scholarly journals ASPECTOS ANATÔMICOS E FISIOLÓGICOS DE FOLHAS DE Mimosa scabrella DE ÁREAS COM DIFERENTES GRAUS DE SUCESSÃO

FLORESTA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa De Bortollo Chiamolera ◽  
Alessandro Camargo Ângelo ◽  
Maria Regina Boeger ◽  
Fernando Correia Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis ◽  
Leaf Specific Area ◽  
Cuticle Thickness

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência de diferentes condições de luminosidade presentes em folhas de Mimosa scabrella Benthan plantadas em áreas com diferentes graus de sucessão nas margens do Reservatório Iraí, PR. Foram avaliados aspectos morfológicos (área foliar, peso seco, área foliar específica), anatômicos (espessuras de cutícula, epiderme adaxial, parênquima paliçádico, parênquima lacunoso, epiderme adaxial e espessura total), fisiológicos (taxa de fotossíntese, condutância estomática e transpiração) e desenvolvimento das plantas (altura, diâmetro e sobrevivência até os 18 meses). Para os parâmetros morfológicos, M. scabrella apresentou diferença significativa para a área foliar específica, que foi maior para os indivíduos da capoeira. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas para a espessura da epiderme adaxial e do parênquima paliçádico. A epiderme adaxial foi maior na área de capoeira, enquanto que o parênquima paliçádico maior na área aberta. Indivíduos da área aberta apresentaram maior taxa de transpiração e condutância estomática. Tanto a altura quanto o diâmetro não mostraram diferença significativa entre as áreas. A sobrevivência foi considerada insatisfatória para ambas as áreas, porém foi ligeiramente maior na capoeira. Esses resultados, aliados ao comportamento natural da espécie, sugerem que M. scabrella deve ser implantada em densidades maiores.Palavras-chave:  Morfoanatomia foliar; fisiologia, variação de luz; recuperação de área degradada; silvicultura de espécies nativas. AbstractAnatomical and physiological features of Mimosa scabrella leaves growing on areas with different succession stages This study aims to evaluate the influence of light conditions at different stages of succession in leaves of Mimosa scabrella Benthan planted in Iraí’s water reservoir margins, State of Paraná, Brazil. We evaluated leaf morphology (area, dry weight, specific area), anatomy (cuticle thickness, adaxial epidermis, palisade parenchyma, parenchyma spongy, adaxial epidermis and total thickness), physiology (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration) and plant growth (height, diameter) and survival up to age of 18 months. Plants of Mimosa scabrella of natural regeneration showed greater leaf specific area than those of planted individuals. Significant differences were found on thickness of the adaxial epidermis and palisade parenchyma. The adaxial epidermis was higher in regenerating area, whereas the palisade parenchyma was higher in open field. Plants of open field presented higher values of transpiration and stomatal conductance. Concerning height and diameter growth, plants of both areas showed no significant differences. Survival was considered unsatisfactory for both areas, but was slightly higher in regenerating area. According to M. scabrella behavior in natural conditions, the results suggest that this species must be implanted in greater densities.Keywords:              Leaf morphology; leaf anatomy; physiology; light; land recuperation; native tree species.

Sclerophylly and Foliar Nutrient Status of Mediterranean-Climate Plant Communities in Southern Australia

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Specht ◽  
PW Rundel
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Foliar Phosphorus ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Leaf Specific Area

An increase (percentage dry weight) in both lignin and cellulose (with a greater proportion of cellulose than lignin being formed) is associated with a decrease in the concentration of phosphorus (and of other related elements) per unit dry weight in the leaves of sunlit overstorey species, of both sclerophyll and savannah communities in the mediterranean climate of southern Australia. Simultaneously, crude protein decreases. Leaves become increasingly sclerophyllous (with a higher Sclerophyll Index), with lower crude protein (cytoplasm) per unit dry weight; thicker leaves with lower leaf specific area result. The degree of sclerophylly per unit foliar phosphorus content is a little higher in understorey species which are partially shaded by the overstorey canopy.

scholarly journals Application of Bio-Friendly Formulations of Chitinase-Producing Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 for Controlling Peanut Soil-Borne Diseases Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Gaber Abo-Zaid ◽  
Ahmed Abdelkhalek ◽  
Saleh Matar ◽  
Mai Darwish ◽  
Muhammad Abdel-Gayed
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Culture Broth ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Particle Size Analyzer ◽  
Cell Pellet

