Influence of Entrepreneur and Firm Characteristics in Accessing Bank finance

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Kili Muhindi Rop ◽  
◽  
Edgar Ouko Otumba ◽  
Peter Kibas ◽  
Bernard Kibet i Nassiuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Business Plans ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Bank Financing ◽  
Business Form ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Medium Enterprise

SMEs are mostly guided by the owners’ characteristics which is an indicator of the level of decisions taken in the firm. Access to credit is a prerequisite for a high performance of an SME. The paper aimed at establishing the empirical link between entrepreneurs and firm characteristics and access to bank financing by SMEs in Eldoret town. Descriptive and explanatory research designs were employed in the study. A chi-square test of association was used to determine the relationship between study variables. The study findings indicated that gender and number of employees had a significant influence on access to bank financing. Male entrepreneurs are more likely to get bank financing compared to their female counterparts, while an increase in the number of employees increases the success rate of getting bank financing. However, age, education, business form, number of years of operation, stage of business and average turnover were found to be insignificant in obtaining funding. The study concluded that entrepreneur characteristics namely gender and relation to business and firm characteristics specifically structure of the business, economic sector and the average turnover determines the likelihood of banks financing SMEs. Entrepreneurial and firm characteristics were found to be important in access to bank financing. The study recommended that government and other service providers incorporate additional simplified components to their training packages to cover such areas as bookkeeping and development of business plans. Banks should develop lending policies which are friendly to Small and Medium Enterprise contexts. Keywords: Entrepreneur, firm characteristics, access, bank financing, SMEs

Relationship between the Responsiveness of Service Providers with Patient Satisfaction at Three Conventional Radiography Services in Denpasar

2016 ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Cokorda Istri Ariwidyastuti ◽  
P.P. Januraga ◽  
Dyah Pradnyaparamita Duarsa
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Relationship

Background and purpose: Patient satisfaction, including on radiography services, is an important component of health care provision. Surveys on patient satisfaction have been carried out particularly in government hospitals, but a more detailed study to determine the relationship between patient satisfaction with the responsiveness of service providers has yet to be carried out. This study aims to determine the relationship between the six domains of responsiveness of service providers and outpatient satisfaction at three conventional radiography facilities in Denpasar.Methods: Study was conducted by cross-sectional survey of 158 respondents selected consecutively in three conventional radiography services, namely a government hospital, a private hospital and a private radiology clinic. Data were collected through interviews using modified questionnaires on responsiveness from WHO. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate (chi-square test) and multivariate logistic regression method.Results: Univariate analysis indicated that patient satisfaction was 69% but still below the minimum service standards (>80,0%). Multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with satisfaction were the domain of attention (AOR= 3.77; 95%CI: 1.62-8.76), the quality of infrastructure (AOR=4.57; 95%CI: 1.61-12.93) and communication (AOR=6.30; 95%CI: 1.75-22.64).Conclusion: Patient satisfaction was generally still below the standard. Domains of responsiveness associated with patient satisfaction were the quality of infrastructure, level of attention and communication skills of service providers.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF AMRITSAR RELATED WITH ISSUES OF TAX RATES, FILING OF RETURN AND USAGE OF SOFTWARE OF GOODS AND SERVICE TAX (GST)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmeet Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Mixed Reaction

The main purpose of the paper is to analyse the problems of GST specifically in Amritsar city. The data is based on questionnaires which were distributors to 200 businessmen i.e. manufacturers, traders and service providers of Amritsar to collect their responses. For the purpose of analysing the data, Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test have been used. The result of the study revealed that majority of the taxpayers are satisfied with the implementation of GST and they have no difficulty in filing the return. Surprisingly, the results also found mixed reaction of respondents for usage of GST software. 57.5% of the respondents reported that their system have been equipped to handle GST software. With regard to usage of GST software, there is myth that GST software is not much user friendly and can be handle by expert only.

scholarly journals Management Strategies of Service Providers and Post-Travel Opinion of Bus Passengers’ (with Reference to Government and Private Omni Bus Operating Enterprises and its Services from Chennai)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 792-799
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Travel Experience ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Current Topic ◽  
Service Delivery Systems ◽  
Chi Square Test

The present research study primarily focuses on the post-travel Opinion of the bus passengers' who availed the service provider of SETC, TNSTC, and Private Omnibuses. An effort was made to detect, ascertain and to know commuters by bus opinions after their travel which is the primary reason for their level of satisfaction. A short analysis report is made on services, service delivery systems, how far the passengers satisfied with the facilities and frequency of service towards the service provider. In addition, the present study connects with behavior, brand loyalty towards the service provider. The reviews were properly taken into consideration for finding the gap between earlier and present study. The adequate statistical tools such as t-test, chi-square test, ANOVA, multi-regression analysis were used to test hypotheses related to the current topic. The variables connect with post-travel experience, the grouping of variables, factor analysis, adequate statistical tools was used. Objective-based findings, suggestions, and conclusions are given at an appropriate level to carry out further research.

