scholarly journals El sistema educativo español: un enfoque austriaco

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-117
Author(s):  
Carlos Arenas Laorga
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
University Education ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Failure State ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
History Of

This paper aims to study the influence of the role of the state in non-university education in Spain. In order to analyze a complex issue such as this, we begin with the history of interventions in education to provide context to the study of current problems of interventionism in the education system. Several of these problems are funding, school breakdown, or the lack of freedom within families. After analyzing some of the problems that our education system suffers, we will propose a number of improvements based on successful educational measures that have been applied in other countries according to the Austrian School theories. These improvements provide quantitative data that prevent falling into pure ideology of an issue currently so delicate in Spain. Key words: Education System, School Failure, State and Education, PISA Report, Mckinsey Report, Education Funding. JEL Classification: A21, B53, I21, I22. Resumen: En este trabajo se pretende estudiar la influencia del papel del estado en la educación no universitaria de España. Para poder analizar un tema complejo como este partimos de la historia de las intervenciones en educación, para afrontar después, con mayor criterio, el estudio de los pro-blemas actuales del intervencionismo en el sistema educativo. Parte de estos problemas son la financiación, el fracaso escolar o la falta de libertad de las familias. Tras analizar algunos de los problemas de los que adolece nuestro sistema de enseñanza, propondremos una serie de mejoras basándonos en medidas educativas de éxito aplicadas en otros países y en la teoría de la Escuela Austriaca, aportando datos cuantitativos que sirven de referencia para no caer en la ideologización de un tema proclive a ello y tan delicado en España en estos momentos. Palabras clave: Sistema Educativo, Fracaso Escolar, Estado y Educación, Informe PISA, Informe Mckinsey, Financiación de la Educación. Clasificación JEL: A21, B53, I21, I22.

scholarly journals Epistemological Problems Of Development Economics

2019 ◽  
pp. 55-93
Author(s):  
Victor Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Development Economics ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Dynamic Efficiency ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
History Of

This article explores some of the epistemological problems that have been neglected in the history of mainstream development economics. The research is focused on how epistemology influences the conception of develop- ment and the role of the economist in development policy. The epistemological foundations of economics and its methodological and theoretical implications were analyzed first. Then, these points of view were connected to explain the rise of development economics as a purely technical field. The main develop-ment theories were contrasted with empirical evidence to reveal their disregard for reality. Furthermore, the Austrian theory of dynamic efficiency was pre-sented to overcome the epistemological problems of development economics. The results helped in redefining the concept of development based on purpose-ful human action. Finally, some patterns of economic progress were identified to challenge the mainstream role of the economist in development policy. Keywords: Epistemology, Positivism, Development, Dynamic Efficiency, Prop-erty rights, Capital-theory JEL Classification: B41, B53, O11, O12 Resumen: Este artículo explora algunos de los problemas epistemológicos que se han descuidado en la historia de la economía del desarrollo convencional. La investigación se centra en cómo la epistemología influye en la concepción del desarrollo y el papel del economista en la política de desarrollo. Primero se analizaron los fundamentos epistemológicos de la economía y sus  implica- ciones metodológicas y teóricas. Luego, estos puntos de vista fueron conectados para explicar el surgimiento de la economía del desarrollo como un campo puramente técnico. Las principales teorías del desarrollo fueron con-trastadas con evidencia empírica para revelar su desprecio por la realidad. Además, se presentó la teoría austriaca de la eficiencia dinámica para superar los problemas epistemológicos de la economía del desarrollo. Los resultados ayudaron a redefinir el concepto de desarrollo basado en la acción humana decidida. Finalmente, se identificaron algunos patrones de progreso econó-mico para desafiar el papel convencional del economista en la política de desarrollo. Palabras clave: Epistemología, Positivismo, Desarrollo, Eficiencia Dinámica, Dere-chos de propiedad, Teoría del capital Clasificación JEL: B41, B53, O11, O12

scholarly journals Austroliberalismo en Ibn Jaldún

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-81
Author(s):  
Carlos Villaescusa García
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Spontaneous Order ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Ludwig Von Mises ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Von Mises

