JANUS: the camera system onboard JUICE. Operational approach and scientific capabilities from operations case studies.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Tubiana ◽  
Alice Lucchetti ◽  
Tilmann Denk ◽  
Ricardo Hueso ◽  
Luisa Maria Lara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Data ◽  
State Agency ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Transient Phenomena ◽  
Cosmic Vision ◽  
Neutral Gas ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Jovian System

<p>The JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) mission was selected in May 2012 as the first Large mission (L1) in the frame of the ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 program and it will be launched in 2022. The mission aims to perform an in-depth characterization of the Jovian system, with an operational phase of about 3.5 years [1]. Main targets for this mission will be the vast Jovian system, including Jupiter itself, its magnetosphere, satellites, rings, neutral gas tori and the complex interplays among all those system components. Detailed investigations of three of Jupiter's Galilean icy satellites (Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto) will be achieved thanks to a large number of fly-bys and 9 months in orbit around Ganymede.</p> <p>JANUS (Jovis, Amorum ac Natorum Undique Scrutator) is the scientific camera system onboard JUICE [2]. Despite the resource limitations, and the environmental constraints, the instrument architecture and design will be able to satisfy the great variability of observing conditions for its different targets, benefiting from the spacecraft and orbit design to its maximum. The JANUS design has to cope with a wide range of targets, from Jupiter’s atmosphere, to solid satellite surfaces and their exospheres, rings, and transient phenomena like lightning. In order to obtain multispectral observations of scientific targets as well as specific observations in narrow bands, JANUS is equipped with a filter wheel mechanism with 13 wide and narrow-band filters, allowing wavelength coverage in the 340 - 1080 nm range. JANUS will greatly improve spatial coverage, resolution and time coverage on many targets in the Jupiter system. JANUS ground sampling ranges from 400 m/pixel to < 3 m/pixel for the three main Galilean satellites, and from few to few tens of km/pixel for Jupiter and other targets in the Jovian system, such as Io, the minor inner and outer irregular moons, and Jupiter’s rings. JANUS observations of Jupiter’s atmosphere will range from full mapping to regional imaging at spatial resolutions down to 10 km/pix. Global wind fields with accuracies better than 1.0 m/s will be obtained several times during the mission.</p> <p>Assuming the availability of scientific data volume (during operations about 20% of 1.4 Gbit/day is allocated to JANUS), JANUS observations will fully cover Ganymede in 4 colours with a resolution of about 100 m/pix as a goal, also providing regional DTMs. About 3% of the surface of Ganymede will be covered with a resolution of 10 - 30 m/pix for selected Regions of Interest, using both panchromatic and colour filters, and providing stereo images for the 3D reconstruction of the surface. This will represent dramatic improvements in imaging with respect to Galileo coverage in all the science targets covered by JUICE/JANUS.</p> <p>In addition to presenting the science goals that we are aiming to achieve during the JUICE science phase, we will show examples of a case study of operations, to highlight how the achievement of science goals is strictly related to the resources available to the instrument.</p> <p>References: [1] Grasset et al., (2013), <em>PSS, </em>78, 1-21. [2] Palumbo et al., (2014), <em>EGU conference</em></p> <p>Acknowledgements: The activity has been realized under the ASI-INAF contract 2018-25-HH.0. LML acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the ‘Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofısica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709) and from project PGC2018-099425-B-I00 (MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE).</p>

scholarly journals A System-Agnostic, Adaptable and Extensible Animal Support Cradle System for Cardio-Respiratory-Synchronised, and Other, Multi-Modal Imaging of Small Animals

Tomography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Veerle Kersemans ◽  
Stuart Gilchrist ◽  
Philip Danny Allen ◽  
Sheena Wallington ◽  
Paul Kinchesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Data ◽  
Cardiac Monitoring ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Maintenance System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Animal Handling ◽  
Imaging Performance ◽  
Significant Effort

