Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Soil Salinity/Status Under Various Irrigation Systems in Arid Region of Jamshoro District

The agricultural lands are being affected due to groundwater (GW) quality issues. To address this worldwide problematic situation, various irrigation studies have been practiced to identify the effects on the soil conditions. The current study has been designed to assess the GW quality and soil salinity/sodicity by different irrigation techniques in the remote mountainous area of Jamshoro district at Gul Muhammad Khaskheli farm Thana Boula Khan. The experimental plot was designed under furrow, pitcher and poly ethylene bag irrigation system. These soil characteristics indicated that the drain-ability of the soil was high, with an infiltration rate of 1.60 cm/h and water holding capacity was low. Water samples were collected at each irrigation time from sowing to harvest. The soil understudy was non-saline (ECe < 4.0 dS/m) and non-sodic (pH < 8.0, SAR < 7.5 and ESP < 15.0) before crop sowing in all the three methods of irrigation at all the three sampling depths, i.e., 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-60 cm. Thus, the quality of water used for cultivation of ladyfinger/Okra crop under all irrigation methods was Class-I quality water.The investigated results shown that ECw (electrical conductivity of water) was < 1.5 dS/m, pH < 8.0, SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) < 10.0 and RSC (residual sodium carbonate) were non detective. After crop harvest changed a little bit, change was observed in the soil, i.e., under furrow and pitcher irrigation method, the ECe, SAR. and ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage) decreased in the wetted zone and increased at the wetted periphery. Under the polyethylene bag irrigation method, ECe, SAR and ESP decreased at depths 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm but these increased at lower depth, i.e., 30-60 cm after crop harvest. However, the soil remained non-saline and non-sodic.

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Estimation of effective infiltration rates in cracked soils

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600031348 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 99 (3) ◽

pp. 659-660 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. N. Pandey ◽

R. S. Pandey

Keyword(s):

Irrigation System ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Field Testing ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Special Problem ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Efficient Design ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Infiltration Rates ◽

Extensive Field

Infiltration is the most important aspect in the hydraulics of surface irrigation, since the design of irrigation systems depends to a large extent upon the infiltration characteristics of the soil. Many workers have contributed to the theoretical understanding of the infiltration phenomenon (Kirkham & Powers, 1972). However, very little work is available on the evaluation of infiltration into cracked soils. Measurement of infiltration into these soils poses a special problem. Depending on the degree of cracking, a fraction of the water added on the soil surface flows down through cracks and goes to waste. The water flowing through the cracks does not contribute to the moisture storage of the soil profile which may subsequently be used by the crops. Also, infiltration rates measured using ring infiltrometers are erroneous. In order to have an efficient design for an irrigation system, realistic estimates of infiltration characteristics for this type of soil are essential. In the present paper an attempt has been made to estimate the effective infiltration rate into such cracked soils. The procedvire suggested has been tested under limited conditions and found useful under field conditions. However, extensive field testing under various soil conditions is necessary before it can be recommended for general use.

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Calcium-Enriched Animal Manure Alleviates the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Growth, Physiology and Nutrients Homeostasis of Zea mays L.

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8110480 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 480 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Bushra Niamat ◽

Muhammad Naveed ◽

Zulfiqar Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Yaseen ◽

Allah Ditta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Crop Production ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Alkaline Soil ◽