Ibn Khaldun’s contributions to the development of economic thought in his great work al-Muqaddima have received almost no attention in Western academia. This paper studies the similarities between the thought of Ibn Khaldun and that of the leading authors of the liberal Austrian School, including Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich August von Hayek, and The School of Salamanca. Special attention is given to Professor Jesús Huerta de Soto’s work on the theory of the impossibility of socialism. This paper also examines how statist coercion and interventionism in areas such as trade, taxation and individual rights promote injustice and will lead to the eventual demise of civilization. The work of Ibn Khaldun captured the essence of a spontaneous order and of the evolution of institutions, and refuted the theory of the divine origin of kings well before the Age of Enlightenment. Lastly, this paper touches on important economic issues of interest to Austrian liberals such as the division of labor and specialization, cooperation, the role of markets, the price system, savings as a rationale for prosperity, the relation of wealth to population, the Laffer curve, the quantity theory of money, the subjective nature of value, and the correct interpretation of history. Key words: Liberalism, interventionism, coercion, Salamanca School, Austrian School. JEL Classification: B53. Resumen: Las contribuciones de Ibn Jaldún al desarrollo del pensamiento económico incluidas en su gran obra al-Muqaddima han pasado casi desaper - cibidos en el ámbito académico occidental. En este trabajo se examinan las similitudes entre el pensamiento de Ibn Jaldún y el de los principales autores del austro-liberalismo, como Ludwig von Mises y Friedrich August von Hayek, y con el de la Escuela de Salamanca. Prestando especial atención a Jesús Huerta de Soto y su teoría de la imposibilidad del socialismo desde el punto de vista de la coacción: los efectos negativos de la interferencia del Estado en el co-mercio, los impuestos y contra los derechos individuales que derivan en la in-justicia que causa la ruina de la civilización. Mostramos cómo Ibn Jaldún capta la esencia de un orden espontáneo y evolutivo de las instituciones, refuta la teoría del origen divino de los reyes anticipándose a la ilustración ya desde la Edad Media. Y en definitiva, aspectos económicos importantes comunes con las corrientes austro-liberales como son: la división del trabajo o especialización, la cooperación, el papel de los mercados, el sistema de precios, el ahorro como condición para la prosperidad, la riqueza de las naciones por razones de mayor o menor población, el concepto de la curva de Laffer, una intuición de la teoría cuantitativa del dinero, compresión de la naturaleza subjetiva del valor, o la interpretación correcta de la historia. Palabras clave: Liberalismo, intervencionismo, coacción, Escuela Salamanca, Escuela Austriaca. Clasificación JEL: B53.

The main directions of educational policy of Finland

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
K. E. Stupak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Policy ◽  
Education System ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
State Education Policy ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
State Education

The article deals with analyzing the main streams of the education policy in Finland, which reflect the relationship between a person and society in modern socio–economic conditions. Such policy directs the system of education to change the person and his mind himself. Finland using its education system, has long before been concerned about preparing people for the future by reforming approaches to teaching in schools and higher education institutions. As a result, it has achieved world–wide recognition and top positions in various ratings have resulted. Therefore, today there is a great interest of scientists in certain issues of education functioning in Finland. Thus, G. Androshchuk, V. Butova. I. Zhernokleeva, T. Pushkareva and others study in their works the purpose and decisive role of Finland's education policy in the development of the education system. S. Grinyuk and V. Zagvozdkin pay attention to the practical the steps of reforming the Finnish system of education. T. Drobyshevsk investigates the system of providing educational services in Finland as a sector of knowledge production. L. Volynets, P. Kukharchuk consider the principles of the state education policy of Finland. L. Smolskaya examines the role of the state policy in implementing the "Finnish phenomenon"; P. Basyliuk and Yu. Kulykova, focus attention on the study of the evolution of the system of higher education in Finland; O. Scherbak reveals peculiarities of vocational education and training.

