scholarly journals Children and Adults With Profound Intellectual Disabilities in Poland: Legal Issues and Educational Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Aksamit ◽  
John J. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Legal Mandates ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Structure Of Education

The aim of this paper is to present the reality of education and rehabilitation faced by people with profound intellectual disabilities in Poland; as seen from the perspective of the past, present, and future, with an attempt to identify the determinants of these situations. The paper addresses these matters in a threefold context which includes a description of the specific characteristics of the educational and rehabilitation situations of people with profound intellectual disabilities in Poland, an analysis of the characteristics of diagnosis as well as the structure of the education system, and alternatives for adults with profound disabilities.Researchers conducted an extensive analysis of literature, legal acts and government reports presenting and evaluating the situation of people with profound intellectual disability from childhood to maturity in Poland. The results of this study make it possible to get to know and better understand the situation of the discussed group of people and their carers. Furthermore, the theoretical analyses carried out show that the structure of education offered to people with profound intellectual disabilities in Poland requires change that takes into account the autonomy of the individual and their rights in the context of national and international legal mandates.

Services Available from Providers in the Disability Field to Older Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Laurie Buys
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Support Programs ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

As most older adults with intellectual disabilities reside in community based accommodation, the availability of support programs and services becomes important to the maintenance of independent living. Thirty nine community based organisations in Brisbane, Australia that assist people with intellectual disabilities were surveyed regarding the types of programs offered to older adults with intellectual disabilities. The results showed that 75% of the organisations had provided assistance to an older adult with an intellectual disability in the past 12 months. However, none of the agencies surveyed reported that they provided specialised programs or services to older adults with intellectual disabilities.

scholarly journals Power, Ideology and Structure: The Legacy of Normalization for Intellectual Disability

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray K. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structural Correspondence ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

Since its first formulation in English, the ‘principle of normalization’ has had a profound impact on policy and practice in the field of intellectual disability. Over the past fifty years, normalization, and Social Role Valorization, have drawn on liberal humanist philosophy, adopting varied and complex positions in relation to it. This article will consider an apparent structural correspondence between a discourse of ‘liberal equality’ with versions of normalization that emphasised conformity to social norms, and those drawing primarily on ‘liberal autonomy’, emphasising independence and self-determination of people with intellectual disabilities. Despite this seeming correspondence, the article eschews a structuralist account in favour of a discursive and rhizomatic model, in which the philosophical elements are seen as tactical forces deployed in the pursuit of wider strategic ends. The article concludes by highlighting paradoxes in contemporary thinking that can be traced to the legacy of normalization, specifically, the tensions between sameness, difference, equality and independence.

scholarly journals Beyond the Feeble Mind: Foregrounding the Personhood of Inmates with Significant Intellectual Disabilities in the Era of Institutionalization

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Allen ◽  
Erin Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Disability Rights ◽  
State School ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Intellectually Disabled ◽  
Training School ◽  
Disability Rights Movement ◽  
The Past

This essay explores the experiences of persons with significant intellectual disabilities at the Vermont State School for Feebleminded Children (later Brandon Training School) in the period 1915-1960.  We discuss the limits of existing histories of intellectual disability in accounting for the distinct experiences of significantly intellectually disabled people. This essay works to correct the tendency to define the nominal intellectual disability of "morons" and "borderline" cases—both in the past and in disability historiography of the past—against the abject, embodied difference of the "low-grade idiot" or "imbecile."  The history we offer has implications for the present-day disability rights movement.

scholarly journals Supporting the development of children with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities in a special kindergarten – a practical approach

2021 ◽  
Vol LXXXII (4) ◽  
pp. 297-313
Author(s):  
Diana Aksamit
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Preschool Child ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Biological Perspective ◽  
Severe Intellectual Disability ◽  
Theoretical Analyses

The aim of this article is to characterize the cognitive development of a preschool child on the basis of selected theoretical concepts in relation to moderate and severe intellectual disability. These considerations will serve as a guideline for further theoretical analyses and practical activities supporting the development of children with intellectual disabilities. From a biological perspective, intellectual disability is a typical medical problem. In the developmental context, it means “a failure in the process of development” (Kościelska 1995; Speck, 2015). I assume that the determinant for planning and implementing the content, forms and methods of teaching in special kindergarten should be the level of cognitive development of each child. In the study I refer to selected concepts of development in the terms of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, which, as I assume, can be a field for analysis of the development of children who require multi-profile support.

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AS AN EVOLUTIONARY SYSTEM (TO THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE-IDEOLOGICAL MATRICES)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Konstantinov
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Evolutionary System ◽  
Consciousness Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Morphological Approach ◽  
Main Gene ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sociological Studies

The aim of the article is to concretize the concept of political ideology in the aspect of its matrix structure and in the context of the cognitive-evolutionary approach. Based on Michael Frieden's morphological approach to the analysis of ideological consciousness, the concept of cognitive-ideological matrices is introduced, which allows us to describe the process of transition from proto-ideological to ideological concepts proper, especially at the level of individual consciousness. The identification of the ideological concept as the main “gene” of conceptual variability and inheritance made it possible to describe the main parameters of the evolution of political ideologies and associate it with changes taking place at the individual consciousness level. The described concept was tested in a series of sociological studies of youth consciousness conducted in 2015-2016 and 2018-2020. As a result of the study, it was possible to first identify the “zero level” of ideology, at which the minds of young respondents are potentially open to the influence of diverse and often mutually exclusive ideological orientations, and second, to pinpoint the changes that have occurred in the cognitive ideological matrices of Rostov-on-Don students over the past five years. This study was conducted by scientists from the southern Federal University.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plant Derived Natural Products – A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 4506-4536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris E. Allijn ◽  
René P. Brinkhuis ◽  
Gert Storm ◽  
Raymond M. Schiffelers
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Reference Compound ◽  
Individual Molecular Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Medicines