scholarly journals Therapeutic drug monitoring of phenytoin using high performance liquid chromatography in a tertiary care hospital of Kashmir, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Mohd Adil ◽  
Sameena Farhat ◽  
Mohd Younis Rather
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Drug Monitoring ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Set Up

Background: Phenytoin is the most commonly used anti-epileptic drug (AED) in this set up due to cost effectiveness and easy availability. Significant fluctuations in serum phenytoin levels leading to toxicities or treatment failures make it an ideal candidate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).Methods: Patients of age ≥18 years who were put on phenytoin were enrolled in this study. Estimation of serum phenytoin levels was done using HPLC. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Chi square test, Kruskal Wallis test were used to analyse the data.Results: A total of 105 patients enrolled in the study, twenty patients (19%) had normal or therapeutic serum phenytoin levels. Thirty-nine patients (37.2%) had sub therapeutic serum phenytoin levels, while forty-six patients (43.8%) had toxic serum phenytoin levels.Conclusions: The TDM of phenytoin should adopt a multi-disciplinary approach with active involvement of neuro-physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacists and other technical staff for improving the overall management of epilepsy. TDM data will provide the clinicians with greater insight into the factors determining the patient’s response to drug therapy.

scholarly journals ROLE OF PROPERTY MANAGEMENT IN SERVICE DEMANDS OF ELDERLY RESIDENTS OF APARTMENT COMPLEXES

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Ying-Hua Huang ◽  
Pei-Chen Lee
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Property Management ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Service Demand ◽  
Custom Design ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Changing Demographics ◽  
Apartment Complexes

An aging population results in an increased demand for services designed to meet the needs of elderly people. To enable elderly individuals to age successfully in their original residence environments, property management companies that provide services to apartment complex residents play an important role as service providers. The purpose of this study was to identify possible services that property management companies can provide to elderly residents of apartment complexes in response to changing demographics. Factor analysis was performed to identify the main areas of service demands or service demand aspects. Cluster analysis and a chi-square test were also used to identify and highlight the varied demographic characteristics and residence conditions of respondents and how they affect the level of importance attributed to each service demand aspect. Results showed seven main service aspects that were of concern to elderly individuals. Specific characteristics of elderly people that led to higher demands for certain other service aspects were also identified. The results of this study can serve as a reference for property management companies to help them provide custom design services for apartment complexes they serve and to expand their business scope and opportunities.

scholarly journals Thematic elements underlying risk perception amongst small and medium enterprise owner-managers

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Udechukwu Ojiako ◽  
Maxwell Chipulu ◽  
Alasdair Marshall ◽  
Poonam Baboolall
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Creative Imagination ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Decision Factors ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Medium Enterprise ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Relationship

Orientation: The article discusses the parameters that underlie the perception of risk amongst SME owner-managers.Research purpose: This article draws on research suggesting that interactions between industry-sector (situational) differences and cognitive biases may often be decisive in moulding risk perceptions.Motivation for the study: Literature suggests that one of the most significant challenges facing entrepreneurs is the development of a clear understanding of what it means to experience and conceptualise ‘risk’ within the context of business entrepreneurship.Research design, approach and method: Utilising data obtained from a random sample of 446 SME owner-managers in the south-east of England, this study employs a combination of tests, including a non-parametric test, Chi-square test and Cramer’s V statistics test, to derive a series of thematic propositions that contribute to our understanding of how these entrepreneurs perceive decision risk.Main findings: Findings highlight the situational decision factors that influence SME owner-managers to overemphasise possible negative outcomes, thus constraining the creative imagination upon which their entrepreneurship depends.Practical/managerial implications: It is generally accepted that decisions that may be highly innovative are not necessarily risky, unless the entity concerned is innovating in order to survive and its innovations have strategic significance. Based on this, we posit that there is an urgent need for entrepreneurs to focus less on risk associated with innovation and more on comprehensive analysis of all risk and uncertainty present around business-critical decisions.Contribution/value-add: This study contributes to growing research examining the relationship between SME risk and innovation, which is at present sparse.

scholarly journals Analyzing the employment of expatriates as high-performance workers in terms of their impact on selected areas of the company.

