MiniPINS - Miniature Planetary In-situ Sensors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Genzer ◽  
Maria Hieta ◽  
Harri Haukka ◽  
Antti Kestilä ◽  
Ignacio Arruego ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Extreme Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Martian Surface ◽  
Double Structure ◽  
Development Level ◽  
In Situ Sensors

<p>MiniPINS (Miniature Planetary IN-situ Sensors) is an ESA study led by the Finnish Meteorological Institute to develop and prototype miniaturised surface sensor packages for Mars and the Moon. The study aims at miniaturising the scientific sensors and subsystems, as well as identifying and utilizing commonalities of the packages, allowing to optimise the design, cut costs and reduce the development time. This presentation includes the main results from Phase A study and Preliminary Requirements Review of MiniPINS.</p><div><span><span>Mars In-Situ Sensors (MINS) is a concept based on the strong heritage of the MetNet lander. MINS mission consists of 4 scientific observation posts on the Martian surface, about 25 kg each. The MINS landers will travel to Mars aboard the carrier spacecraft provided by another mission. Several concepts for MINS penetrators were studied in Phase 0, and finally 2 concepts were chosen for the final selection. </span></span>The concept selection was driven by the target penetration depth, as this parameter is deeply influenced by the penetrator design.</div><div> </div><div> <p>The MINS concept of 0.5 m penetration depth was selected by means of a trade-off. The selected concept is a rigid probe concept, similar to MetNet penetrator.  Its development level is quite high, and its scope is compatible with MINS mission. This concept is limited from the scientific point of view, as it does not allow to penetrate so far in Martian subsoil; but its more advantageous from the criticality point of view as it has a higher development level and is less complex. The concept allows to perform majority of the scientific measurements, as all science goals except <span>the heat flow measurement, can be accomplished also in shallow depth. </span></p> </div><div><span><span>Lunar In-Situ Sensors (LINS) is a new concept of a scientific mission package to investigate the Lunar surface and environment. LINS missions consist of 4 surface stations, 7 kg each, deployed on the Moon by a rover. </span></span>In the case of LINS thermal and power design are the major drivers of the LINS architecture definition because of the Moon extreme environment, owed in part to the long lunar night period. The most relevant decision with regard to the LINS package is whether to include a RHU or not. In the absence of an RHU, the thermal and power subsystems become strongly compromised. Incorporation of an RHU offers many advantages. Consequently, the incorporation of the RHU is the selected concept for LINS.</div><div> </div><div><span><span>The two main concepts for mechanical structure of the LINS were evaluated: m</span></span>onocoque structure with legs and double structure without legs. A design concept was chosen that consists of a double structure, so that there is an internal and an external one. The external one acts as an exoskeleton for the internal and is separated from it by blocks. The separation between the two structures provides some space to accommodate additional thermal insulation if necessary.</div><p> </p><p><strong>Acknowledgements</strong></p><p>The MiniPINS (Miniaturized Sensor Packages and Delivery Systems for In-situ Exploration) Contract is carried out and funded by the European Space Agency activity no. 1000025265 in the “ESA-Star” System. </p>

In situ TEM studies of irradiation effects for materials improvement

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 452-453
Author(s):  
Charles W. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
In Situ Tem ◽  
Irradiation Effects ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Analytical Tools

Irradiation effects studies employing TEMs as analytical tools have been conducted for almost as many years as materials people have done TEM, motivated largely by materials needs for nuclear reactor development. Such studies have focussed on the behavior both of nuclear fuels and of materials for other reactor components which are subjected to radiation-induced degradation. Especially in the 1950s and 60s, post-irradiation TEM analysis may have been coupled to in situ (in reactor or in pile) experiments (e.g., irradiation-induced creep experiments of austenitic stainless steels). Although necessary from a technological point of view, such experiments are difficult to instrument (measure strain dynamically, e.g.) and control (temperature, e.g.) and require months or even years to perform in a nuclear reactor or in a spallation neutron source. Consequently, methods were sought for simulation of neutroninduced radiation damage of materials, the simulations employing other forms of radiation; in the case of metals and alloys, high energy electrons and high energy ions.

scholarly journals Astrobiological Field Campaign to a Volcanosedimentary Mars Analogue Methane Producing Subsurface Protected Ecosystem: Imuruk Lake (Alaska)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
F. Gómez ◽  
O. Prieto-Ballesteros ◽  
D. Fernández-Remolar ◽  
J. A. Rodríguez-Manfredi ◽  
M. Fernández-Sampedro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Ecology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Life On Mars ◽  
Life Detection ◽  
National Preserve ◽  
Mars Exploration Rovers

Viking missions reported adverse conditions for life in Mars surface. High hydrogen signal obtained by Mars orbiters has increased the interest in subsurface prospection as putative protected Mars environment with life potential. Permafrost has attracted considerable interest from an astrobiological point of view due to the recently reported results from the Mars exploration rovers. Considerable studies have been developed on extreme ecosystems and permafrost in particular, to evaluate the possibility of life on Mars and to test specific automated life detection instruments for space missions. The biodiversity of permafrost located on the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve has been studied as an example of subsurface protected niche of astrobiological interest. Different conventional (enrichment and isolation) and molecular ecology techniques (cloning, fluorescence“in situ”probe hybridization, FISH) have been used for isolation and bacterial identification.

