scholarly journals THE NATURAL RESOURCES POTENTIAL AND PECULARITIES OF THEIR EXPLOITATION IN MOUTAINOUS REGIONS (THE CASE OF KVEMO RACHA, GEORGIA)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elene Salukvadze ◽  
Tamila Chaladze ◽  
Ketevan Gogidze
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
Information System Technology ◽  
Map Scale ◽  
The Right

To reveal natural resources of a region it is causally necessary to reveal and describe certain landscapes as far as they are means of manifesting natural resources. Besides they are subject of study of land management. It is important to identify resource potential and current state of landscapes and each of their components. Landscapes occupy certain areas which are characterized with certain natural conditions and, obviously, different natural potential. To study the above issues, we selected mountainous region of Kvemo Racha (Ambrolauri Municipality of Georgia). For the studies, together with literary material and different sources, we used cartographic material, the landscape maps (1970, 1983) and the topographic map (scale; 1:50000) of Georgia and Transcaucasia and the observation materials of the field expedition made in 2019 in Kvemo Racha. We constructed a large-scale landscape map for Kvemo Racha (Ambrolauri Municipality) by GIS (geographic information system) technology. The work describes individual natural components of landscapes and resource potential of the distinguished landscapes. The data on mineral resources, climate and agro-climate, soil and forest resources are given in the table and diagrams. Among the landscapes distinguished as a result of comprehensive studies, the landscapes in the Racha Depression on the right and left banks of the river Rioni have especially great potential. These landscapes are located on either sides of the Rioni river gorge, though the landscape on the right bank of the river is especially distinguished. This is Racha Depression with a synclinal river gorge, river terraces, juts at some places, humus-carbonate soils. It is a specific micro-zone on the southern slope of the Lechkhumi Ridge (450-750 m above sea level), with unique vine species (Aleksandrouli, Mujuretuli, Shavi (black) Kapistoni), which are used to produce naturally sweet and semisweet “Khvanchkara” type red wines known world-wide. The wealth of Racha – forest landscapes are also noteworthy as some of them have industrial, others have recreational and ecological resources and are of high significance for preserving the biodiversity in the region.

PECULIARITY OF THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Andrian Cretu ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Unintended Effects ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
Intensive Exploitation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Relationship Of

The possibilities of man to turn natural resources into sources of profit have led the legislator and the right, in general, to resort to much tougher regulations in the field of environmental protection, this could not be possible without knowing precisely the nature of the legal relationship that would lay the basis for subsequent regulations, and in the doctrinal plan it and today suffers from numerous criticisms, debates and controversies. However, one thing is for certain, the relationship of the environment is one of the particular, double-side, where, on the one hand, it regulates the relations between people are established on the occasion of the use, protection, conservation and development, environmental factors, and by the other hand, it requires the modeling of the principles of the other areas of the law with which they come in contact with, and this is asked for a better connectivity and efficiency in the plan for the defense of the values of the environment, the most valuable in the world is on the verge of collapse, natural. In this sense, the realities of today show that the twentieth century is the time of the greatest discoveries and transformations of civilization, but also the most complex and sometimes unintended effects on life. Not long ago, renewable natural resources of the Earth, would be sufficient for the needs of humanity, but for now, as a result of the population explosion, and the unprecedented development of all areas of the business, the demand for raw materials and energy for the production of goods has increased greatly, and the intensive exploitation of natural resources show more obviously, an ecological imbalance. In the context of large-scale changes that can jeopardize the quality of the environment, it is necessary to consider the intentions underlying the exploitation of environmental resources, emerging from the alarming situation that can no longer be tolerated, risking the survival and existence of the human species.

scholarly journals Monotowns and Resources Development at the Mature Stage of Mineral Resource Potential

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
Валерий Крюков ◽  
Valeriy Kryukov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
High Maturity ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Authorities

The paper considers the problems of the development of monotowns related to the development of mineral resources. The author shows that the solution of the problems of these cities is possible only if the system of state regulation of the development of mineral resources is changed at the stage of high maturity of the resource base. At the same time, the paper focuses on the development of the so-called "resource monotowns". The author analyzes the relationship between the stages of development and extraction of natural resources within the framework of the research. The important factor is the role of so-called "system specificity" of assets that form the basis for the formation and functioning of the mono-industry and the infrastructure of the settlement. Another important factor is the need for decentralization of powers in granting, taxing, and regulating the development of natural resources, their redistribution from the Federation to regional authorities and municipalities (including monotowns). The latter implies the formation of a system of subsoil use, based on complicity, co-management of the natural resource potential. In this case, in the opinion of the author and the proposed recommendations have constitutional grounds, as Art. 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation refers to "joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and the subjects of the Federation of issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, mineral wealth, water and other natural resources". The proposed recommendations and practical interpretations for Art. 72 include the need to expand the range of subjects of joint jurisdiction with mandatory inclusion in their number of municipalities (including monotowns), as well as citizens. This involves creating a mechanism for interaction between all these actors in the processes of preparing, discussing and implementing decisions in the sphere of the use of natural resources.

