scholarly journals Parity and Periparturient Period Affects Galectin Gene Expression in Holstein Cow Blood

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel K Asiamah ◽  
Sarah Adjei-Fremah ◽  
Kingsley Ekwemalor ◽  
Lorraine Sordillo ◽  
Mulumebet Worku
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Periparturient Cows

The periparturient period in dairy cows is a crucial time influencing health, milk production and fertility. Galectins are receiving interest as therapeutic targets because of their roles in immune signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression and modulation of galectin genes in periparturient cows with different parities. Twelve periparturient Holstein Friesian cows were grouped into 3 parities (1st parity, 2nd parity, 3rd parity) (N=4). Blood was taken during the periparturient period including 2 weeks close to parturition (close-up), and 7 days after parturition(c+7) in Paxgene tubes. Total RNA was isolated, reverse-transcribed to cDNA. With the use of Primer 3 online tool, specific primers (forward and reverse) for cow galectins LGALS- 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, GAPDH and β-actin were designed. Transcription of galectins was evaluated using Real-time PCR. Fold change in transcript abundance was calculated using the Livak method. GAPDH and β-actin served as internal controls. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) was used to detect and determine the concentrations of Galectins(Gal) in the plasma. All galectins tested were differentially expressed. LGALS1 and LGALS15 were transcribed only during late gestation, but undetected postpartum regardless of parity. Gal-1, -2,-4,-8 and -9 concentrations in plasma were high in periparturient cows compared to far-off cows. Gal9 concentration increased postpartum. Gal-2, Gal-3 and –Gal-12 concentrations were reduced in plasma postpartum compared to far-off cows. This study supports the idea that galectin signatures may be useful biomarkers and drug targets in dairy cows, especially during the periparturient period.

scholarly journals Investigation of omentin-1 and metabolic parameters in periparturient cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 2733
Author(s):  
S AYGORMEZ ◽  
E ATAKISI
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Periparturient Cows

We aimed to determine the level of omentin-1 hormone and other in periparturient period of dairy cows. It was also aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between omentin-1, glucose, Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Blood samples were taken a month before parturition (PreP30), two weeks before parturition (PreP14), at parturition (P), two weeks after parturition (PostP14) and a month after parturition (PostP30). Concentrations of serum omentin-1 at P, serum glucose at P, PostP14, and PostP30, serum NEFA at P, serum TG PreP30 and PreP14, and serum BHB at P were statistically significantly higher than at other times. A positive correlation was observed between omentin-1 and glucose, NEFA and BHB, glucose and NEFA and BHB, and NEFA and BHB. A negative correlation was found between TG and omentin-1, glucose, NEFA and BHB. In conclusion, findings of the present study shows that omentin-1 may play an important role in the periparturient period. A positive correlation of omentin-1 with energy fuels NEFA, glucose, and BHB suggests that omentin-1 plays a role in energy metabolism like other adipokines. The fact that omentin-1 levels increase during delivery, when the fetus needs energy most, supports this hypothesis.

Effect of weather on activity and lying behaviour in clinically healthy grazing dairy cows during the transition period

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Hendriks ◽  
C. V. C. Phyn ◽  
S.-A. Turner ◽  
K. R. Mueller ◽  
B. Kuhn-Sherlock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Mixed Age ◽  
Jersey Cows ◽  
Behaviour Data

Lying behaviour and activity were measured in healthy grazing dairy cows during the transition from late gestation to early lactation (i.e. the transition period). Behaviour data derived from IceTag® or IceQube® (IceRobotics, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK) tri-axial accelerometers were collated from 311 cow parities of mixed age and breed (Holstein–Friesian, Jersey and crossbred Holstein–Friesian × Jersey) cows from four experiments. The IceTag and IceQube devices captured lying and step data at 1- and 15-min intervals respectively. Behaviour was recorded during the transition period (Day –21 prepartum to Day 34 postpartum) to determine daily lying time, number of lying bouts (LB), mean LB duration and number of steps. The effect of rainfall and air temperature on lying behaviour and activity during two periods, namely, prepartum (Day –21 to Day –3) and postpartum (Days 3–34) was evaluated. Multiple-regression analysis determined that decreased air temperature and increased rainfall is associated with a decline in daily lying time, number of LB and LB duration during both prepartum and postpartum periods. Exposure to both wet and cold conditions exacerbated the behavioural response. The results highlighted the importance of considering the effects of air temperature and rainfall and the interaction of these two climate variables when analysing lying behaviour and activity. Further work is required to quantify the trigger points for this activity modulation, to help understand the balance of welfare experiences in the life of a grazing cow.

scholarly journals Systemic Expression of Galectin Genes in Periparturient Goats

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
kingsley Ekwemalor ◽  
Sarah Adjei-Fremah ◽  
Emmanuel Asiamah ◽  
Egbogoye Eluka-Okoludoh ◽  
Bertha Osei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Immunoglobulin Domain ◽  
Domain 3 ◽  
Pearson Correlations

