Analysis of the liquids composition by the sound produced by their heating

2021 ◽  
pp. 350-367
Author(s):  
Grigori Matein ◽  
◽  
Asen Pashov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Soap Solution ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Present Apparatus ◽  
Carbonated Water ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Sound Spectrum

When a liquid is heated and the power of the heater is high enough (about 1MW/m2), bubbles are formed at the surface of the heater. Their expansion and collapse are the source of a specific sound, known to everybody who uses a kettle to prepare water for tea or coffee. The main goal of this study is to investigate whether it is possible to judge about the composition of the heated liquid by this sound. A specialized experimental set up is assembled and a systematic study of all known factors, influencing the sound is carried out. It is found out that the most crucial parts of the set up are the container for the liquids and the heater. They are discussed in detail and considerations for further improvements are given. It is demonstrated that with the present apparatus it is possible to detect changes in the sound spectrum when changing the composition of the liquid. For example, one can distinguish between pure water and water with less than 0.1% of ethanol. Along with admixtures of different alcohols, experiments with a soap solution in water and carbonated water are performed.

scholarly journals Electrically Induced Liquid–Liquid Phase Transition in a Floating Water Bridge Identified by Refractive Index Variations

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
Elmar C. Fuchs ◽  
Jakob Woisetschläger ◽  
Adam D. Wexler ◽  
Rene Pecnik ◽  
Giuseppe Vitiello
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Refractive Index ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Resonance Effect ◽  
Water Bridge ◽  
Liquid Phase Transition ◽  
Light Passing ◽  
Floating Water Bridge ◽  
Set Up

A horizontal electrohydrodynamic (EHD) liquid bridge (also known as a “floating water bridge”) is a phenomenon that forms when high voltage DC (kV·cm−1) is applied to pure water in two separate beakers. The bridge, a free-floating connection between the beakers, acts as a cylindrical lens and refracts light. Using an interferometric set-up with a line pattern placed in the background of the bridge, the light passing through is split into a horizontally and a vertically polarized component which are both projected into the image space in front of the bridge with a small vertical offset (shear). Apart from a 100 Hz waviness due to a resonance effect between the power supply and vortical structures at the onset of the bridge, spikes with an increased refractive index moving through the bridge were observed. These spikes can be explained by an electrically induced liquid–liquid phase transition in which the vibrational modes of the water molecules couple coherently.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing and Contributing to Perceived Safety of Passengers during Driverless Shuttle Rides

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-671
Author(s):  
Claudia Luger-Bazinger ◽  
Cornelia Zankl ◽  
Karin Klieber ◽  
Veronika Hornung-Prähauser ◽  
Karl Rehrl
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Control Room ◽  
Driving Style ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Traffic Environment ◽  
Set Up

This study investigates the perceived safety of passengers while being on board of a driverless shuttle without a steward present. The aim of the study is to draw conclusions on factors that influence and contribute to perceived safety of passengers in driverless shuttles. For this, four different test rides were conducted, representing aspects that might challenge passengers’ perceived safety once driverless shuttles become part of public transport: passengers had to ride the shuttle on their own (without a steward present), had to interact with another passenger, and had to react to two different unexpected technical difficulties. Passengers were then asked what had influenced their perceived safety and what would contribute to it. Results show that perceived safety of passengers was high across all different test rides. The most important factors influencing the perceived safety of passengers were the shuttle’s driving style and passengers’ trust in the technology. The driving style was increasingly less important as the passengers gained experience with the driverless shuttle. Readily available contact with someone in a control room would significantly contribute to an increase in perceived safety while riding a driverless shuttle. For researchers, as well as technicians in the field of autonomous driving, our findings could inform the design and set-up of driverless shuttles in order to increase perceived safety; for example, how to signal passengers that there is always the possibility of contact to someone in a control room. Reacting to these concerns and challenges will further help to foster acceptance of AVs in society. Future research should explore our findings in an even more natural setting, e.g., a controlled mixed traffic environment.