Standardisation of animal handling procedures for a wide range of preclinical imaging scanners will improve imaging performance and reproducibility of scientific data. Whilst there has been significant effort in defining how well scanners should operate and how in vivo experimentation should be practised, there is little detail on how to achieve optimal scanner performance with best practices in animal welfare. Here, we describe a system-agnostic, adaptable and extensible animal support cradle system for cardio-respiratory-synchronised, and other, multi-modal imaging of small animals. The animal support cradle can be adapted on a per application basis and features integrated tubing for anaesthetic and tracer delivery, an electrically driven rectal temperature maintenance system and respiratory and cardiac monitoring. Through a combination of careful material and device selection, we have described an approach that allows animals to be transferred whilst under general anaesthesia between any of the tomographic scanners we currently or have previously operated. The set-up is minimally invasive, cheap and easy to implement and for multi-modal, multi-vendor imaging of small animals.

scholarly journals Wolbachia: endosymbiont of onchocercid nematodes and their vectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranju Ravindran Santhakumari Manoj ◽  
Maria Stefania Latrofa ◽  
Sara Epis ◽  
Domenico Otranto
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Wolbachia Endosymbiont ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular maternally transmitted, gram-negative bacterium which forms a spectrum of endosymbiotic relationships from parasitism to obligatory mutualism in a wide range of arthropods and onchocercid nematodes, respectively. In arthropods Wolbachia produces reproductive manipulations such as male killing, feminization, parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility for its propagation and provides an additional fitness benefit for the host to protect against pathogens, whilst in onchocercid nematodes, apart from the mutual metabolic dependence, this bacterium is involved in moulting, embryogenesis, growth and survival of the host. Methods This review details the molecular data of Wolbachia and its effect on host biology, immunity, ecology and evolution, reproduction, endosymbiont-based treatment and control strategies exploited for filariasis. Relevant peer-reviewed scientic papers available in various authenticated scientific data bases were considered while writing the review. Conclusions The information presented provides an overview on Wolbachia biology and its use in the control and/or treatment of vectors, onchocercid nematodes and viral diseases of medical and veterinary importance. This offers the development of new approaches for the control of a variety of vector-borne diseases. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Social network-based ethical analysis of COVID-19 vaccine supply policy in three Central Asian countries              

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timur Aripov ◽  
Daniel Wikler ◽  
Damin Asadov ◽  
Zhangir Tulekov ◽  
Totugul Murzabekova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central Asian Countries

Abstract Abstract Background In the pandemic time, many low- and middle-income countries are experiencing restricted access to COVID-19 vaccines. An access to imported vaccines or ways to produce them locally becomes the principal source of hope. But developing a strategy for success in obtaining and allocating vaccines is not easy task. The governments in those countries have faced difficult decision whether to accept or reject offers of vaccine diplomacy, weighing price and availability of COVID-19 vaccines against concerns over their efficacy and safety. Our aim was to analyze public opinion regarding the governmental strategies to obtain COVID-19 vaccines in three Central Asian countries, focusing particularly on possible ethical issues. Methods We searched opinions expressed either in Russian or in the respective national languages. We provided data of the debate within three countries, drawn from social media postings and other sources. The opinion data was not restricted by source and time. This allowed to collect a wide range of possible opinions that could be expressed regarding COVID-19 vaccine supply and public’s participation in vaccine trials. We recognized ethical issues and possible questions concerning different ethical frameworks. We also considered additional information or scientific data, in the process of reasoning. Results As a result, public views on their respective government policies on COVID-19 vaccine supply ranged from strongly negative to slightly positive. We extracted most important issues from public debates, for our analysis. The first issue involved trade-offs between quantity, speed, price, freedom, efficacy and safety in the vaccines. The second set of issues arouse in connection with the request to site a randomized trial in one of countries (Uzbekistan). After considering additional evidences, we weighed individual with public risks and benefits to make specific judgements concerning every issue. Conclusions We believe that our analysis would be a helpful example of solving ethical issues that can rise concerning COVID-19 vaccine supply round the world. The public view can be highly critical, helping to spot such issues. An ignoring this view can lead to major problems, which in turn, can become a serious obstacle for the vaccine coverage and epidemics’ control in the countries and regions.

scholarly journals MULTIAXIAL INVESTIGATION OF PVC FOAMS AND ANALYSIS OF THE DEFORMATION MECHANISM BY 3D-DIC

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Francesca Concas ◽  
Stefan Diebels ◽  
Anne Jung
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Mechanism ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Deformation Bands ◽  
Pure Torsion ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Strain Fields ◽  
Failure Data ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pure Compression