Galectins constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of β-galactoside-binding proteins. They regulate innate and adaptive immunity and homeostasis. Expression of Galectins may regulate periparturient immune suppression. Galectin gene expression was studied in goat blood during the periparturient period. Body weight, body condition and FAMACHA scores, and fecal and blood samples were collected from Five BoerXSpanish goats at 14 days and 7 days after parturition. Fecal samples were used to assess parasite load. Total RNA was isolated from blood using Trizol and converted to cDNA for real-time PCR using specific primers for goat LGALs-1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -9, -11, -12, -14, -15, -16, and ligand Gal3bp, T-cell immunoglobulin domain, and mucin domain 3(TIM-3). Beta-actin and GAPDH housekeeping genes were used as internal controls. Fold changes in transcript abundance were compared to non-pregnant goats and calculated using the Livak method. Secretion of GALS-1, -3 and -9 in plasma was detected using ELISA. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 and Pearson correlations (p<0.05). Galectins were expressed and correlated to changes in leukocytes and fecal egg counts. Secreted GALS-1 decreased and GALS-3 and -9 increased (p<0.05) postpartum. Differential expression of Gal may have functional implications in animal health and homeostasis and needs further study.

scholarly journals Red blood count in dairy cows in periparturient period and in early lactation

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 313-322
Author(s):  
Vesna Davidovic ◽  
Mirjana Joksimovic-Todorovic ◽  
Slavca Hristov ◽  
Branislav Stankovic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Count ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Extreme Stress ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Blood Haemoglobin

The paper presents results of red blood count studies in dairy cows in the periparturient period and early lactation, when cows are in a state of extreme stress due to intensive endocrine and metabolic changes. Investigations were carried out on 20 cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed which were in their second to fifth lactation. Blood samples were drawn 15 days before calving, on the first day after partus (2-5h) and on days 15, 30, and 45 of lactation. The biggest average number of erythrocytes (7.00?0.48?1012/L blood), haemoglobin concentration (115.95?8.49 g/L blood) and haematocrit value (33.11?2.97%) were established on the first day after partus. This erythrocyte count was significantly higher against the value determined during the last two week of gravidity (p<0.01) and during the early stage of lactation (p<0.001). Haemoglobin and haematocrit concentration in the prepartal period and immediately after calving were statistically significantly higher (p<0.001) than on days 15, 30, and 45 of lactation. Haematological indexes: the average erythrocyte volume (MCV), average haemoglobin value in erythrocytes (MCH) and average haemoglobin concentration in erythrocytes (MCHC) were within the limits of the referent values. On the first day of partus, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was significantly higher than in early lactation (p<0.01 on days 15 and 30, and p<0.001 on day 45). The results of the analyses indicated a decrease in all examined haematological parameters during the period of lactation, but the determined differences were not significant.

Early post parturient changes in milk acute phase proteins

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Funmilola C Thomas ◽  
Mary Waterston ◽  
Peter Hastie ◽  
Hayley Haining ◽  
P David Eckersall
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Low Levels

The periparturient period is one of the most critical periods in the productive life of a dairy cow, and is the period when dairy cows are most susceptible to developing new intramammary infections (IMI) leading to mastitis. Acute phase proteins (APP) such as haptoglobin (Hp), mammary associated serum amyloid A3 (M-SAA3) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been detected in milk during mastitis but their presence in colostrum and milk in the immediate postpartum period has had limited investigation. The hypothesis was tested that APP are a constituent of colostrum and milk during this period. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to determine each APP's concentration in colostrum and milk collected daily from the first to tenth day following calving in 22 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Haptoglobin was assessed in individual quarters and composite milk samples while M-SAA3 and CRP concentration were determined in composite milk samples. Change in Hp in relation to the high abundance proteins during the transition from colostrum to milk were evaluated by 1 and 2 dimension electrophoresis and western blot. In 80% of the cows all APPs were detected in colostrum on the first day following parturition at moderately high levels but gradually decreased to minimal values in the milk by the 6th day after calving. The remaining cows (20%) showed different patterns in the daily milk APP concentrations and when an elevated level is detected could reflect the presence of IMI. Demonstration that APP are present in colostrum and milk following parturition but fall to low levels within 4 days means that elevated APP after this time could be biomarkers of post parturient mastitis allowing early intervention to reduce disease on dairy farms.

Ghrelin and its correlation with leptin, energy related metabolites and thyroidal hormones in dairy cows in transitional period

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nowroozi-Asl ◽  
N. Aarabi ◽  
A. Rowshan-Ghasrodashti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Positive Correlations