Land Grabbing as a Threat to the Right to Self-Determination: How Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources Limits States’ Involvement in Large-Scale Transfers of Land

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 507-531
Author(s):  
Elisa Freiburg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Land Grabbing ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
The People ◽  
The Right

This article examines the legal connections between the modern phenomenon of ‘land grabbing’ – large-scale acquisitions of land rights by foreign investors – and the human right to self-determination. It is argued that the right to self-determination and in particular the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources cannot only be invoked by one State against another, but also by the people against its own government, thus legally binding all States involved in the process. The basic premise shall not be that land grabbing is per se illegal; it depends on how it is performed. The right to self-determination and the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources bring along important restrictions that States have to honour. Governments should develop their foreign investment relations in a way that ensures the human rights of their populations, especially given the fact that in this respect business corporations are not bound by any hard international law. The regulation of the investment is an important factor: transparency and involvement of local authorities at the planning stage, as well as the participation in the investment’s benefits help to ensure that a people is not deprived of its own means of subsistence.

scholarly journals POWER OF SHARING SUMBER DAYA KELAUTAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Ria Tri Vinata
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Original Problem ◽  
World Market ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Exploration Exploitation

Maritime and marine development targets are very realistic considering the position of Indonesia is geographically located and has a comparative advantage because it is very close to the world market. On the other hand, Indonesia is located in the tropics with thousands of islands have a wealth and maritime and marine resource potential is very large. Awareness of the protection and preservation of the marine environment began to grow among the countries participating in the Convention; especially regarding the exploitation of natural resources is carried out on a large scale in the marine environment. Especially for marine areas that are still in dispute, the power of sharing activity is the distribution of marine resources with the agreement Joint exploitation the original problem as a potential source of conflict, transformed and directed into a source of cooperation. Such cooperation generally includes the exploration, exploitation, and sharing of benefits derived from the exploitation of natural resources in the region for the parties.

Regulation of Natural Resources Located in Indigenous Communities Territory under the Principles of Consultation and Free, Prior-Informed Consent: Perspectives in Selected Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-520
Author(s):  
John S. Ombella
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Contractual Arrangements ◽  
Prior Informed Consent ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Ecological Resources ◽  
Contractual Agreements

Natural resources have long been said to be under the sovereign ownership of the states in whose borders they are found. Sovereignty grants such a state not only the ownership but also the power to regulate their access and use. States’ inability to convert the resources into tangible socio-economic development has witnessed massive contractual agreements with multinational companies to harness the same. Multinational companies and state contractual arrangements seem to have ignored other potential stakeholders like communities dependent on natural resources for their survival. Consequently, communities such as those of indigenous peoples who depend on available natural resources like rivers, lakes, forests and other ecological resources are victimised in the state-multinational contractual arrangements and implementation. Internationally, principles such as consultation and free and prior-informed consent seem to regulate access and use of resources located in indigenous communities. This article shows how such principles guarantee the indigenous communities their existence in cases of large-scale development in their territory.

Ecoviolence: Shrinking Pie, or Honey Pot?

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra de Soysa
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Good News ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Mother Nature

Some claim that the scarcity of natural resources, particularly renewable resources, is a “causal mechanism” behind civil war. Recent work in development studies and political science suggest that relative abundance of natural resources cause broad-based socio-economic and political problems, while some using microeconomic theories even blame abundance directly for motivating “loot-seeking” rebellion and allowing the finance of large-scale armed violence. Using a host of alternative measures of natural capital wealth, disaggregated as renewable and nonrenewable, this study finds that an abundance of renewable resources, not its scarcity, leads to violence and to lower economic, human, and institutional development. The abundance of mineral resources is consistently associated with higher levels of conflict and lower levels of human and institutional development. The results raise serious doubts about the concept of “ecoviolence” as theorized hither to. Future research should trace the processes through which the “honey pot” of abundant resources promotes bad governance, inequity, poverty, environmental degradation, and conflict. The good news is that human greed and folly, not mother nature, is still the problem for peace. The bad news is that mother nature will continue to suffer given difficulties associated with controlling human nature.

scholarly journals Ownership and Control of Natural Resources under the Nigerian Constitution 1999 and Its Implications for Environmental Law and Practice

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control

The right to ownership and control of natural resources under the Nigerian law is constitutional. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 (as amended) section 44 (3) and item 39 Schedule II of the Exclusive Legislative List vests the control and management of the natural resources and hydrocarbon operations on the federal government for the common good and benefit of the citizens. This article aims at examining the constitutional provisions and its implications for environmental law and practice. It examines some theories of ownership of mineral resources and analyses the decisions of the Supreme Court of Nigeria on the subject, particularly the case of Attorney-General of the Federation v. Attorney General of Abia State & 35 Others (No. 2) (2002) 6 NWLR (Part 764) 542 where the Supreme Court of Nigeria made several judicial pronouncements on the constitutional question of the derivation principle and ownership and control of natural resources in the Nigeria Federation. This article concludes by advocating for reforms and further research on the subject matter. It recommends the adoption of what is obtainable in other jurisdictions like Canada and South Africa.