Closed-cell polyvinylchloride (PVC) foams are widely used as core for sandwich composites for applications, in which multiaxial loads are involved. In the present work a wide range of uniaxial (tension, compression and torsion) and multiaxial experiments (both simultaneous tension-torsion and compression-torsion) were conducted on a high performance PVC foam. Failure data for each experiment were collected and depicted in the invariants plane. The whole cylindrical surface of the specimen was monitored by means of an 8-camera-system, strain fields were obtained by 3D-DIC. Hence, the occurrence and the evolution of deformation bands were inspected. The usage of an 8-camera system was essential for the observation of the deformation mechanism, especially for pure compression, pure torsion and combined axial load-torsion, in which the arising of deformation bands is affected by the occurrence of buckling and the orthotropy of the foam.

Polar bear research: has science helped management and conservation?

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dag Vongraven ◽  
Andrew E. Derocher ◽  
Alyssa M. Bohart
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Polar Bears ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
Research Relationship ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Sound Management ◽  
Management And Conservation

Wildlife management is predicated upon the use of scientific research to assist decision-making. However, assessment of the effectiveness of the management–research relationship is rarely undertaken. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) have benefitted from an international agreement that required each of the countries within the species’ range to manage them using the best available scientific data. The objective of this paper is to conduct a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature on polar bears to describe research trends and to assess how effectively research has met management needs. We analyzed 1191 peer-reviewed scientific papers from 1886–2016 covering 24 research topics. Annual counts of papers within each research topic were assessed for temporal trends, spatial coverage, and the extent to which they have facilitated management and monitoring needs. The annual number of papers increased from <10 in the early 1960s to >50 in recent years with a mean of 2.2 papers per subpopulation per year with great variation between the 19 global subpopulations. We conclude that there is an imbalance in the geographic and thematic focus of peer-reviewed research in recent years, and that only four subpopulations appear to have had a research focus covering most parameters essential for conservation and sound management.

Cognitive Aspects on the Representation of Dynamic Environmental Phenomena Using Animations

2001 ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Ogao ◽  
Connie A. Blok
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Data Exploration ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interdisciplinary Nature

Measurements from dynamic environmental phenomena have resulted in the acquisition and generation of an enormous amount of data. This upsurge in data availability can be attributed to the interdisciplinary nature of environmental problem solving and the wide range of acquisition technology involved. In essence, users are dealing with data that is complex in nature, multidimensional and probably of a temporal nature. Also, the frequency by which this data is acquired far exceeds the rate at which it is being explored, a factor that has accelerated the search for innovative approaches and tools in spatial data analysis. These attempts have seen both analytical and visual techniques being used as aids in presentation and scientific data exploration. Examples are seen in techniques as in: data mining, data exploration and visualization.

scholarly journals Design of an experimental four-camera setup for enhanced 3D surface reconstruction in microsurgery

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 539-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Marzi ◽  
Andreas Wachter ◽  
Werner Nahm
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithms ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Main Disadvantage ◽  
The Common ◽  
Visualization Systems ◽  
Compact Design ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFuture fully digital surgical visualization systems enable a wide range of new options. Caused by optomechanical limitations a main disadvantage of today’s surgical microscopes is their incapability of providing arbitrary perspectives to more than two observers. In a fully digital microscopic system, multiple arbitrary views can be generated from a 3D reconstruction. Modern surgical microscopes allow replacing the eyepieces by cameras in order to record stereoscopic videos. A reconstruction from these videos can only contain the amount of detail the recording camera system gathers from the scene. Therefore, covered surfaces can result in a faulty reconstruction for deviating stereoscopic perspectives. By adding cameras recording the object from different angles, additional information of the scene is acquired, allowing to improve the reconstruction. Our approach is to use a fixed four-camera setup as a front-end system to capture enhanced 3D topography of a pseudo-surgical scene. This experimental setup would provide images for the reconstruction algorithms and generation of multiple observing stereo perspectives. The concept of the designed setup is based on the common main objective (CMO) principle of current surgical microscopes. These systems are well established and optically mature. Furthermore, the CMO principle allows a more compact design and a lowered effort in calibration than cameras with separate optics. Behind the CMO four pupils separate the four channels which are recorded by one camera each. The designed system captures an area of approximately 28mm × 28mm with four cameras. Thus, allowing to process images of 6 different stereo perspectives. In order to verify the setup, it is modelled in silico. It can be used in further studies to test algorithms for 3D reconstruction from up to four perspectives and provide information about the impact of additionally recorded perspectives on the enhancement of a reconstruction.

