scholarly journals THREATS TO NORMAL VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE OF HISTORICAL CITIES IN CHINA: A CASE STUDY OF HISTORICAL CITIES AND TOWNS IN LIAONING PROVINCE

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 773-780
Author(s):  
B. Li ◽  
Z. Xing ◽  
L. Miao ◽  
S. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Central China ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Historical Architecture ◽  
Vernacular Buildings ◽  
Professional Interventions

Abstract. Located in the northeastern part of China, the stretch of land named Liaoning is a region historically characterised by the convergence of multiple ethnicities and cultures. It used to be the northeastern boundary of central China with an array of military cities and fortresses intensively built for military defence. Unlike palaces and gentry residences, vernacular residences and urban tissue existing widely in historical towns are excluded in the national protection schedule and have thus experienced different levels of damages. They feature a paradox that the general city form is well preserved whilst architectural forms are changed to a large extent. Most vernacular buildings have endured centennial baptisms, as evidenced by their architectural layouts, structures, roofing, walls, decorations etc. As most historical Chinese cities are not renowned tourist destinations, they are faced with various threats and are on the verge of extinction. The threats include the departure of young residents, decay of historical architecture, insufficient financial and technical support for architectural renovation, improper modifications by residents and demolition of entire historical neighbourhoods. Such threats are widespread in Chinese historical cities which are struggling to survive. Prior to the implementation of professional interventions, the urban forms and vernacular architecture of such historical cities should be studied. Through on-site investigation and query of historical data, especially the historical satellite city maps of U.S. Geological Survey, this study analyses the current life conditions in the context of traditional architecture, reveals problems in the use of historical architecture, identifies potential threats and summarises the underlying reasons. Suggestions benefitting local architectural conservation are then put forward.

scholarly journals Traditional Vernacular Buildings, Architectural Heritage and Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Almantas Samalavičius ◽  
Dalia Traškinaitė
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Architectural Heritage ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Curonian Spit ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Vernacular Buildings ◽  
Different Parts

The article is focused on vernacular dwellings in different parts of Europe: southern Italy and Lithuania that have their own traditions. The authors note that the attitude towards traditional vernacular architecture has largely changed due to ongoing research in this domail. Nevertheless, despite persistent continuity of traditional architecture, vernacular architecture was affected by the rise and development of modernist ideology that neglected the realm of tradition. The authors discuss some tyoes of vernacular buildings and their relation to local landscape, especially focusing on the traditional vernacular dwelling of Kuršių nerija (coastal regionbordering with Curonian spit and the Baltic Sea. This region was originally an area of fishermen villages and though some of the settlements ceasedf to exist there are a number of vernacula houses that belong to architectural heritage. The issues of dwellings, authenticity, survival and protection as well as some ambiguous issues of sustainability of traditional dwellings arer discussed. The authors conclude by suggesting that multiple assesment perspective should be employed while dealign with vernacular buildings suggesting that buildings of this type can perform functions extending the tourist consumption.

scholarly journals Adapting Design Principles of Traditional Courtyard Housing for Future Urban Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Soroush Nikeghbali
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Traditional Design ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Design Proposal

Most cities in recent decades have copied the modern type of architecture and urban design of the western countries. Modern cities in different regions of the world have been relatively developed with similar urban form types. In this research, it has been suggested to investigate the traditional or vernacular architecture and to propose new design principles based on the historic shape of cities. Thus the paper has been concentrated on vernacular architecture of traditional Iranian cities. The research has been focused on analysing the vernacular architecture of this country and to define the main traditional design principles in scale of urban fabric particularly in residential neighbourhoods. These principles have been adapted to be applicable for the contemporary life style and condition of the Iranian cities. The design proposal has been assessed via an inquiry by design process in order to understand the feasibility and adequacy of the suggested design principles. This research can show the methodology of learning from the traditional architecture and urban design to make new distinctive urban forms. Such urban forms create distinguished local identity for Iranian residential urban fabrics.