OCT-Einschweißtiefenüberwachung bei Unterdruck/OCT-based weld penetration monitoring at reduced ambient pressure – Influence of reduced ambient pressure on the OCT signal quality in laser deep penetration welding

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 863-868
Author(s):  
Thorsten Mattulat ◽  
Ronald Pordzik ◽  
Peer Woizeschke
Keyword(s):  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Laser Beam Welding ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Weld Penetration ◽  
Laser Deep Penetration Welding ◽  
Deep Penetration Welding ◽  
Non Destructive

Die optische Kohärenztomographie (OCT) erlaubt die zerstörungsfreie In-situ-Überwachung der Einschweißtiefe beim Laserstrahlschweißen. Für dieses Verfahren wird hier der Einfluss von verringerten Umgebungsdrücken auf die Messqualität untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich bei niedrigerem Umgebungsdruck deutlich größere Signalanteile aus dem Bereich des Bodens der Dampfkapillare zurückerhalten lassen. Auf diese Weise steigen die effektive Messfrequenz und die Erkennbarkeit von Änderungen der Einschweißtiefe.   Optical coherence tomography (OCT) enables non-destructive in-situ monitoring of the weld penetration depth during laser beam welding. For this technology, the influence of reduced ambient pressures on the measurement quality is investigated. It is shown that significantly larger signal components are obtained from the bottom of the vapor capillary at lower ambient pressure increasing the applicable measurement frequency and the detectability of changes in the weld penetration depth.

Ship Drag Reduction by Microalgal Biopolymers: A Feasibility Analysis

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (04) ◽  
pp. 326-337
Author(s):  
K. Gasljevic ◽  
E. F. Matthys
Keyword(s):  
Drag Reduction ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
Propulsion Power ◽  
Ship Speed ◽  
In Situ Production

We have investigated the feasibility of using high-molecular-weight polysaccharides produced by marine microalgae to reduce the drag on ships and therefore to be able to reduce the needed propulsion power and fuel costs or, alternatively, to increase the ship speed. Experimental and analytical studies were used to answer four critical questions:How suitable are the biopolymers for drag reduction on ships?What is the needed polymer consumption rate at a given level of drag reduction?What is the achievable polymer production rate that can be achieved by the microalgae?What are possible modes of implementation of the proposed technology? It is seen that in situ production of biopolymers by microalgae growing on the hull may be a possible approach to polymeric ship drag reduction. Production of biopolysaccharide off the ship and even harvesting it from the ocean are other possibilities. The use of biopolymers is naturally advantageous from an environmental point of view as well. Some comparison of biopolymers and synthetic polymers is also presented. Several technical issues remain to be investigated, but the information available suggests that biopolymers may be the best additives for drag reduction on ships.

The role of forest deadwood in rockfall protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Ringenbach ◽  
Peter Bebi ◽  
Perry Bartelt ◽  
Andrin Caviezel
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Spruce Forest ◽  
Runout Distance ◽  
In Situ Sensors ◽  
Efficient Protection ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Rockfall Protection

<p>Forests with a high density and basal area of living trees are known for their function as natural and cost-efficient protection against rockfall. The role of deadwood, however, is less understood. We address this knowledge gap in this contribution as we present the results of repeated real-scale experiments in a) a montane beech-spruce forest with and without deadwood and b) in a subalpine scrub mountain pine-spruce forest with deadwood. We used artificial rocks with either an equant or platy shape, masses between 45 kg and 800 kg (≈ 0.3 m3), and equipped with in-situ sensors to gain insights into rotational velocities and impact-accelerations. Clusters of deadwood and erected root plates reduced the mean runout distance at both study sites. For site a), we found that more rocks were stopped behind lying than living trees and that the stopping effect of deadwood was greater for equant compared to platy rock shapes. Site b) revealed a braking effect of scrub mountain pines for relatively small (45 kg), but also a visible reduction in rotational velocities for the 800 kg rocks sensor stream. We conclude that deadwood must be taken into account in rockfall modeling and the management of rockfall protection forests.</p>

scholarly journals Chemiluminescence-initiated and in situ-enhanced photoisomerization for tissue-depth-independent photo-controlled drug release

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1401-1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufu Tang ◽  
Xiaomei Lu ◽  
Chao Yin ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Wenbo Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Controlled Drug Release ◽  
Tissue Penetration

Tissue-penetration-depth-independent self-luminescence is highly expected to perform photoisomerization-related bioapplications in vivo to overcome the limitation of shallow tissue-penetration from external photoexcitation.

