Update of the volcanic sulfur emission inventory in MOCAGE CTM and its impact on the budget of sulfur species in the atmosphere

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Lamotte ◽  
Virginie Marécal ◽  
Jonathan Guth
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Sulfur Species ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
The Impact

<p>Constraining emission inventories into chemistry-transport models (CTM) is essential. In addition to anthropogenic emissions, natural sources of pollutants must be considered. Among them, volcanoes are large emitters of gases, including sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>), a volatile species, causing environmental and health issues.</p><p>Volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emission inventories are usually integrated in global CTMs, in order to improve the modelling of chemical species in the atmosphere. Here, we use the model MOCAGE, developed at CNRM, which currently uses Andres & Krasgnoc’s inventory (1998); a temporal average of emission on some 40 volcanoes, monitored through the synergy of satellite data and surface remote sensing instruments, for 25 years (from 1970’s to 1997). However, this inventory is now quite old and is therefore no longer sufficiently accurate.</p><p>Thanks to the development of new satellite observations, it has become possible to produce such inventories with an improved accuracy. The global coverage and higher sensitivity of these instruments has allowed to reference more emission sources (hard-to-access volcanoes, small eruptions or even passive degassing). Hence, a new inventory of Carn et al (2016,2017) based on satellite observations has been implemented in MOCAGE. Besides being recent (from 1978 up to 2015), it combines eruption and passive degassing over more than 160 volcanoes. Passive degassing fluxes are provided as annual averages and eruption fluxes as daily total quantities (in case of events). In addition, information on volcanoes vent altitude and eruptive plume heights is available, which has been used to better constraints the model.</p><p>We focus our study at the global scale. The years 2013 and 2014 were chosen as the years with the lowest and highest total eruptive emissions respectively, in Carn's inventory. Thus, 2013 highlights mainly the impact of passive degassing, while 2014 provides additional information on eruptions.</p><p>For each of the years studied, the sulfur species budget in MOCAGE simulation is increased when the inventory is updated and therefore the relative contribution of volcanic sulfur emissions is larger. We note the global increase in sulfur dioxide and sulfate aerosol burdens; an increase even more significant when the injection heights of the emissions are taken into account.</p>

Recent Advances in Speciation Analyses of Tobacco and Other Important Economic Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiping Jiang ◽  
Zhizhang Tian ◽  
Chuntao Zhang ◽  
Dengke Li ◽  
Ruoxin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Method Comparison ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Speciation Analysis ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Specific Element ◽  
Balance Accuracy ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Total Elemental Content ◽  
The Impact

Background: Speciation analysis is defined as the analytical activities of identifying and/or measuring the quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample. The knowledge of elemental species provides more complete information about mobility, bioavailability and the impact of elements on ecological systems or biological organisms. It is no longer sufficient to quantitate the total elemental content of samples to define toxicity or essentiality. Thus speciation analysis is of vital importance and generally offers a better understanding of a specific element. Discussion: Thorough speciation scheme consisting of sampling, sample preparation, species analysis and evaluation were described. Special emphasis is placed on recent speciation analysis approaches including both direct and coupling methods. A current summary of advantages and limitations of the various methods as well as an illustrative method comparison are presented. Certain elements and species of interest are briefly mentioned and practical examples of speciation applications in tobacco and other important economic crops are also discussed. Aim/Conclusion: This review aims to offer comprehensive knowledge about elemental speciation and provide readers with valuable information. Many strategies have been developed for the determination of multiple elemental species in tobacco and other important economic crops. Nevertheless, it is an eternal pursuit to establish speciation methods which can balance accuracy, agility as well as universality.

scholarly journals Shock interactions in inviscid air and $$\hbox {CO}_2$$–$$\hbox {N}_2$$ flows in thermochemical non-equilibrium

Shock Waves ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Garbacz ◽  
W. T. Maier ◽  
J. B. Scoggins ◽  
T. D. Economon ◽  
T. Magin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Species ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ideal Gas ◽  
Shock Interaction ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Shock Interactions ◽  
Wave Interference ◽  
Type V ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractThe present study aims at providing insights into shock wave interference patterns in gas flows when a mixture different than air is considered. High-energy non-equilibrium flows of air and $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 –$$\hbox {N}_2$$ N 2 over a double-wedge geometry are studied numerically. The impact of freestream temperature on the non-equilibrium shock interaction patterns is investigated by simulating two different sets of freestream conditions. To this purpose, the SU2 solver has been extended to account for the conservation of chemical species as well as multiple energies and coupled to the Mutation++ library (Multicomponent Thermodynamic And Transport properties for IONized gases in C++) that provides all the necessary thermochemical properties of the mixture and chemical species. An analysis of the shock interference patterns is presented with respect to the existing taxonomy of interactions. A comparison between calorically perfect ideal gas and non-equilibrium simulations confirms that non-equilibrium effects greatly influence the shock interaction patterns. When thermochemical relaxation is considered, a type VI interaction is obtained for the $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 -dominated flow, for both freestream temperatures of 300 K and 1000 K; for air, a type V six-shock interaction and a type VI interaction are obtained, respectively. We conclude that the increase in freestream temperature has a large impact on the shock interaction pattern of the air flow, whereas for the $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 –$$\hbox {N}_2$$ N 2 flow the pattern does not change.