A Systematic Study of Turbulent Film Flow

1974 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Hirs
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Film Flow ◽  
Flow Theory ◽  
Bulk Flow ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Flow Theories ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Flow Experiments

Turbulent film flow theories can only be verified on the basis of a large number of experimental results. Since it will be useful to handle these experimental results more or less systematically and to get some idea of the amount of work yet to be done, the first objective of this paper is to set up a classification system for turbulent film flow experiments. The second objective is to verify the bulk flow theory on the basis of the limited number of experimental results available in the literature and to show this theory to be compatible with these results.

Structural Models for E-Banking Adoption in Vietnam

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Pham ◽  
Nhi Y. Cao ◽  
Thanh D. Nguyen ◽  
Phong T. Tran
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Mediating Effects ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Cost Distribution ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

E-banking is seen as the newest delivery channel for banking services in many developed countries and is believed to have a significant impact on the bank market. E-banking is providing numerous opportunities for banks and non-bank financial institutions to add a low cost distribution channel to their existent distribution channels. Little research on factors influencing the adoption of e-banking has been implemented in countries with very high economic growth rates (such as Vietnam) that are emerging as new potential markets. Thus, this study has, based on an extensive literature review on e-banking benefits for both banks and their customers and relevant theories on innovation adoption, proposed alternative models (including both moderator and mediating effects) of e-banking intention to use by customers in Vietnam. Furthermore, a set of model hypotheses presenting relationships among factors influencing e-banking intention to use have been set up. Practical implications and future studies were also discussed.

Disc Turbine for Energy Harvesting

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose C. Pascoa ◽  
Silvio Candido ◽  
Fernando Charrua-Santos ◽  
Antonio Espirito-Santo ◽  
Marco Canario
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Operating Mode ◽  
Viscous Effects ◽  
New Production ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Distributed Production ◽  
Current Paradigm

Energy harvesting is part of a current paradigm of distributed production and use of energy. However, we are aware that the size of turbomachinery used to produce the energy can be an advantage, in terms of higher efficiencies when using larger machines. This is one main reason why distributed production and use of energy has not known a very large popularization in the past. Still, with present day fluid dynamics tools and new production technologies it is now becoming possible to expand this concept. A less used turbomachinery is the disc or Tesla turbine or pump. This is based on a series of parallel discs that rotate under the action of a common shaft. These parallel discs impart a movement to the flow by means of viscous effects, due to viscous adherence of the fluid to the rotating discs. Disc turbines offer and inherent advantage to provide a capability of energy harvesting when fluids include living elements, or when the fluid is mostly comprised of slurries. In this paper we present an experimental and numerical analysis of the flow in this special kind of turbomachine. The experimental activities use a direct operating mode to assess the operation of the pump-as-turbine. An experimental set-up provides a set of results that allow to characterize the design conditions of the disc turbomachine under analysis. Further, a numerical simulation is performed for direct and inverse operation modes. After careful validation of the numerical model using the experimental results, the performance of the disc turbine is verified for a range of conditions. Among these are pure water and slurry fluids. The results allow us to provide the set of conditions in which the disc turbine can be used for energy harvesting.

scholarly journals Factors impacting arthroscopic rotator cuff repair operational throughput time at an ambulatory care center

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Curry ◽  
Catherine Logan ◽  
Kaytelin Suslavich ◽  
Kaitlyn Whitlock ◽  
Eric Berkson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Ambulatory Care ◽  
Recovery Room ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Throughput Time ◽  
Patient Factors ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Room Time ◽  
Beach Chair

