FURTHER EVIDENCE OF FILLER–FILLER MECHANICAL ENGAGEMENT IN RUBBER COMPOUNDS FILLED WITH SILICA TREATED BY LONG-CHAIN SILANE

2017 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirhossein Mahtabani ◽  
Mohammad Alimardani ◽  
Mehdi Razzaghi-Kashani
Keyword(s):  
Surface Energy ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Liquid Paraffin ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Silica Network ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Long Chain

ABSTRACT The present study discusses that filler–filler mechanical engagement resulting from the grafted long-chain silanes on the silica surface is indeed a reinforcing mechanism in rubber composites, as already speculated by nonlinear viscoelastic properties in our previous study. The existence and severity of such a phenomenon are assessed purely by isolating the energetic contribution of reinforcement from interfering with filler mechanical engagement in the silica network formation and breakdown processes. In a novel approach, the driving force of fillers to flocculate energetically at elevated temperatures was defined using surface energy theories, and it was adjusted to be similar in two composites having silica treated by short- and long-chain silanes. Filler–filler mechanical engagement was monitored by tracking network formation (filler flocculation) in a matrix of styrene–butadiene rubber and also by conducting various dynamic viscoelastic experiments on liquid paraffin suspensions having short- and long-chain silica of similar surface energy. Results consistently confirmed the existence of mechanical engagement between silica particles having the long-chain silane in both rubber compounds and paraffin suspensions. The results may find applications in the rolling resistance of tires, for example, where stabilization of the filler network by displacing the peak energy dissipation of the network breakdown from applied service strains to larger values would be of technical importance.

The Effects of Various Ratios of Hybrid Filler to Rubber Vulcanisates Properties Based on Passenger Car Tyre Tread Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
Chatchatree Thongsaen ◽  
Pongdhorn Sea-Oui ◽  
Chakrit Sirisinha
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Hybrid Fillers ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Good Agreement

Solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) reinforced by hybrid fillers of carbon black (CB) and silica (PSi) was prepared with various CB/PSi ratios. Rheological and mechanical properties of rubber compounds and vulcanisates were investigated. Results of compounds demonstrate that, with increasing CB fraction, increases in the magnitude of the Payne effect and Mooney viscosity were found. On the contrary, with increased loading of PSi, increases in optimum cure time (tc90) and cure torque difference were evidenced. The results suggest superiority in filler dispersion level and cure efficiency in the systems filled with high PSi fraction due to the presence of Bis [3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl] tetrasulphide (TESPT or Si-69) as a silane coupling agent. As for vulcanisate properties, the systems with increased PSi fraction exhibit enhancement in mechanical strength and elastic contribution, which are in good agreement with rubber compound properties. Also, the decrease in loss factor at 60 °C was observed with increasing PSi fraction, suggesting the desirable reduction in rolling resistance of tyre tread.

Chemically modified soybean oils as plasticizers for silica-filled e-SBR/Br compounds for tire tread applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432098815
Author(s):  
Viviane Meyer Hammel Lovison ◽  
Maurício Azevedo de Freitas ◽  
Maria Madalena de Camargo Forte
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Soybean Oils ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Tan Δ

Silica-filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/butadiene rubber (BR) compounds plasticized with mineral oils are mainly used to produce green tire treads. Previous works have demonstrated that the partial replacement of naphthenic oil (ONAF) by bio-based oils can provide processing and performance improvements for rubber compounds, along with environmental benefits. In this study, two modified soybean oils (esterified, OEST or esterified and epoxidized, OEPX) were investigated with the aim of evaluating the complete replacement of ONAF and determining whether the chemical properties of the oils affect the performance of silica-filled E-SBR/BR compounds, using the compound with ONAF as a reference. The physical properties, curing characteristics, morphology, and dynamic mechanical behavior were evaluated. The use of the modified soybean oils decreased the optimal cure time while increasing the crosslink density and the abrasive wear resistance. Further, the compounds with both modified soybean oils showed a good balance of mechanical properties. The modified soybean oils decreased the glass transition temperature of the rubber compounds, thus acting as true plasticizers. At 0°C, the tan δ value of E-SBR/BR/OEPX increased relative to that of E-SBR/BR/ONAF, whereas at 60°C, the values of the compounds with both modified soybean oils showed slight increases. The tan δ values reveal that compared with E-SBR/BR/ONAF, E-SBR/BR/OEPX has better wet grip and a similar rolling resistance, whereas E-SBR/BR/OEST has a higher rolling resistance. Thus, both modified soybean oils can fully replace ONAF and appear to be extremely attractive plasticizers for use in silica-filled E-SBR/BR compounds employed as green tire treads for passenger cars.