News and Idiosyncratic Volatility: The Public Information Processing Hypothesis*

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F Engle ◽  
Martin Klint Hansen ◽  
Ahmet K Karagozoglu ◽  
Asger Lunde
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Autoregressive Process ◽  
Return Volatility ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Financial News ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Motivated by the recent availability of extensive electronic news databases and advent of new empirical methods, there has been renewed interest in investigating the impact of financial news on market outcomes for individual stocks. We develop the information processing hypothesis of return volatility to investigate the relation between firm-specific news and volatility. We propose a novel dynamic econometric specification and test it using time series regressions employing a machine learning model selection procedure. Our empirical results are based on a comprehensive dataset comprised of more than 3 million news items for a sample of 28 large U.S. companies. Our proposed econometric specification for firm-specific return volatility is a simple mixture model with two components: public information and private processing of public information. The public information processing component is defined by the contemporaneous relation with public information and volatility, while the private processing of public information component is specified as a general autoregressive process corresponding to the sequential price discovery mechanism of investors as additional information, previously not publicly available, is generated and incorporated into prices. Our results show that changes in return volatility are related to public information arrival and that including indicators of public information arrival explains on average 26% (9–65%) of changes in firm-specific return volatility.

scholarly journals Grading Investment Diversification Options in Presence of Non-Historical Financial Information

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Clara Calvo ◽  
Carlos Ivorra ◽  
Vicente Liern ◽  
Blanca Pérez-Gladish
Keyword(s):  
Risk Measure ◽  
Statistical Information ◽  
Expected Returns ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Statistical Risk ◽  
Reduction Index

Modern portfolio theory deals with the problem of selecting a portfolio of financial assets such that the expected return is maximized for a given level of risk. The forecast of the expected individual assets’ returns and risk is usually based on their historical returns. In this work, we consider a situation in which the investor has non-historical additional information that is used for the forecast of the expected returns. This implies that there is no obvious statistical risk measure any more, and it poses the problem of selecting an adequate set of diversification constraints to mitigate the risk of the selected portfolio without losing the value of the non-statistical information owned by the investor. To address this problem, we introduce an indicator, the historical reduction index, measuring the expected reduction of the expected return due to a given set of diversification constraints. We show that it can be used to grade the impact of each possible set of diversification constraints. Hence, the investor can choose from this gradation, the set better fitting his subjective risk-aversion level.

scholarly journals The impact of the Nutri-Score front-of-pack nutrition label on purchasing intentions of unprocessed and processed foods: post-hoc analyses from three randomized controlled trials

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manon Egnell ◽  
Pilar Galan ◽  
Morgane Fialon ◽  
Mathilde Touvier ◽  
Sandrine Péneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Low Income ◽  
P Value ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Nutrition Label ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Food Purchases ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The Nutri-Score summary graded front-of-pack nutrition label has been identified as an efficient tool to increase the nutritional quality of pre-packed food purchases. However, no study has been conducted to investigate the effect of the Nutri-Score on the shopping cart composition, considering the type of foods. The present paper aims to investigate the effect of the Nutri-Score on the type of food purchases, in terms of the relative contribution of unpacked and pre-packed foods, or the processing degree of foods. Methods Between September 2016 and April 2017, three consecutive randomized controlled trials were conducted in three specific populations – students (N = 1866), low-income individuals (N = 336) and subjects suffering from cardiometabolic diseases (N = 1180) – to investigate the effect of the Nutri-Score on purchasing intentions compared to the Reference Intakes and no label. Using these combined data, the proportion of unpacked products in the shopping carts, as well as the distribution of products across food categories taking into account the degree of processing (NOVA classification) were assessed by trials arm. Results The shopping carts of participants simulating purchases with the Nutri-Score affixed on pre-packed foods contained higher proportion of unpacked products – especially raw fruits and meats, i.e. with no FoPL –, compared to participants purchasing with no label (difference of 5.93 percentage points [3.88–7.99], p-value< 0.0001) or with the Reference Intakes (difference of 5.27[3.25–7.29], p-value< 0.0001). This higher proportion was partly explained by fewer purchases of pre-packed processed and ultra-processed products overall in the Nutri-Score group. Conclusions These findings provide new insights on the positive effect of the Nutri-Score, which appears to decrease purchases in processed products resulting in higher proportions of unprocessed and unpacked foods, in line with public health recommendations.

scholarly journals Single entity electrochemistry and the electron transfer kinetics of hydrazine oxidation