Identifying patient factors influencing operational throughput time is becoming more imperative due to an increasing focus on value and cost savings in healthcare. The primary objective of this study was to determine patient factors influencing throughput time for primary rotator cuff repairs. Demographic information, medical history and operative reports of 318 patients from one ambulatory care center were retrospectively reviewed. Operating room set up, incision to closure and recovery room time were collected from anesthesia records. Univariate analysis was performed for both continuous and categorical variables. A stepwise, multivariable regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with operating room time (incision to closure) and recovery room time. Of the 318 patients, the mean age was 54.4±10.0 and 197 (61%) were male. Male patients had a significantly longer OR time than females (115.5 vs. 100.8 minutes; P<0.001). Furthermore, patients set up in the beach chair position had a significantly longer OR time than patients positioned lateral decubitus (115.8 vs. 89.6 mins, P<0.0001). Number of tendons involved, and inclusion of distal clavicle excision, biceps tenodesis and labral debridement also added significant OR time. Type and number of support staff present also significantly affected OR time. Recovery room time was significantly longer patients who had surgery in the beach chair position (+9.61 minutes) and for those who had a cardiac-related medical comorbidity (+11.7 minutes). Our study found that patients positioned in a beach chair spent significantly more time in the operating and recovery rooms. While ease of set up has been a stated advantage ofbeach chair position, we found the perceived ease of set up does not result in more efficient OR throughput.

Numerical Model of Melt-Through in a Fully Penetrated GTA Weld Pool

2011 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 622-628
Author(s):  
Peng Cheng Zhao ◽  
Shu Jiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Weld Pool ◽  
Arc Welding ◽  
Mechanical Model ◽  
Bottom Surface ◽  
Welding Parameters ◽  
Quasi Steady State ◽  
Gas Tungsten Arc ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Set Up

A mechanical model of the fully penetrated gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) weld pool was established to investigate how the melt-through takes place. Analyses show that the forces acting on the liquid metal column which locates in the center of weld pool, whose undersurface and altitude are the bottom surface and thickness of weld pool respectively, determine whether the melt-through occurs. A criterion is set up for judging whether the workpiece will melt through with a specific thickness and selected welding parameters. Factors influencing the melt-through are studied theoretically, and the magnitude and scale of forces that acting on the liquid metal column in a quasi-steady state weld pool are calculated numerically. By using the established criterion, welding currents suitable for a workpiece with specific thickness are predicted.

A Method for Improving Envelope Spectrum Symptom of Fault Rolling Bearing Based on the Auto-Correlation Acceleration Signal

2013 ◽  
Vol 275-277 ◽  
pp. 856-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Jie Guo ◽  
Jing Yu Liu ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Zhan Hui Liu ◽  
Wen Tao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Rolling Bearing ◽  
Envelope Analysis ◽  
Outer Race ◽  
Acceleration Signal ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Auto Correlation ◽  
Diagnosis Method ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Envelope Spectrum ◽  
Inner Race

Envelope analysis is the popular fault diagnosis method of rolling bearing. It can diagnosis rolling bearing fault, such as inner race fault and outer race fault. The traditional envelope analysis is set up on the measured acceleration signal. It is influenced by noise seriously, especially in bearing early fault stage. Research shows that the amplitude modulation phenomenon can be enlarged if the envelope analysis is done for the auto-correlation signal. Vibration test was done for a driving motor with fault rolling bearing. Factors influencing the effect of envelope analysis were analyzed.

scholarly journals Batch-Level Costs In Activity-Based Costing Refinement, Optimization & Allocation

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Sangeladji ◽  
J. Damooei
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Size ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Managerial Accounting ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Optimization Allocation ◽  
Almost All

In the past decade, the Activity-Based Costing and the allocation of the batch-level costs have been presented and discussed in almost all cost/managerial accounting textbooks. A widely used example of batch-level cost, in most of the textbooks, is the set-up cost. In almost all of these textbooks, the annual set-up cost is assumed to be known in advance and is allocated based on the number of set-ups. In reality, the set-up cost should be determined first before it can be allocated properly. For the computation of the optimal total set-up cost, first the various factors influencing this category of cost should be discussed and then the methods of the allocation be applied. This paper discusses the various factors affecting the calculation of annual set-up cost. It also demonstrates a model that computes the optimum size of each set-up and the economical number of annual set-ups. Based on the outcomes of the model, the paper demonstrates the calculation of total allocable set-up cost and its allocation to various products.

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