Of ten actinobacterial isolates, Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 exhibited the strongest suppression of Sclerotium rolfsii mycelium growth and the highest chitinase enzyme production (49.2 U L−1 min−1). The interaction between Actino 48 and S. rolfsii was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which revealed many abnormalities, malformations, and injuries of the hypha, with large loss of S. rolfsii mycelia density and mass. Three talc-based formulations with culture broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell pellet suspension of chitinase-producing Actino 48 were characterized using SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a particle size analyzer. All formulations were evaluated as biocontrol agents for reducing damping-off, root rot, and pods rot diseases of peanut caused by S. rolfsii under greenhouse and open-field conditions. The talc-based culture broth formulation was the most effective soil treatment, which decreased the percentage of peanut diseases under greenhouse and open-field conditions during two successive seasons. The culture broth formulation showed the highest increase in the dry weight of peanut shoots, root systems, and yielded pods. The transcriptional levels of three defense-related genes (PR-1, PR-3, and POD) were elevated in the culture broth formulation treatment compared with other formulations. Subsequently, the bio-friendly talc-based culture broth formulation of chitinase-producing Actino 48 could potentially be used as a biocontrol agent for controlling peanut soil-borne diseases caused by S. rolfsii.

Toxic cyanobacterial blooms in a drinking water reservoir - causes, consequences and management strategy

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tarczyńska ◽  
Z. Romanowska-Duda ◽  
T. Jurczak ◽  
M. Zalewski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cyanobacterial Bloom ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
North East ◽  
Drinking Water Reservoir ◽  
Lowland Reservoirs

Eutrophication of reservoirs used for drinking water supplies is a very common problem, particularly in lowland reservoirs. Long water retention time (60-120 days) favours cyanobacterial bloom occurrence in Sulejów Reservoir, Poland. The localisation of the water intake in a bay exposed to north-east winds favoured the Microcystis bloom accumulation, which formed a 0.5 m thick dense scum for the first time in September 1999. Cyanobacterial hepatotoxins can pose a potential health problem because the presence of about 0.8 μg/l microcystins was detected in drinking water during three series of analysis. An investigation of the efficiency of each stage of water treatment processes in the elimination of microcystins showed that pre-chlorination, coagulation, and rapid sand filtration were ineffective in removing microcystins from water. Significant elimination was observed after ozonation and chlorination. The concentration of microcystins in bloom material was between 12 to 860 μg/g dry weight of phytoplankton biomass. Management strategies for reservoirs should consider the important role of ecohydrological processes, which are often very easy to regulate, and which can be useful for bio-manipulation of the water ecosystem.

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Restore a Heavily Polluted, Shallow, Urban Lake?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3698
Author(s):  
Jolanta Grochowska ◽  
Renata Augustyniak ◽  
Michał Łopata ◽  
Renata Tandyrak
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Sediment ◽  
Sediment Resuspension ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Municipal Sewage ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Phosphorus Inactivation

The research was carried out on Karczemne Lake, a water reservoir located in Kartuzy (northern Poland, Pomeranian Lake District). Monitoring of the water and bottom sediment of Karczemne Lake showed a very high level of contamination of the reservoir by a long-term inflow of untreated municipal sewage. The trophic status index of total phosphorus (TP) was unusually high at 101, and the TP content in the bottom sediments—31 mg g−1 (dry weight)—was the highest value recorded worldwide in a lake. Based on the monitoring results, to achieve constant improvement of the water quality, we recommend a completely new, safe and economically justified method of bottom sediment removal and management. A very important aspect of this method is the prevention of uncontrolled sewage discharge back into the lake basin. Removed sediment with interstitial water will be pumped through a pipeline and transported to a sewage treatment plant. In the sediment mining field in which the sludge will be removed, the first phase of phosphorus inactivation will be carried out to chemically precipitate pollutants distributed in the water column as a result of sediment resuspension. After the deepening of the entire lake basin, the method of phosphorus inactivation will be carried out on the entire surface of the lake as the next stage of restoration. A supporting activity will be biomanipulation. Before the restoration is started, the municipal sewerage system will be modernized.

scholarly journals Physiological Responses to the Foliar Application of Synthetic Resistance Elicitors in Cape Gooseberry Seedlings Infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Cristhian C. Chávez-Arias ◽  
Sandra Gómez-Caro ◽  
Hermann Restrepo-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Carotenoid Content ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Vascular Wilt ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Cape Gooseberry

Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the most limiting disease that affects cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) crops in Colombia. The use of synthetic elicitors for vascular wilt management is still scarce in Andean fruit species. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect and number of foliar applications of synthetic elicitors such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), brassinosteroids (BR), or a commercial resistance elicitor based on botanical extracts (BE) on disease progress and their effect on the physiology of cape gooseberry plants inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. physali. Groups of ten plants were separately sprayed once, twice, or three times with a foliar synthetic elicitor, respectively. Elicitor applications were performed at the following concentrations: JA (10 mL L−1), SA (100 mg L−1), BR (1 mL L−1) and BE (2.5 mL of commercial product (Loker®) L−1). The results showed that three foliar BR, SA, or BE applications reduced the area under the disease progress, severity index, and vascular browning in comparison to inoculated plants without any elicitor spray. Three BR, SA, or BE sprays also favored stomatal conductance, water potential, growth (total dry weight and leaf area) and fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll compared with inoculated and untreated plants with no elicitor sprays. Three foliar sprays of SA, BR, or BE enhanced photosynthetic pigments (leaf total chlorophyll and carotenoid content) and proline synthesis and decreased oxidative stress in Foph-inoculated plants. In addition, the effectiveness of three foliar BR, SA, or BE sprays was corroborated by three-dimensional plot and biplot analysis, in which it can evidence that stomatal conductance, proline synthesis, and efficacy percentage were accurate parameters to predict Foph management. On the hand, JA showed the lowest level of amelioration of the negative effects of Foph inoculation. In conclusion, the use of the synthetic elicitors BR, SA, or BE can be considered as a tool complementary for the commercial management of vascular wilt in areas where this disease is a limiting factor.

Utilization of kudzu as a lead phytoremediator and the impact of lead on selected physiological responses

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 951-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Schwarzauer-Rockett ◽  
Safaa H. Al-Hamdani ◽  
James R. Rayburn ◽  
Nixon O. Mwebi
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Lead Concentration ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
The Impact

Schwarzauer-Rockett, K., Al-Hamdani, S. H., Rayburn, J. R. and Mwebi, N. O. 2013. Utilization of kudzu as a lead phytoremediator and the impact of lead on selected physiological responses. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 951–959. This study was carried out to evaluate kudzu [Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.)] in lead phytoremediation. The impact of lead (PbNO3) concentrations of 100 and 200 mg L−1 on plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were evaluated. Additionally, concentrations of phenolic compounds and anthocyanin were determined. The lead was dissolved in 0.142 g L−1 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and an EDTA control treatment was added to evaluate the impact of EDTA on the above selected plant responses. Root accumulation of lead was significantly higher than in the shoot. Kudzu growth in response to the presence of lead and EDTA in the Hoagland's solution was similar to that of the EDTA control, except for plants growing at 200 mg L−1, which showed significantly lower root dry weight. Total phenolic compounds increased with the presence of EDTA and lead in the Hoagland's solution. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and anthocyanin were not different (P≤0.05) among the treatments, with the exception that carotenoids were significantly higher in plants growing in the presence of EDTA without lead compared with 200 mg L−1 lead concentration. Kudzu accumulated most of the lead in the root and therefore can be considered as a rhizofiltrator. As kudzu was able to accumulate 1.02% (wt/wt) of lead it can be considered a hyper-accumulator.

scholarly journals Growth and Development of Basil Transplants (Ocimum basilicum L.)under Biostimulants Application

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svjetlana Zeljković ◽  
Nada Parađiković ◽  
Uroš Šušak ◽  
Monika Tkalec
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Plant Adaptation ◽  
Number Of Leaves

In this study, the influence of biostimulants Radifarm® on basil transplants (Ocimum basilicum L.) growth and development was examined.Seedlings transplanted into the PVC containers φ9 cm,the plants were tre­ated with the biostimulant concentration of 0.30% or untreated(control). During the experiment recorded the morphological indicators of growth and development of seedlings(plant height, number of leaves), and finally made measuring root length and fresh and dry weight of roots and above-groundparts.The aim of this study was to determine whether, to what extent and in what manner applied biostimulator impact on improved growth and root development of seedlings of basil, and thus improve the adaptation of the young seedlings in abiotical stress of transplanting into the open field. All the traits were affected by treatment with biostimulants a certain duration of the experiment.Research indicates that the use of biostimulants in the production of basil enhances the growth and development of roots and above-ground parts which is a prerequisite for faster plant adaptation on stress during transplanting.

