scholarly journals Experimental evidence for a universal threshold characterizing wave-induced sea ice break-up

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joey Voermans ◽  
Jean Rabault ◽  
Kirill Filchuk ◽  
Ivan Ryzhov ◽  
Petra Heil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Forecasting Models ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quantitative Manner ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Wave Induced ◽  
Promising Avenue

Abstract. Waves can drastically transform a sea ice cover by inducing break-up over vast distances in the course of a few hours. However, relatively few detailed studies have described this phenomenon in a quantitative manner, and the process of sea ice break-up by waves needs to be further parameterized and verified before it can be reliably included in forecasting models. In the present work, we discuss sea ice break-up parameterization and demonstrate the existence of an observational threshold separating breaking and non-breaking cases. This threshold is based on information from two recent field campaigns, supplemented with existing observations of sea ice break-up. The data used cover a wide range of scales, from laboratory-grown sea ice to polar field observations. Remarkably, we show that both field and laboratory observations tend to converge to a single quantitative threshold at which the wave-induced sea ice break-up takes place, which opens a promising avenue for robust parametrization in operational forecasting models.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence for a universal threshold characterizing wave-induced sea ice break-up

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 4265-4278
Author(s):  
Joey J. Voermans ◽  
Jean Rabault ◽  
Kirill Filchuk ◽  
Ivan Ryzhov ◽  
Petra Heil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Forecasting Models ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quantitative Manner ◽  
Field Campaigns ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Wave Induced ◽  
Promising Avenue

Abstract. Waves can drastically transform a sea ice cover by inducing break-up over vast distances in the course of a few hours. However, relatively few detailed studies have described this phenomenon in a quantitative manner, and the process of sea ice break-up by waves needs to be further parameterized and verified before it can be reliably included in forecasting models. In the present work, we discuss sea ice break-up parameterization and demonstrate the existence of an observational threshold separating breaking and non-breaking cases. This threshold is based on information from two recent field campaigns, supplemented with existing observations of sea ice break-up. The data used cover a wide range of scales, from laboratory-grown sea ice to polar field observations. Remarkably, we show that both field and laboratory observations tend to converge to a single quantitative threshold at which the wave-induced sea ice break-up takes place, which opens a promising avenue for robust parametrization in operational forecasting models.

scholarly journals Aerial observations of sea ice break-up by ship waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elie Dumas-Lefebvre ◽  
Dany Dumont
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Flexural Rigidity ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Modal Shape ◽  
Lawrence Estuary ◽  
Ship Waves ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Ice Floes ◽  
Wave Induced

Abstract. We provide the first in situ observations of floe size distributions (FSD) resulting from wave-induced sea ice break-up. In order to obtain such data, an unmanned aerial vehicle was deployed from the Canadian Coast Guard Ship Amundsen as it sailed in the vicinity of large ice floes in Baffin Bay and in the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada. When represented as probability density functions weighted by the surface of ice floes, the FSDs exhibit a strong modal shape which confirms the preferential size hypothesis debated in the scientific community. Both FSDs are compared to a flexural rigidity length scale, which depends on ice properties, and with the wavelength scale. This comparison tends to show that the maximal distance between cracks is preferentially dictated by sea ice thickness and elasticity rather than by the wavelength. Temporal analysis of one fracture event is also done. Results show that the break-up advances almost as fast as the wave energy and that waves responsible for the break-up propagate following the mass loading dispersion relation. Moreover, our experiments show that thicker ice can attenuate wave less than thinner ice. This method thus provides key information on the wave-induced FSD, clarifies theoretical aspects from the construction of the FSD to its implementation in models and brings new knowledge regarding the temporal evolution of sea ice break-up.

scholarly journals Break-up of sea ice by ocean waves

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 438-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia J. Langhorne ◽  
Vernon A. Squire ◽  
Colin Fox ◽  
Timothy G. Haskell
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Endurance Limit ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Fatigue Behaviour ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Ice Failure ◽  
Wave Induced

The manner in which sea ice breaks up determines its floe-size distribution. This, together with any redistribution due to ocean currents or winds, alters the fluxes between the atmosphere and the underlying ocean. Many materials fail at stresses well below their flexural strength when subject to repeated bending, such processes being termed fatigue. in some materials a stress exists below which the material will maintain its integrity even if subjected to an infinite number of load cycles. This stress is termed the endurance limit. We report a scries of field experiments to investigate the fatigue behaviour of first-year sea ice that subjected in situ cantilever beams to repeated bending with zero mean stress. These tests suggest that an endurance limit exists for sea ice, and that it is approximately 60% of the flexural strength. Using theory and data from wave experiments performed in similar conditions to the fatigue experiments, estimates are made of the conditions under which wave-induced break-up occurs. These indicate that fatigue may be a neglected ingredient of sea-ice failure due to wave-induced motion.

scholarly journals Effects of Wave-Induced Sea Ice Break-Up and Mixing in a High-Resolution Coupled Ice-Ocean Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Junde Li ◽  
Alexander V. Babanin ◽  
Qingxiang Liu ◽  
Joey J. Voermans ◽  
Petra Heil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Wave Induced