Sodic Soil ◽

Growth Physiology

Soil salinity and sodicity are among the main problems for optimum crop production in areas where rainfall is not enough for leaching of salts out of the rooting zone. Application of organic and Ca-based amendments have the potential to increase crop yield and productivity under saline–alkaline soil environments. Based on this hypothesis, the present study was conducted to evaluate the potential of compost, Ca-based fertilizer industry waste (Ca-FW), and Ca-fortified compost (Ca-FC) to increase growth and yield of maize under saline–sodic soil conditions. Saline–sodic soil conditions with electrical conductivity (EC) levels (1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) = 15, were developed by spiking soil with a solution containing NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and CaCl2. Results showed that soil salinity and sodicity significantly reduced plant growth, yield, physiological, and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the application of Ca-FC caused a remarkable increase in the studied parameters of maize at EC levels of 1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1 as compared to the control. In addition, Ca-FC caused the maximum decrease in Na+/K+ ratio in shoot up to 85.1%, 71.79%, and 70.37% at EC levels of 1.6, 5, and 10 dS m−1, respectively as compared to the control treatment. Moreover, nutrient uptake (NPK) was also significantly increased with the application of Ca-FC under normal as well as saline–sodic soil conditions. It is thus inferred that the application of Ca-FC could be an effective amendment to enhance growth, yield, physiology, and nutrient uptake in maize under saline–sodic soil conditions constituting the novelty of this work.

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Assessment of a Large Subsurface Controlled Drainage and Irrigation System: III. Water chemistry of the tile effluent and its potential impact on surface water resources

Transactions of the Missouri Academy of Science ◽

10.30956/0544-540x-44.2010.11 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 44-45 (2010-2011) ◽

pp. 11-17

Author(s):

Michael Aide ◽

Indi Braden ◽

Neil Hermann ◽

David Mauk ◽

Wesley Mueller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Water Resources ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Subsurface Drainage ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Soil Nitrate ◽

Controlled Drainage ◽

Surface Water Resources ◽

Nitrate N ◽

Nitrate Concentrations

Abstract Controlled subsurface drainage irrigation systems promote crop productivity; however, these land management systems also allow an efficient pathway for the transport of elements from soils to surface water resources. The nitrate and macro-element effluent concentrations from tile-drainage involving a 40 ha controlled subsurface drainage irrigation system are described and compared to soil nitrate availability. Soil nitrate concentrations generally show an increase immediately after soil nitrogen fertilization practices and are sufficiently abundant to promote their transport from the soil resource to the tile-drain effluent waters. The data indicates that: (1) the transport of nitrate-N in tile-drain effluent waters is appreciable; (2) denitrification pathways effectively reduce a portion of the soil nitrate-N when the controlled drainage system establishes winter-early spring anoxic soil conditions, and (3) the best strategy for reducing nitrate-N concentrations in tile-drain effluent waters is adjusting N fertilization rates and the timing of their application. The development of bioreactors for simulating wetland conditions may further limit nitrate concentrations in surface waters because of soil drainage.

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Determination of Spatial and Temporal Variability of Soil Hydraulic Conductivity for Urban Runoff Modelling

Water ◽

10.3390/w11050941 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 941 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Matej Radinja ◽

Ines Vidmar ◽

Nataša Atanasova ◽

Matjaž Mikoš ◽

Mojca Šraj

Keyword(s):

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

Water Repellency ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Control Measures ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽

Soil Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Soil Hydraulic

Soil hydraulic conductivity has a direct influence on infiltration rate, which is of great importance for modelling and design of surface runoff and stormwater control measures. In this study, three measuring techniques for determination of soil hydraulic conductivity were compared in an urban catchment in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Double ring (DRI) and dual head infiltrometer (DHI) were applied to measure saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and mini disk infiltrometer (MDI) was applied to measure unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K), which was recalculated in Ks in order to compare the results. Results showed significant differences between investigated techniques, namely DHI showed 6.8 times higher values of Ks in comparison to DRI. On the other hand, Ks values obtained by MDI and DRI exhibited the lowest difference. MDI measurements in 12 locations of the small plot pointed to the spatial variability of K ranging between 73%–89% as well as to temporal variability within a single location of 27%–99%. Additionally, a reduction of K caused by the effect of drought-induced water repellency was observed. Moreover, results indicate that hydrological models could be enhanced using different scenarios by employing a range of K values based on soil conditions.