Influence of Mixing Procedure on Properties of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds

2014 ◽  
Vol 1024 ◽  
pp. 175-178
Author(s):  
Mazlina Mustafa Kamal ◽  
Dayang Habibah Abang Asmawi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Dispersion Agent ◽  
Mooney Viscosity

Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected. One way to obtain both low rolling resistance and high wet traction is indeed, to use precipitated silica together with solution polymers in tyre treads. The benefits of reinforcement by silane coupled silicas, in certain blends of solution styrene –butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR), were recognized by major tyre manufacturer. However, the use of silica compounds entails considerable disadvantages in terms of raw material costs and processability (before vulcanization). These difficulties include higher compound Mooney Viscosity (ML1+4) that increases upon storage, short scorch time and environmental problems related to alcohol evolution. The high viscosity and poor processability in silica filled rubber compounds are believed to be associated with silica reaggregation (self aggregation) after rubber compounding. The study has been made of the effect of increased mixing stage and dispersion agent in rubber on uncured properties of the Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds. In this experiment, two orders of mixing were considered (1) Two Stages Mixing and (2) Three Stages Mixing. Results showed that filler dispersion, Mooney Viscosity and Payne Effect was influenced by the degree of mixing. The incorporation of dispersion agents in the compounds also resultant in the similar manner. It is believed that the dispersion agent could coat the silica surfaces as they are being broken down during the mixing and then stabilize the dispersed structure by stearically preventing silica reagglomeration.

The Influence of the Concentration of an ‘n-butyllithium–amine-containing Modifier’ Initiating System on the Copolymerisation of 1,3-butadiene and Styrene

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
A.M. Vagizov ◽  
G.R. Khusainova ◽  
I.G. Akhmetov ◽  
A.G. Sakhabutdinov
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Monomer Conversion ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Liquid Chromatograph ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Rubber Compounds

The influence of the concentration of an initiating system consisting of n-butyllithium and an amine-containing modifier on the copolymerisation of 1,3-butadiene and styrene in a hexane solvent was studied. The molecular characteristics and the microstructure of specimens of the obtained solution-polymerised styrene butadiene rubber (s-SBR) were determined by gel permeation chromatography on a Breeze liquid chromatograph (Waters) and by IR spectroscopy on a Spectrum GX 100 spectrometer (PerkinElmer) in accordance with ISO 21561/2. It was shown that a reduction in the amount of the initiating system is accompanied with a reduction in the copolymerisation rate and in the monomer conversion, and also with an increase in the average molecular weights of the copolymer. It was established that a reduction in the initiating system concentration in the reaction medium leads to a reduction in the content of 1,2-units in the rubber. A comparative analysis of data for rubber compounds based on the synthesised s-SBR and data for rubber compounds based on standard rubber indicates that their mechanical properties are at the same level. However, the tg δ at 60°C (determined on an RPA 2000 instrument) for rubber compounds based on a trial specimen has a lower value, which will make it possible to produce tyre rubbers providing a lower tyre rolling resistance.

UNDERSTANDING THE INFLUENCE OF OLIGOMERIC RESINS ON TRACTION AND ROLLING RESISTANCE OF SILICA-REINFORCED TIRE TREADS

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Vleugels ◽  
W. Pille-Wolf ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Peak Shift ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Maximum Improvement ◽  
Tan Δ

