scholarly journals Conceptual-theoretical identifications of the relationship „paradiplomacy - foreign policy”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Cebotari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The State ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
International Activity ◽  
State Activity ◽  
International Activities ◽  
The Relationship

Although the phenomenon of ,,paradiplomacy” appeared in the 1970s, only at the beginning of the XXI century, this concept has become present in scientific research and in the speeches of politicians. The term was invented to designate the international activities of the non-central institutions of a state: municipalities, regions, private companies, etc. Starting from the reasoning according to which the foreign policy represents the state activity in international affairs or the state activity on the international arena, the phenomenon ,,paradiplomacy” also designates the international activity of transnational regions or regional blocs, private companies, municipalities, etc. The article aims at highlighting the correlation between the concept of “paradiplomacy” and ,,foreign policy”.

Domestic Constraints on Foreign Policy Change in Belarus

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-55
Author(s):  
Paul Hansbury
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Change ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Group Competition ◽  
Domestic Constraints ◽  
Foreign Policy Change ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Policy Shifts

Abstract After 2014 the relationship between Russia and its ally Belarus was strained. Russia was dissatisfied with Belarus’s foreign policy and sought to influence the latter’s international affairs. This article considers the extent of change and continuity in Belarus’s foreign policy, and thus whether Russia’s criticisms reflect consequential shifts, covering the period 2016–2019. The analysis begins with the removal of EU sanctions, which afforded Belarus new opportunities, and ends before the protest movement that emerged ahead of the election in 2020. The study considers three policy areas: international trade; diplomacy more broadly; and foreign policy concerns for prestige. The article argues that Belarus made appreciable policy changes in response to structural pressures in the period 2016–2019, but the parameters of these foreign policy shifts were necessarily highly constrained by domestic interest group competition which prevents Belarus distancing itself from Russia. It concludes with a brief reflection on how the 2020 election protests and repressions affect the dynamics described.

Soviet Ideology and Soviet Foreign Policy

1959 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam B. Ulam
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Soviet Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

None of the perplexing problems of contemporary international affairs has given rise to more confusing discussion than the relationship of Soviet ideology to the foreign policy of the USSR. The very vagueness of the term “Soviet ideology,” or “Communist ideology” (and are they synonymous?), the uncertainty to what extent this uncertain force motivates the makers of Soviet policies, have compounded our difficulties in understanding the behavior of one of the world's two superpowers. Are Russia's rulers motivated by cynical power politics? Are they ideological fanatics? Is tlie content of their ideology the gospel of Marx, Engels, and Lenin, or something else? Questions can be compounded ad infinitum.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Poland in the Context of the Regions and International Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Beata Glinkowska
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
International Activity ◽  
Synthetic Indicator ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Direct Trade ◽  
The Relationship

The main objective of this study was to identify the state of entrepreneurship of small and medium-sized enterprises in Poland in the context of individual regions and to try to identify the relationship between entrepreneurship and international activity, with particular focus on foreign direct investment. This goal was also chosen to inspire more researchers to fill the research gap in this respect. To achieve this goal, research was carried out, consisting of comparative analyses of existing official reports and documents regarding the state of entrepreneurship and internationalization, which would then show the activity of enterprises in relation to their revenues, investment expenditures and their internationalization. It should be mentioned that there are no compact, uniform studies regarding the relationship between entrepreneurship and internationalization of activities broken down into individual voivodships. It is definitely a research gap. For the purpose of this study, it was necessary to explain the fact that the author identified the international activity of enterprises with their internationalization and used this nomenclature interchangeably in this study. The author understands internationalization to be every activity of enterprise in relation to their various forms: from sporadic export and import contacts in an indirect way (i.e. through foreign intermediaries), to direct trade activities (direct export and import), cooperative contacts, strategic alliances and foreign direct investments (FDI). The study is not about showing what forms dominate in individual regions, but what the state of entrepreneurship is there, evaluated through the prism of such indicators as revenues per company from the SME sector in PLN million, investment outlays in PLN thousands and the so-called Synthetic indicator (WS). This action was performed to bring the following results: a comparison of the entrepreneurship of small and medium enterprises in Poland in relation to their regionalization and to draw attention to the relationship between the state of entrepreneurship and the state of internationalization.

Tourism in the History of US Foreign Relations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake C. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Consumer Experience ◽  
American Frontier ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Reflection ◽  
The Relationship

Tourism is so deep-seated in the history of U.S. foreign relations we seem to have taken its presence for granted. Millions of American tourists have traveled abroad, yet one can count with just two hands the number of scholarly monographs analyzing the relationship between U.S. foreign relations and tourism. What explains this lack of historical reflection about one of the most quotidian forms of U.S. influence abroad? In an influential essay about wilderness and the American frontier, the environmental historian William Cronon argues, “one of the most striking proofs of the cultural invention of wilderness is its thoroughgoing erasure of the history from which it sprang.” Historians and the American public, perhaps in modern fashion, have overlooked tourism’s role in the nation’s international affairs. Only a culture and a people so intimately familiar with tourism’s practices could naturalize them out of history. The history of international tourism is profoundly entangled with the history of U.S. foreign policy. This entanglement has involved, among other things, science and technology, military intervention, diplomacy, and the promotion of consumer spending abroad. U.S. expansion created the structure (the social stability, medical safety, and transportation infrastructure) for globetrotting travel in the 20th century. As this essay shows, U.S. foreign policy was crucial in transforming foreign travel into a middle-class consumer experience.