Arctic sea ice plays a vital role in modulating the global climate. In the most recent decades, the rapid decline of the Arctic summer sea ice cover has exposed increasing areas of ice-free ocean, with sufficient fetch for waves to develop. This has highlighted the complex and not well-understood nature of wave-ice interactions, requiring modeling effort. Here, we introduce two independent parameterizations in a high-resolution coupled ice-ocean model to investigate the effects of wave-induced sea ice break-up (through albedo change) and mixing on the Arctic sea ice simulation. Our results show that wave-induced sea ice break-up leads to increases in sea ice concentration and thickness in the Bering Sea, the Baffin Sea and the Barents Sea during the ice growth season, but accelerates the sea ice melt in the Chukchi Sea and the East Siberian Sea in summer. Further, wave-induced mixing can decelerate the sea ice formation in winter and the sea ice melt in summer by exchanging the heat fluxes between the surface and subsurface layer. As our baseline model underestimates sea ice cover in winter and produces more sea ice in summer, wave-induced sea ice break-up plays a positive role in improving the sea ice simulation. This study provides two independent parameterizations to directly include the wave effects into the sea ice models, with important implications for the future sea ice model development.

Apport des campagnes de mesures pour la compréhension des interactions sol-végétation-atmosphère

2020 ◽  
pp. 046
Author(s):  
Thierry Bergot ◽  
Pierre Bessemoulin ◽  
Claire Sarrat
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Surface Processes ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Modélisation Numérique ◽  
Forecasting Models ◽  
Operational Forecasting ◽  
Bilan Hydrique

La synergie entre campagnes de mesures et modélisation numérique a permis de faire fortement progresser notre compréhension des interactions sol-végétation-atmosphère. Ces progrès ont conduit à l'élaboration du modèle de surface Isba développé par Joël Noilhan et utilisé aujourd'hui encore dans les modèles de prévision opérationnelle de Météo-France. Cet article vise à illustrer l'apport des campagnes de mesures dans l'amélioration de nos connaissances des processus en surface à travers trois exemples, Hapex-Mobilhy pour l'étude du bilan hydrique, Carbo-Europe pour l'étude du bilan en carbone et l'étude du brouillard sur l'aéroport Paris-CdG pour l'influence des conditions de surface sur les nuages bas. The synergy between field experiments and numerical modeling has allowed to significantly advance our understanding of soil-vegetation-atmosphere interactions. This progress led to the ISBA surface model developed by Joël Noilhan and used today in Météo-France's operational forecasting models. This article aims to illustrate the contribution of field experiments in improving our knowledge of surface processes through three examples: Hapex-Mobilhy, Carbo-Europe, and the study of fog at Paris-CdG airport.

scholarly journals Drops bouncing off macro-textured superhydrophobic surfaces

2017 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 866-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mazloomi Moqaddam ◽  
Shyam S. Chikatamarla ◽  
Iliya V. Karlin
Keyword(s):  
Contact Time ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Superhydrophobic Surfaces ◽  
Nonlinear Behaviour ◽  
Textured Surfaces ◽  
Texture Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Quantitative Manner ◽  
The Impact

Recent experiments with droplets impacting macro-textured superhydrophobic surfaces revealed new regimes of bouncing with a remarkable reduction of the contact time. Here we present a comprehensive numerical study that reveals the physics behind these new bouncing regimes and quantifies the roles played by various external and internal forces. For the first time, accurate three-dimensional simulations involving realistic macro-textured surfaces are performed. After demonstrating that simulations reproduce experiments in a quantitative manner, the study is focused on analysing the flow situations beyond current experiments. We show that the experimentally observed reduction of contact time extends to higher Weber numbers, and analyse the role played by the texture density. Moreover, we report a nonlinear behaviour of the contact time with the increase of the Weber number for imperfectly coated textures, and study the impact on tilted surfaces in a wide range of Weber numbers. Finally, we present novel energy analysis techniques that elaborate and quantify the interplay between the kinetic and surface energy, and the role played by the dissipation for various Weber numbers.

scholarly journals A Field Study of Brine Drainage and Oil Entrainment in First-Year Sea Ice

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (88) ◽  
pp. 473-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seelye Martin
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
First Year ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Melt Pond ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Melt Ponds ◽  
Brine Channel ◽  
Horizontal Layers

AbstractFrom field observations this paper describes the growth and development of first-year sea ice and its interaction with petroleum. In particular, when sea ice initially forms, there is an upward salt transport so that the ice surface has a highly saline layer, regardless of whether the initial ice is frazil, columnar, or slush ice. When the ice warms in the spring, because of the eutectic condition, the surface salt liquifies and drains through the ice, leading to the formation of top-to-bottom brine channels and void spaces in the upper part of the ice. If oil is released beneath winter ice, then the oil becomes entrained in thin lenses within the ice. In the spring, this oil flows up to the surface through the newly-opened brine channels and distributes itself within the brine-channel feeder systems, on the ice surface, and in horizontal layers in the upper part of the ice. The paper shows that these layers probably form from the interaction of the brine drainage with the percolation of melt water from surface snow down into the ice and the rise of the oil from below. Finally in the summer, the oil on the surface leads to melt-pond formation. The solar energy absorbed by the oil on the surface of these melt ponds eventually causes the melt pond to melt through the ice, and the oil is again released into the ocean.