Tents: a paradigm of lightness and sustainability in vernacular architecture and in Frei Otto's work

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan María Songel
Keyword(s):  
Essential Feature ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Soap Film ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Hanging Chain ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between vernacular architecture and Frei Otto's work, searching for shared principles and specific singularities, and testing whether lightness and sustainability can be identified as a common goal.Design/methodology/approachThe study is focused on tents and yurts, as archetypal examples of traditional architecture, and membrane structures and gridshells, as two types of light structures developed by Frei Otto. A comparative analysis of their behavior, form, elements, types, materials and strength has been carried out.FindingsThe survey carried out shows that Frei Otto's innovative tents and gridshells were not based on form imitation of vernacular architecture, but rather on a thorough understanding of physical form-generating processes, driving specific materials to optimal form, like his experiments with soap film models to generate tensioned minimal surfaces or his experiments with hanging chain net models to generate compressive antifunicular lattice shells.Originality/valueThis paper highlights how Frei Otto's endeavor to get the maximum with the minimum, to achieve a lot from a little, is also a key target of lightness and sustainability, and an essential feature of vernacular architecture.

scholarly journals Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Maryam Khatibi
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Modeling Analysis ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Vernacular Buildings ◽  
Technological Bias

The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential shortcomings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country. 

scholarly journals Environmental representation: Bridging the drawings and historiography of Mediterranean vernacular architecture

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 3472
Author(s):  
Kemal Reha Kavas
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Architectural History ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Architectural Drawings ◽  
Architectural Representation ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Representation Of Architecture ◽  
Historical Architecture ◽  
Environmental Representation

Architectural drawings, which are projections of spaces on a paper surface, can be categorized according to the projections’ directional and temporal relation with the represented space. A projection becomes a documentation when it departs from an existing spatial organization for recording it on paper. The projection serves the design process when it departs from the present to foresee a spatial proposal in the future. While the former records the present within limited interpretive range, the latter is more constructive.  While these two types of projections are known widely, there is another highly interpretive type of projection, the potentials of which, are generally underestimated. As the architectural historian’s tool, this third projection type represents bygone architecture. The task of this drawing, which is one of the least questioned issues of architectural history, is to restore an incomplete image by referring to material and textual sources. This drawing type contributes to the methodology of architectural historiography while conceiving, explaining and representing space.For illustrating this situation, this study analyzes the vernacular settlements and their environmental integration because this selected context reveals the interpretive nature of the third type of projection in a successful way. In this framework, the cut-away axonometric is considered as an appropriate drawing method for uncovering the integrity between architecture and its site or culture and nature. The outcome of this theoretical insight into the prolific relations between drawing and architectural history is coined as “environmental representation.”In history architectural products have been integral components of the environment. Then, the architectural representation of historical buildings through drawings becomes critical since the majority of architectural drawings tend to isolate buildings from their environment. This conventional representation of historical architecture has been the dominant tool of typological analysis. Typology, which is intertwined with plan drawings, categorizes historical buildings according to their spatial, structural and material organizations and disengages the buildings from their socio-cultural and environmental context. If this methodological problem of typology is regarded as a problem of drawing, a new mode of “environmental representation” can be proposed.This study proposes “environmental representation” of architecture through cut-away axonometric. This graphic proposal is based upon the theoretical references of “environmental aesthetics”, which is an interdisciplinary field analyzing the participatory human engagement in environment. “Aesthetics,” as a term, defines this bodily engagement into environment through the use of all human senses. In this theoretical framework this study challenges the assumptions of scientific theory for architectural representation of the “abstracted object” and proposes an alternative method of “environmental representation” on the basis of “aesthetics”. Within this scope, the proposed cut-away axonometric drawings produced by the author is analyzed in order to represent exemplary historical contexts of architecture selected through the vernacular settlements of the Anatolian Mediterranean.

scholarly journals Evolution and Review of Modern Eastern Vernacular Buildings

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Tian Hu, Wenbin Gong
Keyword(s):  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Research Level ◽  
Early Exploration ◽  
Evolution Laws ◽  
Vernacular Buildings

This paper divided the evolution of modern Chinese vernacular architecture (1949–2010) into 3 stages: early exploration, confine and confusion, and modern development, by taking time line as the clue, vernacular characteristics of modern architecture in Xi’an during different phases as the support, and combining literature research and field investigation. On this basis, it reviewed historical background, relevant context and typical features of modern vernacular architecture in Xi’an during different phases, and further concluded the evolution laws and research level of modern Chinese vernacular architecture.