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Yield response of barley germplasm to field variation in salinity quantified using the EM-38

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9900551 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 551 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

PG Slavich ◽

BJ Read ◽

BR Cullis

Keyword(s):

Soil Salinity ◽

Field Trials ◽

Yield Response ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Field Variation ◽

Secondary Salinisation ◽

Salinity Response ◽

Unit Increase ◽

Barley Germplasm

Five field trials to screen a range of barley germplasm for tolerance to saline soil conditions were conducted on irrigation farms in southern New South Wales, in areas affected by secondary salinisation from shallow watertables. Three trials were located on heavy grey clay soils and 2 on red-brown earth soils. An electromagnetic soil conductivity meter (EM-38) was used to quantify the salinity of individual field plots. Cultivars were compared in terms of their grain yield response to soil salinity. Yields were significantly reduced by soil salinity at all sites except 1 on red-brown earth. Both genetic and site differences in salinity response were identified. The reduction in yield per unit increase in electrical conductivity of the saturated paste (EC,), averaged across sites, varied from 4.7% for Forrest to 6.6% for Schooner. However, the yield reduction per unit increase in EC,, averaged across cultivars, varied from 4.1% in a red-brown earth to 6.4% in heavy clays.

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Smart Irrigation System Using Internet of Things

International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology ◽

10.48175/ijarsct-1388 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 302-307

Author(s):

Prof. Vanita Babanne ◽

Amol Kajale ◽

Gaurav Menaria ◽

Manish Kamble ◽

Pranav Mundada

Keyword(s):

Data Storage ◽

Water Loss ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Irrigation Management ◽

Remote Access ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Processing Unit ◽

Sensor Unit ◽

The Right

Irrigation forms one of the mainstays of agriculture and food production. As a result of outdated strategies in developing and developing countries, much water is wasted in this process. In this article, we have established a regulatory model of irrigation management to put a check on this waste of water by providing a good irrigation system for farming. The prototype Smart Automatic Irrigation Controller (SAIC) has two operating units, viz. Wireless Sensor Unit and Wireless Information Processing Unit . The purpose of the sensor unit is to measure climate and soil conditions and to calculate the actual water loss due to evapotranspiration. Processing unit considers this calculation and performs the regulatory action required to control workers by delivering the right amount of water to the farm. A combination of basic rules is included in the decision-making table. The model is initially developed and validated in the process of testing the effectiveness. The results obtained showed the potential to compensate for water loss by almost 100%. The regulator experienced a 27% reduction in water use and a 40% increase in crop yields. The prototype is connected to a cloud server for data storage and remote access to control. The device is efficient, inexpensive, and usable so that end users can use it easily and comfortably. The model is new and unique in the sense that it can plan irrigation for all types of crops, in all climatic conditions of all soil types while feeding the right combination of soil growth stage in the inference engine.

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Assessing the dynamics of soil salinity with time-lapse inversion of electromagnetic data guided by hydrological modelling

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-25-1509-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 1509-1527

Author(s):

Mohammad Farzamian ◽

Dario Autovino ◽

Angelo Basile ◽

Roberto De Mascellis ◽

Giovanna Dragonetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Soil Salinity ◽

Electromagnetic Induction ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Time Lapse ◽

Hydrological Modelling ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Field Assessment ◽

