Global-scale assessment of agrochemicals contamination — the case study of glyphosate 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Maggi ◽  
Fiona Tang ◽  
Daniele la Cecilia
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Transformation Product ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Environmental Hazard ◽  
Average Residue ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Soil Residue

<p>The need for comprehensive assessments of agrochemicals use and its potential risk of environmental contamination are imperative, but studies currently exist only at regional and watershed scales. By coupling the recently developed PEST-CHEMGRIDS data product to the BRTSim (BioReactive Transport Simulator) computational framework, we conducted the first mechanistic assessment of the environmental hazard of glyphosate (GLP) use at global scales. PEST-CHEMGRIDS provides the annual application rate of 95 active ingredients, including GLP, on various dominant and aggregated crops (Maggi et al., 2019), and is used to feed the biogeochemical reaction network of GLP biogeochemistry embedded in BRTSim (la Cecilia et al., 2018). Deployment of BRTSim over a georeferenced global-scale grid allowed us to assess four key quantities that determine the level of environmental hazard, namely: (i) soil residue, (ii) biodegradation recalcitrance, (iii) leaching rate below the root zone, and (iv) persistence in the root zone. Our assessment (Maggi et al., 2020) shows that the total average residue in the root zone and leaching below root zone is important only in minor areas globally, but also show that biodegradation recalcitrance and persistence can lead to an environmental hazard in vast agricultural areas worldwide. The latter were largely related to the GLP transformation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), because of slow reaction kinetics, further inhibited by the presence of aqueous inorganic phosphate. With the four key quantities, we have mapped the aggregated hazard geographically to identify hotspots where GLP contamination may have to be assessed with greater level of detail. High hazard hotspots cover less than 1% of the agriculture area (inclusive of pastures) and are identified in north Europe, USA, Brazil, and China.</p><p>Maggi F., Tang F.H.M., la Cecilia D., McBratney A., (2019), Scientific Data 6(1), 1-20.</p><p>la Cecilia D., Tang F.H.M., Coleman N., Conoley C., Veervort R.W., and Maggi F., (2018), Water Research, 146, 37-54.</p><p>Maggi F., la Cecilia D., Tang F.H., & McBratney A., (2020). Science of the Total Environment, 717, 137167.</p>

Soil inorganic nitrogen content in commercial potato fields in New Brunswick

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
Y. Leclerc ◽  
G. Moreau ◽  
R. Gareau ◽  
P. H. Milburn
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
N Content ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Commercial Potato ◽  
Soil Inorganic

Information on inorganic N content in commercial potato fields in Atlantic Canada is limited. Soil inorganic N measurements were collected from 228 commercial potato fields from 1999 to 2001. Soil NO3 content to 30 cm depth at planting ranged from 2 to 124 kg N ha-1, and was generally higher for preceding potato, red clover, or hay crops compared to preceding cereal or other crops. Soil NH4 content to 30 cm depth measured at planting ranged from 3 to 64 kg N ha-1, indicating that both soil NO3 and NH4 need to be measured to assess plant-available soil N content in spring. Soil NO3 content to 30-cm depth at tuber harvest ranged from 3 to 250 kg N ha-1, generally increased with increasing fertilizer N application rate, and differed among different potato cultivars. Soil NO3 content measured to 30-cm depth in spring ranged from 3 to 100% of soil NO3 at harvest in the preceding fall, indicating that highly variable losses of soil NO3 from the root zone occur between growing seasons. Key words: Nitrate, ammonium, Solanum tuberosum L.

Plant Growth Response to the Phytotoxin Viridiol Produced by the FungusGliocladium virens

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Jones ◽  
W. Thomas Lanini ◽  
Joseph G. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Gliocladium Virens ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Shoot Weight

Gliocladium virens, when grown on peat moss amended with sucrose and ammonium nitrate and then applied to soil, resulted in root necrosis. Herbicidal activity was correlated with fungal production of the phytotoxin viridiol. Viridiol had a wide spectrum of activity; it was particularly effective against annual composite species but was less effective in monocot control. Emergence of most weeds was reduced >90% at application rates of 8.7% (of total volume) or less. Treated seedling dry weights were drastically reduced. Applications of 4.5% reduced root and shoot weight of redroot pigweed by 93 and 98%, respectively. Crops were affected at higher treatment levels; however, the toxicity was readily avoided by applying the mycoherbicide out of the root zone of the crop, instead applying it between the seed and the soil surface. Viridiol production, which confers herbicidal activity, was detected 3 days after incorporation of the fungus-peat mixture. Viridiol production peaked on days 5 and 6 at approximately 25 μg viridiol/100 ml soil, based upon an application rate of 11%, then declined to undetectable levels by the end of 2 weeks.

