
Solar Eruptions ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
The Magnetic Field

Abstract The energy and spectral shape of radio bursts may help us understand the generation mechanism of solar eruptions, including solar flares, coronal mass ejections, eruptive filaments, and various scales of jets. The different kinds of flares may have different characteristics of energy and spectral distribution. In this work, we selected 10 mostly confined flare events during October 2014 to investigate their overall spectral behaviour and the energy emitted in microwaves by using radio observations from microwaves to interplanetary radio waves, and X-ray observations of GOES, RHESSI, and Fermi/GBM. We found that: all the confined flare events were associated with a microwave continuum burst extending to frequencies of 9.4 ∼ 15.4 GHz, and the peak frequencies of all confined flare events are higher than 4.995 GHz and lower than or equal to 17 GHz. The median value is around 9 GHz. The microwave burst energy (or fluence) and the peak frequency are found to provide useful criteria to estimate the power of solar flares. The observations imply that the magnetic field in confined flares tends to be stronger than that in 412 flares studied by Nita et al. (2004). All 10 events studied did not produce detectable hard X-rays with energies above ∼300 keV indicating the lack of efficient acceleration of electrons to high energies in the confined flares.

White-Light Coronal Structures: Streamers and CMEs

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
E. Hildner
Keyword(s):  
Emission Line ◽  
Electron Density ◽  
White Light ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Temperature Function ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Eclipse Observations ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractOver the last twenty years, orbiting coronagraphs have vastly increased the amount of observational material for the whitelight corona. Spanning almost two solar cycles, and augmented by ground-based K-coronameter, emission-line, and eclipse observations, these data allow us to assess,inter alia: the typical and atypical behavior of the corona; how the corona evolves on time scales from minutes to a decade; and (in some respects) the relation between photospheric, coronal, and interplanetary features. This talk will review recent results on these three topics. A remark or two will attempt to relate the whitelight corona between 1.5 and 6 R⊙to the corona seen at lower altitudes in soft X-rays (e.g., with Yohkoh). The whitelight emission depends only on integrated electron density independent of temperature, whereas the soft X-ray emission depends upon the integral of electron density squared times a temperature function. The properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) will be reviewed briefly and their relationships to other solar and interplanetary phenomena will be noted.

Chemical Species Identification in an SEM by Changes in Emitted X-Ray Energies

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 570-571
Author(s):  
R. H. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Valence Electron ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Chemical Bonds ◽  
Small Shift ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Transitions ◽  
Peak Energy ◽  
Chemical Combination

A material irradiated with electrons emits x-rays having energies characteristic of the elements present. Chemical combination between elements results in a small shift of the peak energies of these characteristic x-rays because chemical bonds between different elements have different energies. The energy differences of the characteristic x-rays resulting from valence electron transitions can be used to identify the chemical species present and to obtain information about the chemical bond itself. Although these peak-energy shifts have been well known for a number of years, their use for chemical-species identification in small volumes of material was not realized until the development of the electron microprobe.

Influence of X-Ray Induced Fluorescence on Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Thin Foils

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 328-329
Author(s):  
E. A. Kenik ◽  
J. Bentley
Keyword(s):  
Thin Foil ◽  
Electron Excitation ◽  
Simple Approach ◽  
Foil Thickness ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hole Spectrum ◽  
Illumination System ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Intensity Ratios

Cliff and Lorimer (1) have proposed a simple approach to thin foil x-ray analy sis based on the ratio of x-ray peak intensities. However, there are several experimental pitfalls which must be recognized in obtaining the desired x-ray intensities. Undesirable x-ray induced fluorescence of the specimen can result from various mechanisms and leads to x-ray intensities not characteristic of electron excitation and further results in incorrect intensity ratios.In measuring the x-ray intensity ratio for NiAl as a function of foil thickness, Zaluzec and Fraser (2) found the ratio was not constant for thicknesses where absorption could be neglected. They demonstrated that this effect originated from x-ray induced fluorescence by blocking the beam with lead foil. The primary x-rays arise in the illumination system and result in varying intensity ratios and a finite x-ray spectrum even when the specimen is not intercepting the electron beam, an ‘in-hole’ spectrum. We have developed a second technique for detecting x-ray induced fluorescence based on the magnitude of the ‘in-hole’ spectrum with different filament emission currents and condenser apertures.

X-ray micro tomography in the scanning electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brünger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Scanning Electron

Reconstructive tomography is a new technique in diagnostic radiology for imaging cross-sectional planes of the human body /1/. A collimated beam of X-rays is scanned through a thin slice of the body and the transmitted intensity is recorded by a detector giving a linear shadow graph or projection (see fig. 1). Many of these projections at different angles are used to reconstruct the body-layer, usually with the aid of a computer. The picture element size of present tomographic scanners is approximately 1.1 mm2.Micro tomography can be realized using the very fine X-ray source generated by the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (see fig. 2). The translation of the X-ray source is done by a line scan of the electron beam on a polished target surface /2/. Projections at different angles are produced by rotating the object.During the registration of a single scan the electron beam is deflected in one direction only, while both deflections are operating in the display tube.

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

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