Apparent Electrical Conductivity ◽

Spatio Temporal

Abstract. Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semi-arid areas of the world, chiefly caused by the use of highly salinity irrigation water, compounded by excessive evapotranspiration. Given this threat, efficient field assessment methods are needed to monitor the dynamics of soil salinity in salt-affected irrigated lands and evaluate the performance of management strategies. In this study, we report on the results of an irrigation experiment with the main objective of evaluating time-lapse inversion of electromagnetic induction (EMI) data and hydrological modelling in field assessment of soil salinity dynamics. Four experimental plots were established and irrigated 12 times during a 2-month period, with water at four different salinity levels (1, 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1) using a drip irrigation system. Time-lapse apparent electrical conductivity (σa) data were collected four times during the experiment period using the CMD Mini-Explorer. Prior to inversion of time-lapse σa data, a numerical experiment was performed by 2D simulations of the water and solute infiltration and redistribution process in synthetic transects, generated by using the statistical distribution of the hydraulic properties in the study area. These simulations gave known spatio-temporal distribution of water contents and solute concentrations and thus of bulk electrical conductivity (σb), which in turn were used to obtain known structures of apparent electrical conductivity, σa. These synthetic distributions were used for a preliminary understanding of how the physical context may influence the EMI-based σa readings carried out in the monitored transects as well as being used to optimize the smoothing parameter to be used in the inversion of σa readings. With this prior information at hand, we inverted the time-lapse field σa data and interpreted the results in terms of concentration distributions over time. The proposed approach, using preliminary hydrological simulations to understand the potential role of the variability of the physical system to be monitored by EMI, may actually allow for a better choice of the inversion parameters and interpretation of EMI readings, thus increasing the potentiality of using the electromagnetic induction technique for rapid and non-invasive investigation of spatio-temporal variability in soil salinity over large areas.

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Peningkatan Stabilitas Lereng pada Ruas Jalan Tawaeli – Toboli dengan Vegetasi/Bioengineering

REKONSTRUKSI TADULAKO: Civil Engineering Journal on Research and Development ◽

10.22487/renstra.v2i1.235 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 23-32

Author(s):

S.A. Wandira ◽

A. Rahayu

Keyword(s):

Shear Strength ◽

Slope Stability ◽

Safety Factor ◽

Friction Angle ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Plant Roots ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Mountainous Area ◽

Stability Calculation ◽

The Road

Tawaeli - Toboli is one of the road that often undergo landslide. Most of these roads are in a mountainous area with high steep slopes and poor soil conditions. The road conditions worsened, especially in rainy season resulting the citizen do not know anywhere that is prone to landslides such as in Km 16 to 17. The purpose of this study was to analyze slope stability using bioengineering methods, determine the shear strength of soil without plant roots and soil with plant roots and to determine the potential for landslides that will occur. Bioengineering is used to increase the strength of the soil, and stabilize slopes and reduce erosion on slopes. The slope stability calculation using the Bishop slice method. The calculating of safety factor analyzed using the Slope / W application and manually. Soil samples were taken from 3 (three) points and the soil strength parameters, soil cohesion and friction angle, were obtained through laboratory testing. Tests were carried out using rootless and rooted soil samples. In addition, direct field observations were made to obtain slope angles and slope heights. The results showed that the parameters of soil shear strength, cohesion and friction angle increased with the presence of plant roots. The results of the slope stability analysis show that the conditions of the slope are stable at slope 1 (Km 16) and slope 3 (Km 17) with a safety factor greater than 1.5. While slope 2 (Km 16 +300) has the potential for landslides as a safety factor of less than 1.5. The use of bioengineering increases the safety factor to be greater than 1.5. The calculation of the value of the safety factor using the Slope / W program and the Bishop manual is not much different, but the calculation time with the Slope / W program is faster

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Optimasi Sistem Irigasi Lahan Tada Hujan menggunakan Algoritma Ant Colony Optimization berbasis Tenaga Surya

Petir ◽

10.33322/petir.v14i1.1064 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 45-51

Author(s):

Abdul Haris

Keyword(s):

Ant Colony Optimization ◽

Electric Power ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Ant Colony ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Limited Ability ◽

Human Power ◽

Agriculture Land ◽

Potential Resource

Indonesia is a country that has vast agriculture and has a majority source of income as farmer. The agriculture area still cannot be optimized considering that still a lot of dry agriculture land and have not got good irrigation system, several problems that cause are still a lot of dry agriculture which higher position of irrigation system available and there are limited land so that if irrigation system built or DAM then operational coast outweigh of impact on the land, another problem occurs is limited ability of community for built independent and modern irrigation system so that assistance is needed and technology that can be utilized as resource for built independent and modern irrigation system. One of potential resource in Indonesia is energy of sun which can be converted to electric power, this is energy very much in Indonesia, so that can be using as energy to pump water from springs to be distributed to dry agriculture land. To be able to reduce human power and monitoring this paper using Ant Colony Optimization as computation system. This algorithm used to optimized water distribution evenly on dry agriculture land which is adapted to the soil conditions.