scholarly journals SALINITY AFFECTS GROWTH AND NET GAS EXCHANGE OF CARAMBOLA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1136d-1136
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
State Diffusion ◽  
Elevated Tanks ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Greenhouse Culture ◽  
Steady State Diffusion

Salinity effects on growth and net gas exchange of carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) examined in were greenhouse culture with ten-month-old seedlings in perlite: peat: sand: pine bark chip medium in 5.1 liter (21 cm top dia.) containers. Treatments of 0.05, 5.1, 9.5, or 13.9 dS·m-1 were obtained by dissolving ca. 0, 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 g of dehydrated sea salt per liter of rain water and delivered from elevated tanks by gravity to dribble ring emitters in containers via polyethylene and q icro tubing. All plants except control plants received 5.1 dS·m-1 beginning 25 Nov., and concentration was gradually increased for the two highest salinity levels until reaching 9.5 dS·m-1 on 3 Dec. and 13.9 dS·m-1 on 7 Dec. Plants were watered twice weekly until 1 March 1990. Stomatal conductance was determined (LI-COR 1600 steady-state diffusion porometer) on 7 day intervals beginning 24 Nov. Growth was determined as leaf area (LI-COR 3000 area meter), plant dry weight, and trunk diameter. Stomatal conductance declined in all salinity levels to 50% or less of controls by day 12, with a gradual further decline thereafter. Leaf area, plant dry weight, and trunk diameter declined linearly with increased salinity.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Sweet Basil Production under Low Tunnels

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tej P. Acharya ◽  
Mark S. Reiter ◽  
Greg Welbaum ◽  
Ramón A. Arancibia
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Available N ◽  
Sweet Basil ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Low Tunnels

Low tunnels (LTs) enhance vegetative growth and production in comparison with open field, but it is not known whether nitrogen (N) requirements and use efficiency increase or decrease for optimal crop performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine differences in N requirement, uptake, and use efficiency in basil grown under LTs compared with open field. The experimental design each year was a split plot with four replications. The main effect (plots) was N fertilizer application rate (0, 37, 74, 111, 148, and 185 kg·ha−1) and the secondary effect (subplots) was production system (LTs covered with spun-bonded rowcover vs. open field). Plant height and stem diameter were greater under LT than open field; however, they were unaffected by N fertilizer rate. Total fresh and dry weight increased with LT by 61% and 58% and by 50% and 48% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Optimum N rates for fresh weight (98% of peak yield) were 124 and 104 kg·ha−1 N under LT and open field, respectively. Leaf N concentration decreased under LT, but total plant N uptake increased because of increased dry weight. Without fertilization, soil available N use efficiency (SNUE) for dry weight increased by 45% and 66% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Mixed results were obtained for N fertilizer use efficiency (NFUE) in response to N rate. In conclusion, LT increased summer production of sweet basil, total plant N uptake, and SNUE.

scholarly journals Influence of Inverse Day/Night Temperature on Ozone Sensitivity and Selected Morphological and Physiological Responses of Cucumber

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhoolika Agrawal ◽  
Donald T. Krizek ◽  
Shashi B. Agrawal ◽  
George F. Kramer ◽  
Edward H. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Ozone Sensitivity ◽  
Variable Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Cultivar Difference

Cucumis sativus L. (cvs. Poinsett and Ashley) plants were grown from seed in a growth chamber at a +10C (28/18) or a -10C (18/28) difference (DIF) between day temperature (DT) and night temperature (NT) on a 12-hour photoperiod for 24 days prior to ozone (O3) fumigation (3 hours at 0.5 umol·mol-1). Negative DIF, compared to +DIF, reduced plant height, node count, fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area in both cultivars. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), chlorophyll concentration, and variable chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv) were lower and O3 injury and polyamine concentrations were higher at -DIF than at +DIF. Ozone fumigation generally increased leaf concentration of polyamines and reduced Pn, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence. `Poinsett' generally had a higher specific leaf mass and higher concentrations of chlorophyll a and polyamines than did `Ashley', but there was no cultivar difference in O3 injury, growth response, Pn, or stomatal conductance.

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