scholarly journals Sources and Uses of Fuel for Fish Smoking Around the Lake Chad in Borno State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yerima I. ◽  
Y. M. Ngulde
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Rice Hull ◽  
Fishing Community ◽  
Acacia Senegal ◽  
Lake Chad ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Surface Moisture

<p>Fuel around the rural fishing community of the Lake Chad in Borno state is scarce and expensive. Where it is available it is at a distance of 120km therefore alternative and strategy must be developed to provide fuel to the fishing community to preserve the large volume of fish landed around the Lake Chad. A visit was made to the lake shores to identify the various types of materials in use by the processors as fuel and analysis of the fuel types were made, especially moisture content being the most important factor in determining the energy value of a fuel.  The fuel types were compared to the type and quantity of fish landed daily. The analysis of variance between paired fuel types was found to be significant at 1% with low coefficient of variation. In this study Eucalyptus camaldulenis and Acacia senegal were found to have the least moisture content and available to processors. Rice hull which has a 0.001% surface moisture content was not known to the processors as biofuel. Which we hope to introduced at the end of the research. The use of cowdung was always minimized due to its social ills. </p>

scholarly journals Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2705
Author(s):  
Hagen Deusch ◽  
Pantelis T. Nikolaidis ◽  
José Ramón Alvero-Cruz ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Performance Level ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
And Training ◽  
Age And Sex

(1) Background: Compared with marathon races, pacing in time-limited ultramarathons has only been poorly discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to analyze the interaction of performance level, age and sex with pacing during 6 h, 12 h or 24 h time-limited ultramarathons. (2) Methods: Participants (n = 937, age 48.62 ± 11.80 years) were the finishers in 6 h (n = 40, 17 women and 23 men), 12 h (n = 232, 77 women and 155 men) and 24 h (n = 665, 166 women and 409 men) ultramarathons. The coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as SD/mean, was used to described pacing. Low scores of CV denoted a more even pacing, and vice versa. A two-way analysis of variance examined the main effects and interactions of sex and race duration on age, race speed and pacing. (3) Results: More men participated in the longer race distances than in the shorter ones and men were older and faster than women. Comparing the 6 h, 12 h and 24 h races, the finishers in the 6 h were the fastest, the finishers in the 12 h were the oldest and the finishers in the 24 h showed the most variable pacing. Furthermore, the faster running speed in the 12 h (women, r = −0.64; men, r = −0.49, p < 0.001) and the 24 h (r = −0.47 in women and men, p < 0.001) was related to less variable pacing. (4) Conclusions: These data might help runners and coaches to choose the the proper duration of a race and training programs for their athletes.

scholarly journals Influence of moisture content on the contact angle and surface tension measured on birch wood surfaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Benkreif ◽  
Fatima Zohra Brahmia ◽  
Csilla Csiha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Contact Angle ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Surface Moisture ◽  
Wood Coatings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wood Surfaces

AbstractSurface tension of solid wood surfaces affects the wettability and thus the adhesion of various adhesives and wood coatings. By measuring the contact angle of the wood, the surface tension can be calculated based on the Young-Dupré equation. Several publications have reported on contact angle measured with different test liquids, under different conditions. Results can only be compared if the test conditions are similar. While the roles of the drop volume, image shooting time etc., are widely recognized, the role of the wood surface moisture content (MC) is not evaluated in detail. In this study, the effect of wood moisture content on contact angle values, measured with distilled water and diiodomethane, on sanded birch (Betula pendula) surfaces was investigated, in order to find the relationship between them. With increasing MC from approximately 6% to 30%, increasing contact angle (decreasing surface tension) values were measured according to a logarithmic function. The function makes possible the calculation of contact angles that correspond to different MCs.