Distributed Modal Voltages of Nonlinear Paraboloidal Shells With Distributed Neurons

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Tzou ◽  
J. H. Ding
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Dynamic State ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Shells Of Revolution ◽  
Membrane Component ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
In Situ Sensors ◽  
Membrane Components ◽  
Paraboloidal Shell

Effective health monitoring and distributed control of advanced structures depends on accurate measurements of dynamic responses of elastic structures. Conventional sensors used for structural measurement are usually add-on “discrete” devices. Lightweight distributed thin-film piezoelectric neurons fully integrated (laminated or embedded) with structural components can serve as in-situ sensors monitoring structure’s dynamic state and health status. This study is to investigate modal voltages and detailed signal contributions of linear or nonlinear paraboloidal shells of revolution laminated with piezoelectric neurons. Signal generation of distributed neuron sensors laminated on paraboloidal shells is defined first, based on the open-voltage assumption and Maxwell’s principle. The neuron signal of a linear paraboloidal shell is composed of a linear membrane component and a linear bending component; the signal of a nonlinear paraboloidal shell is composed of nonlinear and linear membrane components and a linear bending component due to the von Karman geometric nonlinearity. Signal components and distributed modal voltages of linear and nonlinear paraboloidal shells with various curvatures and thickness are investigated.

Emissions and Noise Pollution Diagnosis of a Turbogas Power Plant During Commissioning Service

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norberto Pe´rez Rodri´guez ◽  
Erik Rosado Tamariz ◽  
Rafael Garci´a Illescas
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Partial Load ◽  
The City ◽  
Permissible Deviation

This work is focused on the diagnosis of behavior, from the point of view of control emissions and noise level, of a power Turbogas plant during the process of commissioning, to guarantee that its operation complies with national and international standards. The environmental diagnosis of the power plant was developed as part of the performance evaluation of the unit. The conditions of the unit evaluation include operation at base load and partial load, as well as time periods for load changes. The evaluated power plant consists of an aeroderivative gas turbine installed in a simple cycle, operating with a cooling system (chiller) installed in the urban zone of Mexico City. Therefore, it should comply with the legislation and regulations of the city concerning air pollution and allowed noise, besides the international standards established by the manufacturer. The study includes emissions measurements using a Continuous Emissions Monitoring System installed in-situ, previously calibrated and checked during and after the test which was found inside the permissible deviation of 3%. Measurements were recorded at intervals of 5 minutes during test periods of 110 minutes for each load and 45 minutes for load changes. On the other hand, noise pressure evaluation was carried out in near field as well as far field produced by the power plant during operation. Measurements were carried out by using precision instruments installed specifically for it. A temporary system for obtaining data was used to monitoring the environmental conditions every 30 seconds. It was possible to verify that the turbogenerator complies with all noise levels and contaminant emissions requirements and regulations according to the limits established by the manufacturer and national and international standards.

VI. The nature of the Moon’s surface - The lunar surface and the U. S. Ranger programme

1967 ◽  
Vol 296 (1446) ◽  
pp. 399-417 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Moon ◽  
Martian Surface ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Time Dependencies ◽  
The Alps ◽  
Mare Serenitatis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Characteristic Colour ◽  
Lunar Maria

The unaided eye can see roundish dark spots on the Moon set in a brighter back­ground. Telescopic observation of these dark spots, called maria (plural of mare , sea) reveals that they are nearly level terrain sparsely covered with craters. The brighter surroundings or terrae are from shadow measurements found to be higher, some 1 to 3 km above the maria. The terra elevations scatter widely, reaching several kilometres in the mountain ranges. The most prominent of these ranges occur as peripheral mountain chains around the near-circular maria. Examples are the Apennines, the Alps, the Carpathians, and the Altai Scarp. These arcuate chains surround the maria as the crater walls surround crater floors, an analogy that can be carried further and implies, apart from scale, a similar origin. This origin is almost certainly impact by massive objects. In the case of the impact maria and pre-mare craters, the source of the objects appear to have been a satellite ring around the Earth through which the Moon swept very early in its history, in its outward journey from its position of origin very near the Earth (Kuiper 1954, 1965). The post-mare craters are presumably mostly asteroidal (and partly comet­ary) in origin and related to the craters observed by Mariner IV on Mars. The estimated time dependencies of these two crater-forming processes are shown schematically in figure 1. A fuller discussion of this problem has been given else­where (Kuiper, Strom & Poole 1966; Kuiper 1966). The higher asteroidal impact rate on Mars, by a factor of about 15, as derived from the Mariner IV records, is interpreted as being due to the greater proximity to the asteroid ring. The num­erical factor approximately agrees with theory. Mars apparently lacks the equiva­lent of the initial excessively intense bombardment of the Moon (attributed to impacts by circumterrestrial bodies); unless, of course, the entire Martian surface has been molten and is directly comparable to the lunar maria. This does not seem probable but can at present not be ruled out; if true, the earliest surface history would have been erased. The nature of the mare surface has, during the past decade, been an object of much, perhaps too much, speculation. With the several recent successful lunar reconnaissance missions completed, the older interpretation of the maria as lava beds, based on telescopic observation, has been abundantly confirmed. Four options discussed in recent literature are analysed in Kuiper (1965, §§A, B, pp. 12–39). Among the most potent arguments for the lava cover of the maria are the prominent lava flows observed on Mare Imbrium and Mare Serenitatis, each having a characteristic colour. A map of some Mare Imbrium flows is found in figure 2.

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