scholarly journals GEOTECNOLOGIAS COMO SUPORTE PARA ANÁLISE DA VEGETAÇÃO NATURAL NA SUB-BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO GAVIÃO (1988 A 2015)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (01) ◽  
pp. 98-113
Author(s):  
Carlos Magno Santos Clemente ◽  
Pablo Santana Santos
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Landsat 8 Oli ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Canal ◽  
Del Rio ◽  
Semi Arid

O histórico de ocupação da sub-bacia do rio Gavião passou por transformações socioeconômicas expressivas nos últimos 30 anos. Desse modo,preocupações com preservação ou recuperação da cobertura vegetal influência, positivamente, na manutenção do ciclo hidrológico da sub-bacia. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a modificação da vegetal natural entre os anos de 1988a 2015 na sub-bacia hidrográfico do rio Gavião (semiárido brasileiro). Foram utilizados as técnicas sensoriamento remoto e Processamento Digital de Imagens - PDI para aquisição e processamento dos produtos orbitais (satélites landsat5 TM e landsat 8 OLI). E o Sistema de Informações Geográficas – SIG para armazenamento e análise do banco de dados alfanumérico georreferenciado. Os resultados indicam redução da cobertura vegetal de 751,69 km², entre os anos de 1988 a 2015. Também, manchas de desmatamento em áreas de nascentes, na parte alta da rede de drenagem e no dessegue do canal principal. Assim, a presente pesquisa chama atenção para os efeitos da mudança da vegetação natural para outros usos da terra (solo exposto, plantio, entre outros), a concentração do desmatamento em áreas de fragilidade ambiental. Palavras-chave: Landsat; Desmatamento; Semiárido brasileiro.   GEOTECHNOLOGIES AS SUPPORT FOR ANALYSIS OF NATURAL VEGETATION IN THE HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN OF HAWK RIVER (1988 A 2015) Abstract  The occupation history of the Hawk River sub-basin underwent significant socioeconomic transformations in the last 30 years. Thus, concerns for preservation or recovery of vegetation cover positively influence the maintenance of the sub-basin's hydrological cycle. The present research had as objective to analyze the modification of the natural vegetal between the years of 1988 to 2015 in the hydrographic sub-basin of the river Gavião (semi-arid Brazilian).The techniques of remote sensing and Digital Image Processing (PDI) were used for the acquisition and processing of orbital products (landsat 5 TM and landsat 8 OLI satellites). The Geographic Information System - GIS for storage and analysis of the georeferenced alphanumeric database. The results indicate a reduction of the vegetal cover of 751,69 km ², between the years of 1988 to 2015. In addition, deforestation patches in areas of springs, in the upper part of the drainage network and in the main canal deregulation. Thus, the present research draws attention to the effects of changing natural vegetation to other land uses (exposed soil, planting, among others), the concentration of deforestation in areas of environmental fragility.  Keywords: Landsat; deforestation; Brazilian semi-arid.   GEOTECNOLOGÍA COMO SOPORTE PARA EL ANÁLISIS DE VEGETACIÓN NATURAL DE LA SUBCUENCA DEL RÍO GAVILÁN (1988 A 2015) Resumen La historia de laocupación de lasub-cuencadelrío Gavião fue sometido a importantes cambios socioeconómicos enlos últimos 30 años. De este modo, preocupación por lapreservación o restauración de lacubierta vegetal influencia positiva enelmantenimientodel ciclo hidrológico de lasubcuenca. Esta investigacióntuvo como objetivo analizarlamodificación de lavegetación natural entre losaños 1988-2015 enlasubcuenca hidrográfica delrío Gavião (semiárido brasileño). Como apoyo técnico, lateledetección y la técnica de imagen digital se utiliza Procesamiento - PDI para laadquisición y procesamiento de productosorbitales (satélites Landsat 5 y Landsat TM 8 OLI). Y el Sistema de Información Geográfica - SIG para elalmacenamiento y análisis de la base de datos alfanuméricos georeferenciada. Los resultados indicanlareducción de lacubierta vegetal de 751.69 km², entre losaños 1988-2015. Tambiénlas manchas de deforestaciónenlascabecerasenla parte superior del sistema de drenaje y dessegue el canal principal. Así, estainvestigaciónllamalaatención sobre losefectosdelcambio de lavegetación natural a otros usos de latierra (sueloexpuesto, ,plantación, etc.), laconcentración de ladeforestaciónen áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Palabras clave: Landsat; deforestación; semiárido brasileño.