scholarly journals Mapping intrinsic electromechanical responses at the nanoscale via sequential excitation scanning probe microscopy empowered by deep data

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boyuan Huang ◽  
Ehsan Nasr Esfahani ◽  
Jiangyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Brute Force ◽  
Probe Microscopy ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Ever-increasing hardware capabilities and computation powers have enabled acquisition and analysis of big scientific data at the nanoscale routine, though much of the data acquired often turn out to be redundant, noisy and/or irrelevant to the problems of interest, and it remains nontrivial to draw clear mechanistic insights from pure data analytics. In this work, we use scanning probe microscopy (SPM) as an example to demonstrate deep data methodology for nanosciences, transitioning from brute-force analytics such as data mining, correlation analysis and unsupervised classification to informed and/or targeted causative data analytics built on sound physical understanding. Three key ingredients of such deep data analytics are presented. A sequential excitation scanning probe microscopy (SE-SPM) technique is first developed to acquire high-quality, efficient and physically relevant data, which can be easily implemented on any standard atomic force microscope (AFM). Brute-force physical analysis is then carried out using a simple harmonic oscillator (SHO) model, enabling us to derive intrinsic electromechanical coupling of interest. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) is carried out, which not only speeds up the analysis by four orders of magnitude, but also allows a clear physical interpretation of its modes in combination with SHO analysis. A rough piezoelectric material has been probed using such a strategy, enabling us to map its intrinsic electromechanical properties at the nanoscale with high fidelity, where conventional methods fail. The SE in combination with deep data methodology can be easily adapted for other SPM techniques to probe a wide range of functional phenomena at the nanoscale.

scholarly journals University Education in the Next Century

1998 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Derek McNally
Keyword(s):  
Hubble Space Telescope ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
University Education ◽  
Electromagnetic Spectrum ◽  
Success Story ◽  
Optical Telescope ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optical Astronomy ◽  
Positional Precision ◽  
Detector Technology

There is no doubt that the science of astronomy is now in an exhilarating state. We are in the era of the 10 m optical telescope. Radio astronomy rivals optical astronomy in both positional precision and sensitivity. Observation from space has opened access to a wide range of frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum. The spectacular achievements of the Hubble Space Telescope underline the success story of space astronomy. At all wavelengths, detector technology has made striking advances in sensitivity and, coupled with cheap, sophisticated and powerful computers, raw data can be transformed into useful scientific data with breathtaking speed. One has only to add up the number of papers published in the three major astronomical journals to realise that one must read 100 journal pages a day (every day) to keep up with the literature in these three journals alone. Astronomy at the close of the 20th century is indeed exhilarating.

scholarly journals Mitigation of Odor, NH3, H2S, GHG, and VOC Emissions With Current Products for Use in Deep-Pit Swine Manure Storage Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baitong Chen ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
Chumki Banik ◽  
Hantian Ma ◽  
Myeongseong Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swine Manure ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Deep Pit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Manure Storage ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Storage Structures

Odorous gas emissions from swine production have been a concern for neighbors and communities near livestock farms. Manure storage is one of the main sources of gaseous emissions. Manure additive products are marketed as a simple solution to this environmental challenge. Manure additives are user-friendly for producers and can be applied (e.g., periodically poured into manure) without changing the current manure storage structure. Little scientific data exist on how these products perform in mitigating gaseous emissions from swine manure. The research objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of 12 marketed manure additives on mitigating odor, ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), greenhouse gases (GHG), and odorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from stored swine manure. A controlled pilot-scale setup was used to conduct 8-week long trials using manufacturer-prescribed dosages of additives into swine manures. Manure was outsourced from three swine farms to represent a variety of manure storage types and other factors affecting the properties. Measured gaseous emissions were compared between the treated and untreated manure. None of the tested products showed a significant reduction in gaseous emissions when all (n = 3) manures were treated as replicates. Selected products showed a wide range of statistically-significant reduction and generation of gaseous emissions when emissions were compared in pairs of manure types from one farm. The latter observation highlighted the lack of consistent mitigation of gaseous emissions by manure additives. The results of this study do not warrant full-scale trials with the tested products.

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