Nano Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiyang Miao ◽  
Lidong Shao ◽  
Richard G. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Rate Determining Step ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Electro Catalytic Oxidation ◽  
Single Particle Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractThe mechanism and kinetics of the electro-catalytic oxidation of hydrazine by graphene oxide platelets randomly decorated with palladium nanoparticles are deduced using single particle impact electrochemical measurements in buffered aqueous solutions across the pH range 2–11. Both hydrazine, N2H4, and protonated hydrazine N2H5+ are shown to be electroactive following Butler-Volmer kinetics, of which the relative contribution is strongly pH-dependent. The negligible interconversion between N2H4 and N2H5+ due to the sufficiently short timescale of the impact voltammetry, allows the analysis of the two electron transfer rates from impact signals thus reflecting the composition of the bulk solution at the pH in question. In this way the rate determining step in the oxidation of each specie is deduced to be a one electron step in which no protons are released and so likely corresponds to the initial formation of a very short-lived radical cation either in solution or adsorbed on the platelet. Overall the work establishes a generic method for the elucidation of the rate determining electron transfer in a multistep process free from any complexity imposed by preceding or following chemical reactions which occur on the timescale of conventional voltammetry.

scholarly journals Applying Google Trends’ Search Popularity Indicator to Professional Cycling

2021 ◽  
pp. 152700252098832
Author(s):  
Alexander Genoe ◽  
Ronald Rousseau ◽  
Sandra Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Google Trends ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Tour De France ◽  
Country Preference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Professional Cycling

This study uses Google Trends data to analyze the impact of the main events in the Tour de France 2019 on cyclists’ online popularity in 12 countries and at a global scale. A fixed effects panel model revealed a strong own-country preference. While online popularity increased with the duration of the Tour, race incidents strongly influenced online popularity. Besides the yellow jersey, winning a stage was more important than wearing the green, white or polka dot jersey for most regions. Still, on a global scale, young cyclists’ online popularity benefited more from wearing the white jersey than from winning a Tour stage.

Abnormal Spinal Cord Myelination due to Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction in a Model of Huntington’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Costanza Ferrari Bardile ◽  
Harwin Sidik ◽  
Reynard Quek ◽  
Nur Amirah Binte Mohammad Yusof ◽  
Marta Garcia-Miralles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cervical Area

Background: The relative contribution of grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) degeneration to the progressive brain atrophy in Huntington’s disease (HD) has been well studied. The pathology of the spinal cord in HD is comparatively less well documented. Objective: We aim to characterize spinal cord WM abnormalities in a mouse model of HD and evaluate whether selective removal of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) from oligodendroglia rescues these deficits. Methods: Histological assessments were used to determine the area of GM and WM in the spinal cord of 12-month-old BACHD mice, while electron microscopy was used to analyze myelin fibers in the cervical area of the spinal cord. To investigate the impact of inactivation of mHTT in oligodendroglia on these measures, we used the previously described BACHDxNG2Cre mouse line where mHTT is specifically reduced in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Results: We show that spinal GM and WM areas are significantly atrophied in HD mice compared to wild-type controls. We further demonstrate that specific reduction of mHTT in oligodendroglial cells rescues the atrophy of spinal cord WM, but not GM, observed in HD mice. Inactivation of mHTT in oligodendroglia had no effect on the density of oligodendroglial cells but enhanced the expression of myelin-related proteins in the spinal cord. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the myelination abnormalities observed in brain WM structures in HD extend to the spinal cord and suggest that specific expression of mHTT in oligodendrocytes contributes to such abnormalities.

scholarly journals Tools for the Recognition of Sorting Signals and the Prediction of Subcellular Localization of Proteins From Their Amino Acid Sequences

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichiro Imai ◽  
Kenta Nakai
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Sorting Signals ◽  
Specific Alternative ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Algorithms

At the time of translation, nascent proteins are thought to be sorted into their final subcellular localization sites, based on the part of their amino acid sequences (i.e., sorting or targeting signals). Thus, it is interesting to computationally recognize these signals from the amino acid sequences of any given proteins and to predict their final subcellular localization with such information, supplemented with additional information (e.g., k-mer frequency). This field has a long history and many prediction tools have been released. Even in this era of proteomic atlas at the single-cell level, researchers continue to develop new algorithms, aiming at accessing the impact of disease-causing mutations/cell type-specific alternative splicing, for example. In this article, we overview the entire field and discuss its future direction.

The Relevance of Personal Domain Satisfaction for the Quality of Life in South Africa

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Møller
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
South African ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Personal Domain ◽  
The Impact

South African psychologists have identified the improvement of quality of life as a major goal of the 1980s. This paper reviews the impact of satisfaction with personal aspects of life on perceived well-being. The results of an exploratory study of South African quality of life conducted among 5 587 individuals of all population groups are discussed. Findings confirm the salience of the personal domain and the positive influence of personal satisfactions on subjective well-being. However, results of regression analyses suggest that the relative contribution of satisfactions in the personal domain is too low to play a major role in improving the quality of life of all South Africans in the longer term.

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