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Mapeamento do potencial geoclimático da fruticultura do abacaxi na microrregião de Araripina – PE (Climatic potential of pineapple fruit growing mapping in the micro region of Araripina - PE)

Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física ◽

10.26848/rbgf.v8.1.p196-210 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 196

Author(s):

Jadson Freire Silva ◽

Pedro Santos Ferreira ◽

Viviane Pedroso Gomes ◽

Elisabeth Regina Alves Cavalcanti Silva ◽

Josiclêda Domiciano Galvíncio

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Water Use ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Sprinkler Irrigation ◽

Sprinkler System ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Pineapple Fruit ◽

Fruit Growing ◽

Use Efficiency

O Brasil mantém a segunda maior produção de abacaxi do mundo, movimentando bilhões e empregando milhares de pessoas anualmente. Contudo, a abacaxicultura no Nordeste ainda é insipiente, destacando-se principalmente nos estados da Paraíba e Bahia. As características morfológicas da planta apresentam resistência ao clima semiárido, podendo ser produzida nessas áreas sem grandes restrições. Dessa forma, este estudo tem como objetivo mapear a potencialidade, do ponto de vista geoclimático, à produção do abacaxi na microrregião de Araripina, a partir de aspectos físico-naturais e de uso de solo, procurando adequar a cultura do abacaxi à baixa oferta hídrica da região semiárida, de modo a otimizar o uso da água na região. Para tanto uma carta de potencialidade geoclimática foi gerada por meio do cruzamento de informações das cartas de geomorfologia, pedologia, índices pluviométricos anuais e uso e ocupação do solo, também sendo estimada a evapotranspiração da cultura do abacaxi e a necessidade hídrica da cultura na região. Os resultados indicaram que a microrregião de Araripina possui a predominância do grau de potencialidade à abacaxicultura das classes de “muito alta” a “alta”. Sendo a área cultivada na microrregião de aproximadamente 20ha de abacaxi, há uma demanda anual de 343.373m³ num sistema de irrigação por aspersão e de 286.512m³ de água num sistema de microaspersão para suprir as deficiências hídricas dessa cultura. Portanto, a irrigação e o manejo adequado do solo são atributos necessários para o desenvolvimento viável e competitivo da cultura no semiárido. ABSTRACTBrazil maintains a second world's largest pineapple production, moving billion and employing thousands of people annually. However, the pineapple culture on Northeast is still and incipient, highlighting especially on Paraiba and Bahia states. Morphological characteristics as the plant exhibit resistance at the semi-arid climate and can be produced in these areas no major restricted. Thus, this study aims to map a potentiality, the geoclimatic viewpoint, to pineapple production in the micro region of Araripina, from the physical and natural aspects and land use, looking suit pineapple crop at low water supply semiarid in the region, a mode to optimize the water use in the Region. For both letter geoclimatic potential was generated through information from the letters of crossing geomorphology, soil conditions, rainfall and annual use and land use, also was estimated pineapple crop evapotranspiration and water requirement of the crop in the region. The results indicated that the micro region of Araripina has the predominance of the degree of potential for pineapple culture of class ";very high"; to” high ";. Being cultivated in the micro area of approximately 20ha pineapple, there is an annual demand 343.373m³ a sprinkler irrigation system and 286.512m³ of water in micro sprinkler system to meet the water deficit that culture. Therefore, irrigation and good stewardship of soil properties are required for viable and competitive development of the crop in the semiarid.Keywords: fruit culture, evapotranspiration, irrigation methods, water use efficiency.

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