Ecological Wisdom and Renewal of Jiarong Tibetan Residence in Zhonglu West Sichuan Province

2012 ◽  
Vol 450-451 ◽  
pp. 1493-1497
Author(s):  
Jun Huan Li ◽  
Na Liu
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Local Resident ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ecological Wisdom

The paper is under the background of residence architecture and Tibetan culture, taking the settlements and architecture of Zhonglu Danba as the object of research, taking architectural culture of other ethnic groups as reference. Inspect the vernacular architecture on the aspects of architecture and culturology, and to conclude the common ecological wisdom in residence construction. The paper also does case study of renewal, revise the traditional architecture aim at the flaws, giving the idea of” excessive growth”, in order to fulfill the demand of local resident.

scholarly journals Revitalization of Traditional Architecture Towards Sustainable Development of the Skadar Lake Area

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-42
Author(s):  
Irena Rajković ◽  
Marija Bojović
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Building Activity ◽  
Vernacular Building ◽  
Potential Evaluation ◽  
Ecological Building ◽  
Lake Skadar

Abstract Traditional architecture is one of the most important segments in the preservation and development of cultural identity. The Lake Skadar region abounds in examples of vernacular building activity that provide the clearest evidence of the creation of settlements and houses as a result of adaptation to natural environment. The study of vernacular architecture on the shores of Lake Skadar is related to the identification and potential evaluation of its local traditional features, as ecological building forms which express the principle of sustainability. Within the framework of research on vernacular architecture of this area, analysis is undertaken with the aim of defining guidelines for revitalizing traditional settlements in this region. In this respect the emphasis of this work is on recognizing the potential and possible directions in revitalization of cultural heritage of traditional settlements in keeping with the principles of sustainable development.

scholarly journals ARSITEKTUR VERNAKULAR NABIRE DAN KONDISI NABIRE PASCA GEMPA

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
C. Sri Gayatri ◽  
L.M.F. Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
First Year ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
Human Safety ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Inappropriate Choice ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia

The natural disaster in Nabire in February 2004 and November 2004 has left a noumerous effects on buildings. Many buildings have destroyed because of the terrifying effect of natural disaster which caused a big loss both for material and for the human safety. However, the misapplication of construction and inappropriate choice of material almost cause the terrible damage. After the natural disaster passed, the only left is mostly on the long time needed to build the buildings for people who suffer from the disaster. Because of this problem above, many people usually stay in uncomfortable places such a tend, and this condition creates social and health problems. Concerning the problem above, it is needed to create the "quick built house" which is hopefully can be accepted by the community to cope with the terrifying effect of the natural disaster.In the first year of this research, the data concerning traditional architecture and vernacular architecture in Nabire will be collected. This step will be done in order to understand more detail about all the problem faced and identified all the potential aspects which can be developed to build house for people. The deepest study of vernacular architecture is expected not only to make the house close to the uniqueness of the local activities and culture, but also to make it understandable and built easily by the people/community, because its construction and architecture have become part of their life. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Pada saat bencana alam di Nabire yang terjadi Februari 2004 dan November 2004, banyak bangunan roboh dan rusak. Kerugian sangat besar dan mengakibatkan kerugian baik material maupun keselamatan manusia. Kerusakan yang parah sering diakibatkan oleh salahnya penerapan konstruksi dan salah dalam pemilihan bahan bangunan. Sementara itu pasca bencana, menyisakan kesulitan berupa lamanya membangun bangunan penampungan korban bencana, sehingga seringkali korban bencana hanya ditampung di tenda saja. Akibatnya muncul masalah sosial dan kesehatan. Bangunan yang roboh juga membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk dibangun kembali. Hal ini mendorong pemikiran untuk mengembangkan rumah cepat bangun yang dapat diterima masyarakat, pada saat bencana telah berlalu. Pada penelitian tahun I ini, dilakukan pengumpulan data tentang arsitektur tradisional dan arsitektur vernakular di Nabire, untuk memahami secara lebih dekat segala permasalahan yang harus dihadapi dan potensi yang dapat dikembangkan untuk membangun rumah Rakyat. Penggalian arsitektur vernakular, diharapkan tidak hanya mendekatkan rumah tinggal yang akan dibangun kembali nantinya, sesuai dengan segala aktifitas dan budaya masyarakat setempat, namun juga untuk lebih mudah dipahami dan mudah dikerjakan sendiri oleh masyarakat, karena bentuk konstruksi dan arsitekturnya sudah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan mereka. Kata kunci: arsitektur tradisonal, vernakular arsitektur, gempa di Nabire.