Modernization, race and the state

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Washbrook
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
State Activity ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter analyzes the different ways in which race was understood by national politicians, foreign investors, and local elites in Chiapas, and explores the relationship between interpretations of race, political factionalism, and economic and social policies. It concludes with an overview of three important areas of state activity — taxation, education, and public works — and highlights how racialized practices of state rule were modernized during the last twenty years of the Porfirian regime in Chiapas.

scholarly journals Synergy of foreign policy and defence policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-527
Author(s):  
Zlatan Jeremic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Policy Positions ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Current State ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
State Defense ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the subsystem of foreign policy and defense of the state has a cause-and-effect character, but nevertheless with a more significant influence of foreign policy on the defense of the state. The state defense system is a relatively independent factor, but in practice, it functions as a means or an instrument of foreign policy, which contributes to the successful realization and protection of the unified state goals on the international plane. The basic question asked in this paper is "What kind of the relationship between the state sub-systems of foreign policy and defense can be considered optimal in the state's efforts to realize and protect vital interests in the current state of international relations"? Each of the aforementioned subsystems has its own specifics of organizing and functioning in the process of creating and practicing the foreign policy of the state. The attitude of the state's subsystems of foreign policy and defense is most visible in the legal normative arrangement, the contents of the foreign policy positions of the highest state managers and strategic documents, functional cohesion, participation in regional and global international initiatives and organizations, participation in multinational operations, as well as in the process of information supply state leadership need for foreign policy decisions. Through analysis and description of the current situation in the foreign policy and defense subsystem, as well as their mutual relationship, critical elements of the systems and processes have been identified in order to be able to overcome the projection of the foreign policy of the state.

scholarly journals State activity of the Ukrainian People's Republic Central Council: a comparative analysis against the background of diplomacy in Central-Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3C) ◽  
pp. 369-380
Author(s):  
Hanna Chechelnytska
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
The State ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Central Eastern Europe ◽  
State Activity ◽  
Central Council ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
General Secretariat

The article describes the state activities of the Ukrainian People's Republic against the background of the implementation of its diplomacy in the region of Central and Eastern Europe. At the same time, the process of formation of the executive diplomatic body of the Ukrainian People's Republic - General Secretariat of International Affairs is highlighted. The Ukrainian leadership offered the utopian idea of forming a federation to the regional governments of Kuban, Crimea, the Don, and Siberia. Thus, the article analyzes the main blunders of the Central Rada on the way of formation of statehood and highlights the main vectors of discussion on this issue. The main geopolitical climate, in particular in Central and Eastern Europe, which existed for the diplomatic activity of the Ukrainian state is also investigated. In particular, it is noted that the diplomatic situation in general was not particularly favorable for the state activity of Ukraine.

Khenry and Anatol

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
The State ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Henry Kissinger ◽  
Summit Meeting ◽  
Richard Nixon ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Richard Nixon endorsed the use of a back channel between Henry Kissinger, as his personal representative, and Anatoly Dobrynin, as the intermediary to the Kremlin. Over time, the relationship came to be known as “the Channel” and was the primary back channel in U.S.-Soviet relations during the Nixon administration. Long before Nixon became president, the executive branch had utilized private correspondence with foreign leaders, presidential emissaries, confidential channels, and other types of communication beyond the purview of the normal foreign policy bureaucracy. Despite the earlier precedents, the Dobrynin-Kissinger channel was novel in its breadth, its sweeping exclusion of the State Department, and most significantly for its central role in shaping détente. Back-channel diplomacy with the Soviets was not dominant until 1971, when the Channel became “operational,” as Kissinger later wrote, to cover the Berlin negotiations, break an impasse in SALT, and begin tentative planning for a summit meeting.

Rice, Oil and the Atom: A Study of the Role of Key Material Resources in the Security and Development of Japan

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rice Oil

AbstractThis article examines the impact on Japan's political economy and foreign policy of its lack of natural resources. Applying the concept of Japan as a ‘reactive’ state to linked case studies of rice, oil and atomic power it explores aspects of the relationship between culture, institutions and political processes in domestic politics and foreign policy. In so doing it argues that Japan's poor resource endowments have driven it to engage (re)actively – and often unwisely – in international affairs, an engagement both facilitated and constrained by its close alliance with the United States. This mediated engagement will continue into the foreseeable future.

German pressure: Spy films and political censorship in Norway, 1914–40

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Werenskjold
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
News Media ◽  
The State ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Film Censorship ◽  
Legal Foundation ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Political Film ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores the relationship between spy films, political censorship and Norwegian foreign policy during the period from 1914 to 1940. Espionage was a popular topic in Norway during this era, both in the news media and as a theme in fictional dramas. Based on a survey of the vetting of 57 spy films, both silent and sound, by the state censorship board, the article focuses on the Norwegian government’s hidden role in political film censorship throughout the period. While Norway’s Constitution and film censorship statutes provided no legal foundation for political censorship, there is nonetheless ample evidence that it took place. The article concludes with an in-depth analysis of the process of banning the US film Confessions of a Nazi Spy in July 1939, the German involvement in that process, and the subsequent effort to change the censorship law to reflect what was happening in practice.

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