Influence of Moisture Content in some Mechanical Properties of Two Brazilian Tropical Wood Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz A. Melgaço N. Branco ◽  
Eduardo Chahud ◽  
André Luis Christoforo ◽  
Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr ◽  
Rosane A.G. Battistelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shear Strength ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Tropical Wood ◽  
Fiber Saturation ◽  
Brazilian Standard

This study aimed, with the aid of analysis of variance (ANOVA), to investigate and quantify the influence of moisture ranging between 12% and over 30% (fiber saturation) on the mechanical properties: strength and modulus of elasticity in compression and in tension parallel to grain; modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in static bending; shear strength parallel to grain considering wood species Ipê (Tabebuia sp) and Angelim Araroba (Vataireopsis araroba). Tests were performed according to the assumptions and calculating methods Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190, Anexx B, totalizing 400 tests. Results of ANOVA revealed a significant reduction (16% on average) for mechanical properties wood due to the increase in moisture content from 12% to over 30% (fiber saturation). The same behavior also occurred when assembly containing the two species was considered.

Sampling Intensity for Estimating Fuel Moisture Content in Lodgepole Pine and White Spruce Trees

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Titus ◽  
PM Woodard ◽  
AF Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Fuel Moisture ◽  
Probability Level ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Live Biomass ◽  
Fuel Moisture Content

The moisture content of live and dead foliage and roundwood on 30 lodgepole pine and 27 white spruce trees was determinedduring the summer of 1987. Sample trees were selectedrandomly throughout Alberta, Canada, without regard for weather. Five sub-samples were taken for each of the five roundwood diameter size classes (< 0.5cm,0.5 - 1 cm, 1.0- .0cm,3.0- 5.0cm, 5.0-7.0cm and 7.0-10.0 cm). Moisture content of live biomass was quite similar between species for the same fuel size class, regardless of when sampling occurred. Moisture content variation within trees was about half of the variation between trees for the same fuel size class. The coefficient of variation in moisture was much less for live material (generally < 0.3) than for dead biomass (always > 0.6). Average fuel moisture content for populations of lodgepole pine and white spruce trees may be estimated to within + 10% at the 68% probability level by sampling less than 20 trees and with only 3 fuel sub-samples per tree.

The influence of tillage-induced differences in surface moisture content on soil erosion

1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Auerswald ◽  
C.K. Mutchler ◽  
K.C. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Surface Moisture

Relation between the Reflectivity and the Moisture Content of the Dynamic Moisture Transfer of Fabrics

2011 ◽  
Vol 335-336 ◽  
pp. 1071-1074
Author(s):  
Jian Da Cao ◽  
Xuan Run Wu
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Linear Regression Model ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Spectrophotometric Measurement ◽  
Dynamic Surface ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Surface Moisture ◽  
Moisture Performance

In this paper, we used spectrophotometric measurement to get the reflectance values of experimental samples and discussed relation between the reflectivity and the moisture content. By measured curves of reflectivity and the wavelength of 47 samples from 0 to 30 minutes we had found that the reflectance difference was the largest when the wavelength in the 600-700nm wavelength,it could help us to distinguish dynamic surface moisture performance at different time points, so, the paper had selected the reflectivity in wavelength 650nm as the feature value. Using the reflectance had established the linear model of moisture content, the results showed that: R2 value of the determination coefficient of the linear regression model is 0.9979, almost close to 1, it had indicated that the reflectivity as the feature value could be used to predict fabric moisture content.

Influence of Moisture and Temperature of Calcium Silicate Bricks on Results of Measurements with Rebound Hammer

2014 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
pp. 352-355
Author(s):  
Jiří Brožovský
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Rebound Hammer ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Surface Moisture ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Material Temperature

Testing with rebound hammers is influenced by various factors, like composition and components of tested material, treatment of tested surface, moisture content of tested material, temperature of material and environment. Influence of these factors on measurement results during testing concrete is described in technical literature and standards. Calcium silicate body can be characterized as non-cement based fine grained concrete, however, with considerably higher water absorbing capacity compared to standard concrete: ca 12-14% (fine aggregate bonded by hydration products of lime). To use rebound hammers for testing calcium silicate bricks, influence of selected factors on measurement results was tested. It was proved, that content of moisture and temperature of calcium silicate brick has influence on results of measurements with rebound hammer, and therefore it is necessary to take into account these influences.

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