scholarly journals WAYS v1: a hydrological model for root zone water storage simulation on a global scale

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5267-5289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganquan Mao ◽  
Junguo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Lumped Model ◽  
Zone Water

Abstract. The soil water stored in the root zone is a critical variable for many applications, as it plays a key role in several hydrological and atmospheric processes. Many studies have been conducted to obtain reliable information on soil water in the root zone layer. However, most of them are mainly focused on the soil moisture within a certain depth rather than the water stored in the entire rooting system. In this work, a hydrological model named the Water And ecosYstem Simulator (WAYS) is developed to simulate the root zone water storage (RZWS) on a global scale. The model is based on a well-validated lumped model and has now been extended to a distribution model. To reflect the natural spatial heterogeneity of the plant rooting system across the world, a key variable that influences RZWS, i.e., root zone storage capacity (RZSC), is integrated into the model. The newly developed model is first evaluated based on runoff and RZWS simulations across 10 major basins. The results show the ability of the model to mimic RZWS dynamics in most of the regions through comparison with proxy data, the normalized difference infrared index (NDII). The model is further evaluated against station observations, including flux tower and gauge data. Despite regional differences, generally good performance is found for both the evaporation and discharge simulations. Compared to existing hydrological models, WAYS's ability to resolve the field-scale spatial heterogeneity of RZSC and simulate RZWS may offer benefits for many applications, e.g., agriculture and land–vegetation–climate interaction investigations. However, the results from this study suggest an additional evaluation of RZWS is required for the regions where the NDII might not be the correct proxy.

scholarly journals A global analysis of satellite derived and DGVM surface soil moisture products

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 4281-4312
Author(s):  
K. T. Rebel ◽  
R. A. M. de Jeu ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
N. Viovy ◽  
S. L. Piao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Surface Climate ◽  
Soil Moisture Availability

Abstract. Soil moisture availability is important in regulating photosynthesis and controlling land surface-climate feedbacks at both the local and global scale. Recently, global remote-sensing datasets for soil moisture have become available. In this paper we assess the possibility of using remotely sensed soil moisture (AMSR-E) to evaluate the results of the process-based vegetation model ORCHIDEE during the period 2003–2004. We find that the soil moisture products of AMSR-E and ORCHIDEE correlate well, in particular when considering the root zone soil moisture of ORCHIDEE. However, the root zone soil moisture in ORCHIDEE consistently overestimated the temporal autocorrelation relative to AMSR-E and in situ measurements. This may be due to the different vertical depth of the two products, to the uncertainty in precipitation forcing in ORCHIDEE, and to the fact that the structure of ORCHIDEE consisting of a single-layer deep soil, does not allow simulation of the proper cascade of time scales that characterize soil drying after each rain event. We conclude that assimilating soil moisture in ORCHIDEE using AMSR-E with the current hydrological model may significantly improve the soil moisture dynamics in ORCHIDEE.

scholarly journals A simple topography-driven and calibration-free runoff generation module

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 787-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongkai Gao ◽  
Christian Birkel ◽  
Markus Hrachowitz ◽  
Doerthe Tetzlaff ◽  
Chris Soulsby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Calibration Free ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model