Traditionally, natural medicines have been administered as plant extracts, which are composed of a mixture of molecules. The individual molecular species in this mixture may or may not contribute to the overall medicinal effects and some may even oppose the beneficial activity of others. To better control therapeutic effects, studies that characterized specific molecules and describe their individual activity that have been performed over the past decades. These studies appear to underline that natural products are particularly effective as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In this systematic review we aimed to identify potent anti-inflammatory natural products and relate their efficacy to their chemical structure and physicochemical properties. To identify these compounds, we performed a comprehensive literature search to find those studies, in which a dose-response description and a positive control reference compound was used to benchmark the observed activity. Of the analyzed papers, 7% of initially selected studies met these requirements and were subjected to further analysis. This analysis revealed that most selected natural products indeed appeared to possess anti-inflammatory activities, in particular anti-oxidative properties. In addition, 14% of the natural products outperformed the remaining natural products in all tested assays and are attractive candidates as new anti-inflammatory agents.

Temporal Focus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbie J. Shipp
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Future ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Temporal Focus

Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.

scholarly journals Adolescent and adult laryngotracheal stenosis: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Johan Klopper ◽  
Oladele Vincent Adeniyi ◽  
Kate Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Laryngotracheal Stenosis ◽  
Airway Protection ◽  
Interventional Pulmonology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Airway Emergency ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function

Abstract Background The larynx has multiple composite functions which include phonation, airway protection, and sensory control of respiration. Stenosis of the larynx and trachea were first recorded by O’Dwyer in 1885 and by Colles in 1886, respectively. Initially, the aetiology of laryngotracheal stenosis was predominantly infective. Currently, the leading cause is iatrogenic injury to the laryngotracheal complex secondary to prolonged ventilation in an intensive care unit. Main body Laryngotracheal stenosis is a complex and diverse disease. It poses a major challenge to the surgeon and can present as an airway emergency. Management typically demands the combined involvement of various disciplines including otorhinolaryngology, cardiothoracic surgery, anaesthesiology, interventional pulmonology, and radiology. Both the disease and its management can impact upon respiration, voice, and swallowing. The incidence of iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis has reflected the evolution of airway and intensive care whilst airway surgery has advanced concurrently over the past century. Correction of laryngotracheal stenosis requires expansion of the airway lumen; this is achieved by either endoscopic or open surgery. We review the relevant basic science, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and treatment outcomes of LTS. Conclusion The choice of surgical procedure in the management of laryngotracheal stenosis is often dictated by the individual anatomy and function of the larynx and trachea, together with patient factors and available facilities. Regardless of how the surgeon chooses to approach these lesions, prevention of iatrogenic laryngotracheal damage remains of primary importance.

scholarly journals Contributions of Hypoxia-Awareness Training to the Familiarization of Personal Symptoms for Occupational Safety in the Flight Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2904
Author(s):  
Kwo-Tsao Chiang ◽  
Min-Yu Tu ◽  
Chao-Chien Cheng ◽  
Hsin-Hui Chen ◽  
Wun-Wei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Hot Flashes ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Flight Safety ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Memory ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Poor Concentration

Hypoxia remains a flight-safety issue in terms of aviation medicine. Hypoxia-awareness training has been used to help aircrew members recognize personal hypoxia symptoms. There is still no study, as yet, to establish the association of within-subject data between inflight hypoxia events and the altitude chamber. The main purpose of our study was to use paired subjects’ data on inflight hypoxia symptoms compared with those experienced during training. A questionnaire was developed to obtain information on military aircrew members in 2018. Among 341 subjects, 46 (13.49%) suffered from inflight hypoxia. The majority of the subjects detected ongoing inflight hypoxia on the basis of their previous experience with personal hypoxia symptoms or sensations in previous chamber flights. Of the top five hypoxia symptoms, the data revealed that hot flashes, poor concentration, and impaired cognitive function appeared both during the inflight events and during the hypoxia-awareness training. The occurrence rate of hypoxia symptoms was found to not be significantly different between the in-flight events and the past chamber flights through an analysis of within-subject data. Because the individual memory had faded away over time, fresher hypoxia awareness training is still mandatory and valuable to recall personal hypoxia experience for military aircrew members.

scholarly journals Recent progress understanding pathophysiology and genesis of brain AVM—a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Jakob Steiger
Keyword(s):  
Large Degree ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Brain Avm ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Arterial Aneurysms

AbstractConsiderable progress has been made over the past years to better understand the genetic nature and pathophysiology of brain AVM. For the actual review, a PubMed search was carried out regarding the embryology, inflammation, advanced imaging, and fluid dynamical modeling of brain AVM. Whole-genome sequencing clarified the genetic origin of sporadic and familial AVM to a large degree, although some open questions remain. Advanced MRI and DSA techniques allow for better segmentation of feeding arteries, nidus, and draining veins, as well as the deduction of hemodynamic parameters such as flow and pressure in the individual AVM compartments. Nonetheless, complete modeling of the intranidal flow structure by computed fluid dynamics (CFD) is not possible so far. Substantial progress has been made towards understanding the embryology of brain AVM. In contrast to arterial aneurysms, complete modeling of the intranidal flow and a thorough understanding of the mechanical properties of the AVM nidus are still lacking at the present time.

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