scholarly journals Vínculos entre la Escuela Austriaca de Economía y el método de la inversión en valor

2021 ◽  
pp. 255-304
Author(s):  
Diego E. Quijano Durán
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Austrian School ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Austrian School Of Economics ◽  
Value Investing ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

The Austrian school of economics and the investment method known as value investing have a similar conception of the world, so that it is possible to find multiple links between them and form a coherent structure. To the economist, this allows for a much deeper understanding of the entrepreneurial function and the manner in which economic calculation is actually performed. To the investor, it offers a theoretical framework that explains economic phenomena, permitting him to better understand the role of the entrepreneur and to protect his investment when dangerous patterns can be observed. In this essay, we begin from the common stance of both schools of thought towards common sense, the use of realistic assumptions, the importance of prudence and the low value of complex mathematics in the fields of economics and finance. We then proceed to develop in greater depth nine aspects that have strong philosophical and scientific links. Key words: Value investing, Austrian school of economics, entrepreneurship, dynamic efficiency, economic calculation. JEL Classification: A12, G17, M20. Resumen: La Escuela Austriaca de Economía y el método de inversión en valor tienen una concepción similar del mundo que permite entrelazarlas coherentemente. Al economista, le permite profundizar el conocimiento del ejercicio de la función empresarial y la realización del cálculo económico en la práctica. Al inversor, le ofrece un marco teórico para comprender mejor el papel del empresario y los fenómenos económicos y detectar temprano patrones peligrosos y así protegerse. En este trabajo partimos de la base de que ambas escuelas de pensamiento tienen sus raíces en el sentido común y los supuestos realistas, que son prudentes a la hora de ver el futuro y que dudan de la utilidad de las matemáticas complejas en los campos económicos y financieros. Sobre ello, desarrollamos nueve aspectos en los cuales hay fuertes conexiones como, por ejemplo, la manera en que el ejercicio de la empresarialidad mejora la eficiencia del mercado y coordina los planes de las personas. Palabras clave: Inversión en valor, escuela austriaca de economía, empre-sarialidad, eficiencia dinámica, cálculo económico. Clasificación JEL: A12, G17, M20.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF THE STATE REGULATION OF TOURISM: LESSONS FOR UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Stoika ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
State Participation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tourist Infrastructure ◽  
Governmental Institutions

Organization of the state regulation of tourism in Ukraine and opportunities for its improvement on the basis of learning from the experience of leading tourist countries in Europe is the purpose of the study. The notion and main purpose of the state regulation of tourist activities is substantiated. It is established that the history of the state regulation of tourism in Ukraine points to the frequent change and re-organization of its central body, which did not facilitate the development of tourism. Analysis of the role of the state in the organization and development of tourist activities in different countries of the world allowed determining four types of models of the state participation in regulation of tourism as a constituent element of economy of the mentioned countries: American, Budget-Forming, European and Mixed. Experience of leading tourist countries (France, Spain, Great Britain and Italy) convinces of the necessity for the efficient building-up of the state bodies responsible for the development of the mentioned branch. Efficient organization of tourism in a country and its state regulation, cooperation with non-governmental institutions, active promotion of the national tourist product, implementation of efficient promotion and PR activities and a developed tourist infrastructure facilitate interest in this country by the tourists and inflow of monetary resources.

scholarly journals La théorie autrichienne de la bureaucratie de Mises: une perspective critique

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-137
Author(s):  
Laurent Carnis
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Market Process ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Economic Calculation ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Théorie Économique ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Premiere Partie