Abstract. Reading landscapes and developing calibration-free runoff generation models that adequately reflect land surface heterogeneities remains the focus of much hydrological research. In this study, we report a novel and simple topography-driven runoff generation parameterization – the HAND-based Storage Capacity curve (HSC), which uses a topographic index (HAND, Height Above the Nearest Drainage) to identify hydrological similarity and the extent of saturated areas in catchments. The HSC can be used as a module in any conceptual rainfall–runoff model. Further, coupling the HSC parameterization with the mass curve technique (MCT) to estimate root zone storage capacity (SuMax), we developed a calibration-free runoff generation module, HSC-MCT. The runoff generation modules of HBV and TOPMODEL were used for comparison purposes. The performance of these two modules (HSC and HSC-MCT) was first checked against the data-rich Bruntland Burn (BB) catchment in Scotland, which has a long time series of field-mapped saturation area extent. We found that HSC, HBV and TOPMODEL all perform well to reproduce the hydrograph, but the HSC module performs better in reproducing saturated area variation, in terms of correlation coefficient and spatial pattern. The HSC and HSC-MCT modules were subsequently tested for 323 MOPEX catchments in the US, with diverse climate, soil, vegetation and geological characteristics. In comparison with HBV and TOPMODEL, the HSC performs better in both calibration and validation, particularly in the catchments with gentle topography, less forest cover, and arid climate. Despite having no calibrated parameters, the HSC-MCT module performed comparably well with calibrated modules, highlighting the robustness of the HSC parameterization to describe the spatial distribution of the root zone storage capacity and the efficiency of the MCT method to estimate SuMax. This novel and calibration-free runoff generation module helps to improve the prediction in ungauged basins and has great potential to be generalized at the global scale.

DATE PALM AND DATE PALM INFLORESCENCES IN THE LATE URUK PERIOD (C. 3300 B.C.): BOTANY AND ARCHAIC SCRIPT

Iraq ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 221-239
Author(s):  
Marcin Z. Paszke
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Phoenix Dactylifera L ◽  
Artificial Fertilization ◽  
Palm Fruits

The earliest evidence suggesting the human utilisation of wild date palm fruits in the Near East is dated to the sixth and fifth millennia B.C. Despite the lack of archaeological data, it is commonly believed that at the end of the Late Uruk period (c. 3300–3100 B.C.) the Sumerians established the first date palm plantations. Nevertheless, this belief has never been well-proven by any scientific data, which makes this issue open to debate. This article points to the images of the date palm known from the pictographic script from Uruk as an important source of botanical data—a concept which has never been discussed in the literature—and elaborates on the phenotypic traits of the Phoenix dactylifera L. discernible there. It aims to establish the level and condition of horticultural knowledge of the cultivators of the date palm tree in the late fourth millennium B.C.Many of the botanical traits found on the date palm pictographs are noteworthy, especially where the morphology of the crown, trunk, and root zone are concerned. Most importantly, the identification of pictographs representing date palm inflorescences prompts us to the conclusion that the Sumerians discovered the dioecious nature of the Phoenix dactylifera L., selecting the staminate inflorescences to pollinate female trees by at least c. 3300 B.C. The discovery of this method of artificial fertilization was a turning point in Mesopotamian agriculture since it enabled farmers to obtain a better crop while economizing on space and labour, constituting the beginning of the date palm plantations that are still such a feature of present-day Iraq.

scholarly journals Global root zone storage capacity from satellite-based evaporation

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1459-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Wang-Erlandsson ◽  
Wim G. M. Bastiaanssen ◽  
Hongkai Gao ◽  
Jonas Jägermeyr ◽  
Gabriel B. Senay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Surface Modelling ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Land Surface Modelling ◽  
Model Independent

Abstract. This study presents an "Earth observation-based" method for estimating root zone storage capacity – a critical, yet uncertain parameter in hydrological and land surface modelling. By assuming that vegetation optimises its root zone storage capacity to bridge critical dry periods, we were able to use state-of-the-art satellite-based evaporation data computed with independent energy balance equations to derive gridded root zone storage capacity at global scale. This approach does not require soil or vegetation information, is model independent, and is in principle scale independent. In contrast to a traditional look-up table approach, our method captures the variability in root zone storage capacity within land cover types, including in rainforests where direct measurements of root depths otherwise are scarce. Implementing the estimated root zone storage capacity in the global hydrological model STEAM (Simple Terrestrial Evaporation to Atmosphere Model) improved evaporation simulation overall, and in particular during the least evaporating months in sub-humid to humid regions with moderate to high seasonality. Our results suggest that several forest types are able to create a large storage to buffer for severe droughts (with a very long return period), in contrast to, for example, savannahs and woody savannahs (medium length return period), as well as grasslands, shrublands, and croplands (very short return period). The presented method to estimate root zone storage capacity eliminates the need for poor resolution soil and rooting depth data that form a limitation for achieving progress in the global land surface modelling community.