scholarly journals Molecular Identification of a New Phytoplasma Strain Associated with the First Observation of Jujube Witches'-Broom Disease in Northeastern China

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
pp. 1364-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Wei ◽  
H. Jiang ◽  
Y. Yang ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
R. E. Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Central China ◽  
Liaoning Province ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Hemp Fiber ◽  
Phytoplasma Strain

Jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) is a deciduous tree that is native to northern Africa and Syria. Because of its tolerance to a broad range of climatic conditions, jujube has attained a wide natural distribution from southeastern Europe to eastern Asia (3). Jujube has a long history of cultivation, especially in Asia, for its valuable medicinal properties, strong wood, and nutritious fruits. Jujube trees are susceptible to phytoplasma infections and develop jujube witches'-broom (JWB) disease. To date, JWB diseases have been reported in Korea, Japan, and central China (1,4). In this communication, we describe a new phytoplasma strain associated with the first observation of JWB disease in northeastern China. In the summer of 2006, six jujube trees exhibiting pronounced witches'-broom symptoms were observed in suburban Dalian, Liaoning Province. The trees developed dense clusters of highly proliferating branches with shortened internodes. Leaves on the affected branches were chlorotic and significantly reduced in size. A DNA segment characteristic of phytoplasma rRNA partial operons was amplified from DNA samples extracted from leaves of all diseased trees in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using phytoplasma-universal primer pair P1/P7 (2). No PCR product was obtained from DNA samples extracted from two symptomless jujube trees in the same region. The PCR-amplified DNA segment, spanning a near full-length 16S rRNA gene, a 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, a tRNA-Ile gene, and a partial 23S rRNA gene was cloned and sequenced to achieve 4× coverage per base position in sequencing both strands (GenBank Accession No. EF661852). Results from analysis of the sequence data indicated that the six jujube trees were infected by a phytoplasma of elm yellows group (16SrV), to which other reported JWB phytoplasma strains belong. However, the JWB phytoplasma strain identified in the current study, hereby designated as JWB-DL, displayed sequence variations within the partial rRNA operon compared with those of other JWB strains (GenBank Accession Nos. AY072722, AF305240, and AY197661), indicating that JWB-DL is a distinct strain. To further characterize the JWB-DL phytoplasma, a genomic segment covering full-length ribosomal protein genes rplV and rpsC was PCR-amplified using primer pair rp(V)F2A/rpR1 (2), cloned, and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EF661581). The nucleotide sequence of the JWB-DL phytoplasma rplV-rpsC locus is identical to that of hemp fiber witches'-broom phytoplasma (GenBank Accession No. EF029093) rather than to those of JWB phytoplasma strains described previously. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a JWB disease in northeastern China, and JWB-DL represents a new, distinct ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’-related strain. References: (1) H.-Y. Jung et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53:1037, 2003. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:337, 2004. (3) W. H. Outlaw et al. Econ. Bot. 56:198, 2002. (4) J. B. Tian et al. Hortic. Sci 35:1274, 2000.

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