The bureaucratic organisations became key actors in our contemporary societies. To develop an appropriate theory to understand how these organisations work and their implications constitute true stakes. This article deals with Mises’ theory of bureaucracy, which differs radically from the traditional approaches. The first part presents the definition of the Misesian bureaucracy, which shares some common points with Wéber’s version and shows also true strong disagreements. The absence of economic calculation constitutes the main key idea to understand the Misesian theory. Mises shows also that bureaucracy reflects the governmental interventions, which can be combined with different types of political systems. The second part deals with the consequences of bureaucracy. This part proposes a detailed analysis of the economic, social, political and psychological effects. The third part raises some critical points for the theory. It seems that the conception of bureaucrat and its place inside the bureaucratic organisation is not sufficiently analysed. Moreover, the modelling of the bureaucratic expansion deserves a more refined research. Finally, the justifications given by Mises to justify a minimal bureaucracy emphasize the necessity to think the place and the role of the State. Keywords: Bureaucracy, economic calculation, market process, minimal government. JEL Classification: D73 H11 L38 P11 P21. Résumé: Compte tenu de place importante que prend désormais l’organisation étatique au sein des sociétés contemporaines, l’élaboration d’une théorie économique de la bureaucratie s’avère essentielle pour en comprendre à la fois les mécanismes de fonctionnement et les implications. Cet article revient sur la contribution de Mises, qui par ses travaux, permet d’offrir une réelle alternative aux approches traditionnelles.La première partie de cette contribution présente la théorie de Mises en soulignant ses spécificités par rapport à la conception défendue par Wéber, dont à la fois elle s’inspire et s’en écarte substantiellement. L’absence du calcul économique dans le processus d’allocation des ressources représente une dimension essentielle pour comprendre la théorie proposée. Mises démontre également que l’organisation bureaucratique s’accommode aisément des différents régimes politiques et reflète l’intervention généralisée de l’Etat. La deuxième partie concerne les conséquences de la bureaucratie. Mises distingue quatre effets: les effets économiques, sociaux, politiques et psychologiques. Chaque catégorie fait l’objet d’une présentation détaillée. La troisième partie soulève des points critiques du modèle de la bureaucratie de Mises. Ainsi, sa conception du bureaucrate et sa place au sein de l’organisation bureaucratique nous paraissent faire l’objet d’une élaboration insuffisante. Les mécanismes de l’expansion bureaucratique méritent également un raffinement de l’analyse, tandis que la justification avancée d’une bureaucratie minimale soulève la question de l’existence d’un Etat minimal. Mots clés: Bureaucratie, calcul économique, processus de marché, Etat minimal.

The role of artificial intelligence in learning and professional development for healthcare professionals

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurprit K. Randhawa ◽  
Mary Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Professional Development ◽  
Education System ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Healthcare Education ◽  
Clinical Educators ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Training

This article discusses the emerging role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the learning and professional development of healthcare professionals. It provides a brief history of AI, current and past applications in healthcare education and training, and discusses why and how health leaders can revolutionize education system practices using AI in healthcare education. It also discusses potential implications of AI on human educators like clinical educators and provides recommendations for health leaders to support the application of AI in the learning and professional development of healthcare professionals.

scholarly journals Beyond Celebrity Politics: Celebrity as Governmentality in China

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402094186
Author(s):  
Zhongxuan Lin ◽  
Yupei Zhao
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Political Dimension ◽  
Chinese Context ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Celebrity Politics

This article investigates the crucial political dimension of celebrity. Specifically, it examines celebrities’ great potential for governmentality in the Chinese context by tracing the history of celebrities in Confucian, Maoist, and post-Maoist governmentalities. It concludes that this type of governmentality, namely, celebrity as governmentality, displays uniquely Chinese characteristics in that it is a set of knowledge, discourses, and techniques used primarily by those who govern. It also highlights the central role of the state as the concrete terrain for the application of this mode of governmentality throughout Chinese history. Finally, it notes the always evolving nature of governmentality, as observed in the phenomena of governing from afar and resistance from below. These findings help us rethink the contingent and diversified nature of the phenomena of celebrity and governmentality and challenge Western norms and political theories that covertly employ them.

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