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 05008
Author(s):  
Jana Cocuľová ◽  
Ľuba Tomčíková
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Multinational Company ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Multinational Organizations ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Questionnaire Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Business Challenges ◽  
Number Of Branches

The central topic of the paper is human resource management in multinational companies as one of the consequences of globalization. The paper particularly focuses on the use of expatriates as high-performance workers. The aim of the paper is to provide an analytical view of the work of this type of employees in branches of multinational organizations operating in Slovakia. The paper presents research results aimed at analyzing the employment of expatriates in branches of multinational companies in terms of selected features (size of branch, how long the company operates on the Slovak market and number of branches of an multinational company) and finding statistically significant links between the time an expatriate spends in the country and the impact he/she has on selected aspects of the company, namely innovation and new knowledge, his/ her share in addressing business challenges and on relationships at work from the perspective of branch managers of multinational companies. The research was conducted between January and May 2019 using a standardized questionnaire method on a sample of 138 managers of branches in which expatriates worked. The obtained data were processed by the methods of descriptive statistics and Chi-square test, through which three research hypotheses were tested.

scholarly journals Analysis of association of GPX5, FUT1 and ESR2 genotypes with litter size in a commercial pig cross population

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Buske ◽  
I. Sternstein ◽  
M. Reissmann ◽  
P. Reinecke ◽  
G. Brockmann
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Litter Size ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
Extreme Performance

Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate, if special genotypes of the genes glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5), fucosyltransferase 1 (FUT1) and estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) are associated with litter size in a commercial pig cross population. For this purpose, a total of 123 F2 sows were divided into two extreme performance groups, one with a high litter size (n = 61, ≥ 14.3 piglets per litter) and one with a low litter size (n = 62, ≤ 11.3 piglets per litter) and genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods. The Chi-square test was used in order to investigate, if a special genotype occurs significantly more often in one of the two performance groups (p < 0.05). Whereas no association was found between different ESR2 or GPX5 genotypes with one of the two performance groups, the number of sows with AB genotypes at the FUT1 gene was significantly increased in the high performance group in comparison to the low performance group.

scholarly journals Accessibility to non-bank credit and the growth of micro and small enterprises in the Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis, Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Frederick Koomson
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Credit Availability ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Log Linear

Access to credit has been consistently cited as a major constraint to the growth of micro and small-scale enterprises. Research has shown that enterprises that are not able to access credit from banks often rely on non-bank sources. It is based on this that the study set out to examine the accessibility of MSEs to non-bank credit and how non-bank credit affects their growth. In order to achieve the set objectives, 96 MSEs of five non-bank financial institutions were sampled for the study. Questionnaires were used to collect data from both the non-bank financial instutions and the MSEs. Data from the study were mainly analysed using the Chi-Square Test of Independence and log linear resgression analysis. Findings show that MSEs’ accessibility to non-bank credit was affected by inadequate information about credit availability, high interest rates and cumbersome procedure for credit acquisition. Most of the non-bank credit advanced to MSEs were inadequate and were often disbursed at wrong times. Credit received by MSEs mainly went to increasing working capital. This was attributed to the high rate of inflation that forces MSEs to demand credit for re-capitalisation. Firms that accessed larger amount of credit experienced increases in profits. Based on the findings the study recommends to non-bank financial institutions to make the procedures for credit acquisition less cumbersome, provide information about credit availability and to grant adequate and timely loans to MSEs. In order to access credit in time, MSEs are to put in timely application of credit as this will give non-bank credit institution amply time to process the application.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION OF ACTN3 R577X AND ACE I/D POLYMORPHISMS IN BRAZILIANS WRESTLERS

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Romanovitch Ribas ◽  
Zair Candido Oliveira Netto ◽  
Fabiano Salgueirosa ◽  
Priscila Fernandes ◽  
Oslei de Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Combat Sports ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Allelic Distribution ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Polymerase Chain

ABSTRACT Introduction: By associating genetics and sport, it is possible to identify subjects with greater capacity to adapt to training, and lower chances of injury. Objective: The investigation evaluated the genotypic and allelic distribution of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms in Brazilian high-performance athletes in wrestling and percussion combat sports. Methods: The study included 37 male athletes ranked from first to third place in world scenarios, divided into two groups: wrestling (23 wrestlers, being 11 of Judo, 4 of Greco-Roman style, 8 of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, with mean age of 27.3 ± 6.9 years) and percussion combat sports (14 athletes with a mean age of 25.7±4.4 years, being 6 of Karate, 3 of Muay Thai, 4 of Taekwondo, 1 Boxing). Genotyping of ACTN3 and ACE I/D polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the genomic DNA. Genotypic and allelic distributions were compared with control populations and athletes by Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test; all analyzes considered p ≤ 0.05. Results: The genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of ACTN3 RR=46%, RX=38% and XX=16%; R=65% and X=35%, and ACE I/D DD=47.7%, ID=34.3% and II=20%; D=62.9% and I=37.1% did not differ from the control population; however, when compared with wrestling athletes a significant difference was observed. Conclusion: These results suggest an association of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genes with Brazilian high-performance wrestling athletes.

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