ABSTRACT This study concerns the silica reinforcement of styrene–butadiene rubber compounds for passenger car tire treads, with the objective of gaining greater insight into the beneficial effects of oligomeric resins. The major tire performance factors predicted are rolling resistance and (wet) skid resistance measured on a laboratory scale. Three types of resins were tested: a polyterpene, a terpene-phenolic, and a pure vinyl-aromatic hydrocarbon resin, at various concentrations, namely, 2, 4, and 6 parts per hundred of rubber (phr). Laboratory scale dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Mooney viscosity, cure meter, and tensile and hardness tests were used to assess the behavior of these resins in the rubber and to characterize the processibility of the compounds. The DMA shows that the resins and rubber compounds are partially compatible for the low resin quantities used. The tan δ loss factor versus temperature was used as an indication for wet skid and rolling resistance. The shift to a higher temperature in the tan δ peak, due to the contribution of the tan δ peak shift of the resins, is the reason for improved wet skid performance. A maximum improvement of about 35% in the wet skid region (0 °C–30 °C) is found. The improved tan δ at 60 °C, indicative for rolling resistance, accounts for reduced interaction between filler particles. This is also confirmed by a decrease in the Payne effect. A maximum improvement of about 15% is found in the rolling resistance temperature range, dependent on the particular choice of the resin.

Highly epoxidized soybean oil in replacement of mineral oil for high performance on silica-filled tread rubber compounds

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432110290
Author(s):  
Leandro Hernán Esposito ◽  
Angel José Marzocca
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Epoxidized Soybean Oil ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
The Impact

The potential replacement of a treated residual aromatic extract mineral oil (TRAE) by a highly epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) into a silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber compound was investigated. In order to determine if ESO compounds performance are suitable for tread tire applications, processing properties cure and characteristics were evaluated. The impact of ESO amount on the silica dispersion was confirmed by Payne Effect. The presence of chemical or physical interactions between ESO and silica improves the filler dispersion, enabling the compound processability and affecting the cure kinetic rate. An adjusted rubber compound with 2 phr of ESO and 2 phr of sulfur presented the higher stiffness and strength values with lower weight loss from a wear test compared with TRAE compound at an equal amount of oil and curing package. Furthermore, wet grip and rolling resistance predictors of both compounds gave comparable results, maintaining a better performance and reducing the dependence of mineral oil for tire tread compounds.

scholarly journals Insights into the Payne Effect of Carbon Black Filled Styrene-butadiene Rubber Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
An Zhao ◽  
Xuan-Yu Shi ◽  
Shi-Hao Sun ◽  
Hai-Mo Zhang ◽  
Min Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Thermal conductivity of styrene butadiene rubber compounds with natural rubber prophylactics waste as filler

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1687-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Saxena ◽  
P. Pradeep ◽  
G. Mathew ◽  
S. Thomas ◽  
M. Gustafsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Understanding Wet Skid Resistance Testing with the British Pendulum Skid Tester: Analysis of Sliding Noise from Various Filled Compounds

2010 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Dong Pan ◽  
Paul Zakelj ◽  
Cara Adams ◽  
Akiko Neil ◽  
Greg Chaplin
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Skid Resistance ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Portland Cement Concrete ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Wet Skid Resistance

Abstract The British pendulum skid tester (BPST) has been widely adopted for laboratory characterization of wet skid resistance (WSR) for rubber compounds. However, testing results are not yet well explained with material properties. For filled compounds made of the same styrene-butadiene rubber, on a Portland cement concrete surface wetted with water, WSR for compounds filled with inorganic oxides is higher than WSR for compounds filled with carbon black at the same filler volume fraction. However, such difference in WSR is eliminated under ethanol lubrication. Difference in WSR remains under ethanol lubrication between compounds filled with a reinforcing filler and compounds filled with a nonreinforcing filler. Accepting that dynamic deformation of rubber occurs in the frequency range between 103 and 106 Hz during testing with the BPST, loss tangent for the compounds is measured at various low temperatures but fails to correlate with WSR detected under water lubrication. Modification of bulk viscoelasticity from ethanol absorption should not be neglected for consideration of WSR under ethanol lubrication. During testing with the BPST, sliding noise generated by the assemblage of the spring and lever system in the pendulum with a rubber slider attached is captured under varied lubrication conditions. Both viscoelastic properties of rubber compounds and lubrication condition significantly affect sliding noise. However, no strict correlation between the intensity of sliding noise and WSR is observed. From frequency domain analysis, major components of the sliding noise lie in the frequency range between 500 and 5000 Hz for most compounds. For better understanding on testing with the BPST, modes of material deformation during dynamic sliding on a wet rough surface need to be further scrutinized.

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