scholarly journals Implementation of criminal law enforcement concept of environmental sustainability (illegal logging in Indonesia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 894 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
I Rosyadi ◽  
M R Habibi ◽  
N Syam
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Illegal Logging ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

Abstract Everyone in Indonesia has the right to a good and healthy environment as a form of human rights. Every generation has obligations and responsibilities in preserving the background to ensure the welfare and quality of life between ages. Sustainable development is an effort to guarantee these rights by managing natural resources wisely and rationally and simultaneously considering economic, social, and environmental aspects. Currently, humans tend to be greedy for existing natural resources to get the maximum benefit. Illegal logging is an activity to place forest resources on a large scale without paying attention to the needs of future generations. Efforts made by the government to enforce sanctions against perpetrators of illegal logging activities are the enactment of Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and Law Number 18 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction.

The Protection and Promotion of a People’s Right to Mineral Resources in Africa: International and Municipal Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 739-755
Author(s):  
Johan Van Der Vyver
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
South African ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The People ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
The Right

Abstract Development programs in many African countries include the reallocation of land and the nationalization of mineral resources for the benefit of less privileged communities in those countries. Implementing these programs is, however, quite complicated. This paper pays special attention to the confiscation of the land of white farmers in Zimbabwe as part of a development program, and the rapid decline of the economy of that country in consequence of this program. It serves as a reminder that depriving landowners of their property rights is counterproductive and is therefore not a feasible development strategy. As far as the right to explore natural resources is concerned, the paper highlights the repeated resolutions of the United Nations proclaiming the “inalienable right of all states freely to dispose of their natural resources in accordance with their national interests” as an inherent aspect of sovereignty [e.g. G.A. Res. 626, 7 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 20), at 18, U.N. Doc. A/2361 (1952).], with occasional reminders that developing countries were in need of encouragement “in the proper use and exploitation of their natural wealth and resources” [e.g. E.S.C. Res. 1737, 54 U.N. ESCOR, Supp., No. 1 (1973).]. These resolutions were adopted in the context of the decolonization policy of the United Nations and were mainly aimed at denouncing the exploitation of the mineral resources of African countries by colonial powers [G.A. Res. 2288, 22 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 16), at 48, U.N. Doc. A/6716 (1967)., para 3]. The emphasis of international law relating to the natural resources over time also emphasized the right to self-determination of peoples. As early as 1958, the General Assembly, in a resolution through which the Commission on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources was established, stated that the “permanent sovereignty over natural wealth and resources” of states is “a basic constituent of the right to self-determination” [G.A. Res. 1314, 13 U.N. GAOR, Supp. (No. 18), at 27, U.N. Doc. A/4090 (1958).]. The African Charter on Human and People’s Rights similarly provides “All peoples shall freely dispose of their wealth and natural resources. This right shall be exercised in the exclusive interest of the people. In no case shall a people be deprived of it” [Art 21(1)]. This provision featured prominently in several judgments of courts of law, such as the one of the South African Constitutional Court in the case of Bengwenyama Minerals (Pty) Ltd & Others v Gemorah Resources (Pty) Ltd & Others [2011] (3) BCLR 229 (CC) (3) BCLR 229 (CC) and of the African Court of Human and People’s Rights in the case of Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report. AHRLR 60 (Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) v Nigeria (2001) AHRLR 60 (ACHPR 2001), Communication 155/96, 15th Annual Report.) Communication 155/96. In view of these directives of international law, the paper will critically analyze the South African Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002, which deprived landowners of the ownership of unexplored minerals and petroleum products and proclaimed mineral and petroleum resources to be “the common heritage of all the people of South Africa” with the state as the custodian thereof.

scholarly journals International Development Law: Resolving the Contentious Question of State Sovereignty and Right to and Ownership of Natural Resources

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 5759-5764
Author(s):  
Dr. Matthew Enya Nwocha
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Development ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Ultimate Ownership ◽  
Domestic Jurisdiction ◽  
The Right

This work came up against the background of the contentious question and multiplicity of claims of ownership of natural resources located within a given state territory. The paper has addressed the question whether this claim legitimately inheres in the state as a sovereign or in the native inhabitants of the land area where the mineral resources are domiciled pursuant to the international right to self-determination. It is the finding that, among other things, the right to permanent sovereignty over natural resources is a legitimate one in international law. Notwithstanding, as the paper has concluded, only the legislature and the courts in any particular domestic jurisdiction can determine with finality the specific entity, institution, or unit within a state sovereign in whom this ultimate ownership resides.

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