Numerical Jet Atomization: Part II — Modeling Information and Comparison With DNS Results

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Beau ◽  
T. Me´nard ◽  
R. Lebas ◽  
A. Berlemont ◽  
S. Tanguy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Level Set ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Liquid Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Primary Break

The main objective of our work is to develop direct numerical simulation tools for the primary break up of a jet. Results can help to determine closure relation in the ELSA model [1] which is based on a single-phase Eulerian model and on the transport equation for the mean liquid/gas interface density in turbulent flows. DNS simulations are carried out to obtain statistical information in the dense zone of the spray where nearly no experimental data are available. The numerical method should describe the interface motion precisely, handle jump conditions at the interface without artificial smoothing, and respect mass conservation. We develop a 3D code [2], where interface tracking is ensured by Level Set method, Ghost Fluid Method [3] is used to capture accurately sharp discontinuities, and coupling between Level Set and VOF methods is used for mass conservation [4]. Turbulent inflow boundary conditions are generated through correlated random velocities with a prescribed length scale. Specific care has been devoted to improve computing time with MPI parallelization. The numerical methods have been applied to investigate physical processes that are involved in the primary break up of an atomizing jet. The chosen configuration is close as possible of Diesel injection (Diameter D = 0.1 mm, Velocity = 100m/s, Liquid density = 696kg/m3, Gas density = 25kg/m3). Typical results will be presented. From the injector nozzle, the turbulence initiates some perturbations on the liquid surface, that are enhanced by the mean shear between the liquid jet and the surrounding air. The interface becomes very wrinkled and some break-up is initiated. The induced liquid parcels show a wide range of shapes. Statistics are carried out and results will be provided for liquid volume fraction, liquid/gas interface density, and turbulent correlations.

scholarly journals Wave-induced stress and breaking of sea ice in a coupled hydrodynamic–discrete-element wave–ice model

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Herman
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Discrete Element ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Bonded Particle Model ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Wave Induced

Abstract. In this paper, a coupled sea ice–wave model is developed and used to analyze the variability of wave-induced stress and breaking in sea ice. The sea ice module is a discrete-element bonded-particle model, in which ice is represented as cuboid "grains" floating on the water surface that can be connected to their neighbors by elastic "joints". The joints may break if instantaneous stresses acting on them exceed their strength. The wave part is based on an open-source version of the Non-Hydrostatic WAVE model (NHWAVE). The two parts are coupled with proper boundary conditions for pressure and velocity, exchanged at every time step. In the present version, the model operates in two dimensions (one vertical and one horizontal) and is suitable for simulating compact ice in which heave and pitch motion dominates over surge. In a series of simulations with varying sea ice properties and incoming wavelength it is shown that wave-induced stress reaches maximum values at a certain distance from the ice edge. The value of maximum stress depends on both ice properties and characteristics of incoming waves, but, crucially for ice breaking, the location at which the maximum occurs does not change with the incoming wavelength. Consequently, both regular and random (Jonswap spectrum) waves break the ice into floes with almost identical sizes. The width of the zone of broken ice depends on ice strength and wave attenuation rates in the ice.

scholarly journals First in situ estimations of small phytoplankton carbon and nitrogen uptake rates in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavya P. Sadanandan ◽  
Jang Han Lee ◽  
Ho Won Lee ◽  
Jae Joong Kaang ◽  
Jae Hyung Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Small Phytoplankton

Abstract. Carbon and nitrogen uptake rates by small phytoplankton (0.7–5 μm) in the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian seas in the Arctic Ocean were quantified using in situ isotope labelling experiments for the first time as part of the NABOS (Nansen and Amundsen Basins Observational System) program during August 21 to September 22, 2013. The depth integrated C, NO3−, and NH4+ uptake rates by small phytoplankton showed a wide range from 0.54 to 15.96 mg C m−2 h−1, 0.05 to 1.02 and 0.11 to 3.73 mg N m−2 h−1, respectively. The contributions of small phytoplankton towards the total C, NO3−, and NH4+ was varied from 24 to 89 %, 32 to 89 %, and 28 to 89 %, respectively. The turnover times for NO3− and NH4+ by small phytoplankton during the present study point towards the longer residence times (years) of the nutrients in the deeper waters, particularly for NO3−. Relatively, higher C and N uptake rates by small phytoplankton obtained during the present study at locations with less sea ice concentrations points towards the possibility of small phytoplankton thrive under sea ice retreat under warming conditions. The high contributions of small phytoplankton towards the total carbon and nitrogen uptake rates suggest capability of small size autotrophs to withstand in the adverse hydrographic conditions introduced by climate change.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document