AbstractThe transition from late gestation to early lactation is a critical period in a dairy cow’s life so that dairy cows undergo tremendous changes during this period.The aim of this study was to determine blood levels of ghrelin, leptin, glucose, β-ydroxybutyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides (TG), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in dairy Holstein cows (n = 20) and their correlations during the transition period.Blood samples were collected weekly from 3 wk antepartum to 6 wk postpartum from 20 high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows. Ghrelin and leptin of plasma and glucose, BHB, NEFA, TG, T3, T4 of serum were then measured.Early lactation cows showed significantly higher (p<0.05) values of ghrelin, BHB and NEFA, and lower levels of leptin, TG, T3 and T4 (p<0.05) compared to late dry cows. Serum concentrations of glucose did not differ significantly at any time (P>0.05).Plasma ghrelin concentrations showed positive correlations with the serum BHB and NEFA (p<0.01), while plasma ghrelin had negative correlations (p<0.01) with leptin, TG, T3 and T4. In addition, no significant correlation (p>0.05) was found between ghrelin and glucose.The results of the study showed that blood ghrelin, leptin, BHB and NEFA levels are sensitive indicators of the energy balance during the peri-partum period in dairy cows and glucose values may not be considered as a precise indicator of negative energy balance in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Exploratory field study on the effects of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) sow vaccination at different physiological stages mimicking blanket vaccination

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Pleguezuelos ◽  
Marina Sibila ◽  
Raúl Cuadrado ◽  
Rosa López-Jiménez ◽  
Diego Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 2

Abstract Background The objective of the present study was to explore the benefits of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) blanket vaccination in a sow herd on productive parameters, PCV-2 infection and immune status in sows and their progeny. For this purpose, 288 sows were distributed among four balanced experimental groups. One group remained as negative control group and the other three received 1 mL of PCV-2 Ingelvac Circoflex® intramuscularly at different productive cycle moments: before mating, mid gestation (42–49 days post-insemination) or late gestation (86–93 days post-insemination); phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as negative control item. Reproductive parameters from sows during gestation and body weight of their progeny from birth to weaning were recorded. Additionally, blood was collected from sows at each vaccination time and piglets at 3 weeks of age. Moreover, up to 4 placental umbilical cords (PUC) per sow were taken at peri-partum. Sera from sows and piglets were analysed for PCV-2 antibody detection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from sows and PUC were tested to quantify viraemia using a real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Results Globally, results indicated that vaccinated sows showed heavier piglets at birth and at weaning, less cross-fostered piglets, lower viral load at farrowing as well as in PUC, and higher antibody levels at farrowing, compared to non-vaccinated ones. When all groups were compared among them, sows vaccinated at mid or late gestation had heavier piglets at birth than non-vaccinated sows, and lower proportion of PCV-2 positive PUC. Also, cross-fostering was less frequently practiced in sows vaccinated at pre-mating or mid gestation compared to non-vaccinated ones. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study points out that PCV-2 sow vaccination at different time points of their physiological status (mimicking blanket vaccination) offers benefits at production and serological and virological levels.

scholarly journals Changes in Dairy Cow Behavior with and without Assistance at Calving

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Bethan Cavendish ◽  
John McDonagh ◽  
Georgios Tzimiropoulos ◽  
Kimberley R. Slinger ◽  
Zoë J. Huggett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Time Periods

The aim of this study was to characterize calving behavior of dairy cows and to compare the duration and frequency of behaviors for assisted and unassisted dairy cows at calving. Behavioral data from nine hours prior to calving were collected for 35 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Cows were continuously monitored under 24 h video surveillance. The behaviors of standing, lying, walking, shuffle, eating, drinking and contractions were recorded for each cow until birth. A generalized linear mixed model was used to assess differences in the duration and frequency of behaviors prior to calving for assisted and unassisted cows. The nine hours prior to calving was assessed in three-hour time periods. The study found that the cows spent a large proportion of their time either lying (0.49) or standing (0.35), with a higher frequency of standing (0.36) and shuffle (0.26) bouts than other behaviors during the study. There were no differences in behavior between assisted and unassisted cows. During the three-hours prior to calving, the duration and bouts of lying, including contractions, were higher than during other time periods. While changes in behavior failed to identify an association with calving assistance, the monitoring of behavioral patterns could be used as an alert to the progress of parturition.

scholarly journals The Capacity of Holstein-Friesian and Simmental Cows to Correct a Negative Energy Balance in Relation to Their Performance Parameters, Course of Lactation, and Selected Milk Components

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1674
Author(s):  
Ilona Strączek ◽  
Krzysztof Młynek ◽  
Agata Danielewicz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Peak Lactation

A significant factor in improving the performance of dairy cows is their physiological ability to correct a negative energy balance (NEB). This study, using Simmental (SIM) and Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows, aimed to assess changes in NEB (non-esterified fatty acid; body condition score; and C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1) and its effect on the metabolic efficiency of the liver (β-hydroxybutyrate and urea). The effects of NEB on daily yield, production at peak lactation and its duration, and changes in selected milk components were assessed during complete lactation. Up to peak lactation, the loss of the body condition score was similar in both breeds. Subsequently, SIM cows more efficiently restored their BCS. HF cows reached peak lactation faster and with a higher milk yield, but they were less able to correct NEB. During lactation, their non-esterified fatty acid, β-hydroxybutyrate, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and urea levels were persistently higher, which may indicate less efficient liver function during NEB. The dynamics of NEB were linked to levels of leptin, which has anorectic effects. Its content was usually higher in HF cows and during intensive lactogenesis. An effective response to NEB may be exploited to improve the production and nutritional properties of milk. In the long term, it may extend dairy cows’ productive life and increase lifetime yield.

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