scholarly journals Picloram Release from Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Roots in the Field

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael V. Hickman ◽  
Calvin G. Messersmith ◽  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soil Residue

Picloram release by leafy spurge roots, as affected by picloram rate, plant growth stage, and time intervals after treatment, was quantified under field conditions. Picloram was pipe-wick applied to leafy spurge in the vegetative, flowering, and seed-filling growth stages. Percent leafy spurge control was evaluated and picloram residues were determined in soil samples from 0- to 13-, 13- to 26-, and 26- to 39-cm depths taken 1, 2, and 3 weeks after treatment. Leafy spurge was controlled (frequently >85%) by all picloram concentrations applied, although control tended to increase as solution concentration increased. Picloram release from roots was greater from plants treated in the flowering and seed-filling stages than from plants in the vegetative stage. Picloram release from roots generally was correlated with application rate, averaging 490, 820, and 1420 ppbw in soil for the 30, 60, and 120 g ae/L application rates, respectively. Picloram release from roots occurred rapidly with 86% of the picloram detected in the 0- to 13-cm soil depth present by 1 week after treatment. Picloram was detected at all soil depths sampled, but over 84% was in the upper 13 cm and 8% was in both the 13- to 26- and 26- to 39-cm depths. Leafy spurge shoots emerged through a 7.5- and 15-cm depth of picloram-treated soil at concentrations up to 1000 ppbw within 14 to 21 days after the untreated control. Picloram soil residue had little effect on leafy spurge root growth.

scholarly journals A hydrological model for root zone water storage simulation on a global scale

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganquan Mao ◽  
Junguo Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Lumped Model ◽  
Zone Water ◽  
Strong Capacity

Abstract. The soil water stored in the root zone is a critical variable for many applications as it plays key role in several hydrological and atmospheric processes. Many studies have been done to obtain reliable soil water information in the root zone layer. However, most of them are mainly focused on the soil moisture in a certain depth rather than the water stored in the entire rooting system. In this work, a hydrological model is developed to simulate the root zone water storage (RZWS) on a global scale. The model is based on a well validated lumped model and has been extended now to a distribution model. To reflect the natural spatial heterogeneity of the plant rooting system across the world, a key variable that influencing the RZWS, i.e. root zone storage capacity (RZSC), is integrated into the model. The newly developed model is evaluated on runoff and RZWS simulation across ten major basins. The evaluation of runoff indicates the strong capacity of the model for monthly simulation with a good performance on time series and distribution depiction. Results also show the ability of the model for RZWS dynamics mimicing in most of the regions. This model may offer benefits for many applications due to its ability for RZWS simulation. However, attentions need to also be paid for application as the high latitude regions are not investigated by this work due to the incomplete latitudinal coverage of the RZSC. Therefore, the performance of the model in such regions are not justified.

scholarly journals Comparison Pan Evaporation Data with Global Land-surface Evaporation GLEAM in Java and Bali Island Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Trinah Wati ◽  
Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan ◽  
Fatkhuroyan Fatkhuroyan
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Mean Absolute Error ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Surface Evaporation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Land ◽  
Daily Scale

This paper evaluates the variability of pan evaporation (Epan) data in Java and Bali during 2003-2012 and compares to GLEAM (Global Land-surface Evaporation: the Amsterdam Methodology) data version v3.b namely actual evaporation (E) and potential evaporation (Ep) in the same period with statistical method. Gleam combines a wide range of remotely sensed observations to the estimation of terrestrial evaporation and root-zone soil moisture at a global scale (0.25-degree). The aim is to assess the accuracy of Gleam data by examining correlation, mean absolute error, Root mean square error and mean error between Epan and Gleam data in Java and Bali Island. The result shows the correlation between Epan with Ep Gleam is higher than Epan with E Gleam. Generally, the accuracy of Gleam data is a good performance to estimate the land evaporation in Java and Bali at annual and monthly scale. In daily scale, the correlation is less than 0.50 both between Epan with E Gleam and between Epan with Ep Gleam. In daily scale, the average errors ranging from 0.15 to 3.09 mm according to RMSE, MAE, and ME.The result of this study is essential in providing valuable recommendation for choosing alternative evaporation data in regional or local scale from satellite data.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document