Leadership and Religion in Family Business

This chapter focuses on how and why entrepreneurial leadership in family businesses may be influenced by Christianity. This chapter is motivated by the need to understand further the influence that entrepreneurial leadership entails in the context of the most predominant business form around the world: family business. To contribute to understanding, this chapter offers a model to understand the nature of entrepreneurial leadership in family business influenced by the values and beliefs embedded in Christianity.

Sustainability and Business Scalability of an Indian Social Enterprise

The ever-changing dynamics of modern business form new mechanisms for achieving high performance, ensuring business continuity and attaining adaptability. The features that describe the same in the organisational context are referred to as sustainability and scalability of an enterprise. One of the key challenges is to map how Social Enterprise effectively scale up and sustain to reach the communities that could benefit from their innovations.This paper attempts to evaluate sustainability and scalability for PRADAN (Professional Assistance for Development Action), an Indian Social Enterprise (SE) using the Case Study approach.Though, PRADAN is found to be positive on most of the indicators on sustainability and scalability; it is also highlighted that there is no “perfect” way to scale- up any business and therefore, it requires a more comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem in which the venture operates.The findings help in understanding the intricate path of sustainability and growth for a social enterprise.

Influence of Entrepreneur and Firm Characteristics in Accessing Bank finance

SMEs are mostly guided by the owners’ characteristics which is an indicator of the level of decisions taken in the firm. Access to credit is a prerequisite for a high performance of an SME. The paper aimed at establishing the empirical link between entrepreneurs and firm characteristics and access to bank financing by SMEs in Eldoret town. Descriptive and explanatory research designs were employed in the study. A chi-square test of association was used to determine the relationship between study variables. The study findings indicated that gender and number of employees had a significant influence on access to bank financing. Male entrepreneurs are more likely to get bank financing compared to their female counterparts, while an increase in the number of employees increases the success rate of getting bank financing. However, age, education, business form, number of years of operation, stage of business and average turnover were found to be insignificant in obtaining funding. The study concluded that entrepreneur characteristics namely gender and relation to business and firm characteristics specifically structure of the business, economic sector and the average turnover determines the likelihood of banks financing SMEs. Entrepreneurial and firm characteristics were found to be important in access to bank financing. The study recommended that government and other service providers incorporate additional simplified components to their training packages to cover such areas as bookkeeping and development of business plans. Banks should develop lending policies which are friendly to Small and Medium Enterprise contexts. Keywords: Entrepreneur, firm characteristics, access, bank financing, SMEs

A Point of Interest Data Method of Pingshan Village’s Spatial Pattern Coupling with Business Form

In the context of the rapid development of China's urbanization economy and the current situation of 'hollow villages' era., how to effectively inherit and protect the Chinese traditional villages as cultural heritage is an important issue for China’s beautiful rural construction. The economic development of villages is based on the reasonable configuration of business, as an important carrier of the layout of the format，the architectural space and street space of the village are linked together for analysis and research, so as to achieve the 'win-win' effect of high-quality business form and the rational use and protection of historical building space.This paper takes Pingshan Village, a famous historical and cultural village in Yi county, China, as the research object, collects data through historical record, on-site investigations and interviews, and uses geographic information technology, point of interest combing and spatial syntax analysis to study the spatial characteristics of the current status of the Pingshan Village’s commercial concentrated water street. Besides, this paper makes quantitative analysis of the number of business forms in JiyangXi water street, spatial analysis of the commercial layout, and fixed-point analysis of the flow of people. With the results above, this paper takes correlation analysis on the results of analyzing spatial characteristics and the layout of business forms, draws up the advantages and disadvantages of the main commercial space layout of Pingshan Village as well as the optimization strategy, thereby reaches the design suggestions on the adjustment of the business forms in different spaces in traditional village planning.

A Dynamic grey target evaluation method with multiple reference points for new R&D institution performance

As a new business form of innovation and development, new R&D institutions are characterized by their focus on regional and industrial major technical needs, diversified investment subjects, diversified construction models, and marketization of operation mechanism. Their performance evaluation faces new problems and challenges. This paper proposes a new dynamic grey target evaluation model of R&D institutions’ performance in regard to four evaluation indexes, three reference points, and four stages. Aiming at resolving the multi-attribute dynamic decision problem with the attribute value being an interval grey number and the decision-maker’s weight information unknown, we propose the use of the close degree of grey incidence method to determine the index weight. Our approach revolves around three reference points: peers, development, and expectations. Value matrices of the three reference points are expressed according to the Cumulative Prospect Theory, which also determines the distance from the center of the grey target. Based on the Orness measure, we establish a multi-stage weight optimization model to calculate the stage weight and the comprehensive cumulative prospect value of each agency. Finally, we verify the validity and practicability of our method with the use of parameter sensitivity analysis, a comparison with other methods, and a case study.

In the Era of Big Data, School Enterprise Cooperation, Production and Education Iintegration Build a Community of Common Destiny

This paper is to construct the modern apprenticeship talent training mode of “intercommunication, integration, and advancement”, explore the road of school enterprise joint construction of Industrial College, and serve the national strategy and industrial development needs. This paper specialty and industry drive each other, seize the opportunity of a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, closely connected with the national strategy, deeply cooperate with industry-leading enterprises, face the new economy characterized by new industry, new technology, new business form, and a new mode, closely follow the needs of the era of “cloud, material, big, intelligent and mobile”, and integrate industry, enterprise, and school in-depth, so as to create the fate of school and enterprise Community.

Penerapan Pre-Sale Disclosure sebagai Perlindungan Hukum Pembeli Bentuk Bisnis “Business Opportunity Ventures” Ditinjau melalui Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen

The form of business "Business Opportunity Ventures" that has developed in Indonesia has the same meaning as the franchise business form, but the two business forms are basically different. BO is regulated in the Business Opportunity Sales Law of 1995 by the Federal Trade Commission of the United States. Different forms of business certainly require different arrangements. This is motivated by the reason that the business forms that have not been regulated in a law are prone to fraud and injustice in the transaction process. buyers of this form of business. In this study using a normative juridical method with the statutory approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. Fraud and injustice received by BO Buyers can be done legally through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency as stipulated in the UUPK.

Microeconomic Aspects of Franchising

The present arrangement of franchising is a very popular business form. It is a very dynamic form of making business. The form is very modern and conservative at once. It′s modern enough and at the same time approved, to represent the possible visionary way of the entrepreneurship in the 21st century. Franchising has become a means of growth across many different industries, including business and financial services, beauty, health, sport, various services, food, medical, recreation and many others. Our effort might understand how the franchising performance drivers applied in the microeconomic parts work and how important it is for franchisor and the franchisee, as well.

Control Without Responsibility: The Legal Creation of Franchising, 1960–1980

While the first business organizations to reach large size in the late nineteenth century did so through the route of vertical integration—formal ownership of assets and direct employment of workers—mid-twentieth-century franchising firms pioneered a new path to bigness, relying on restrictive contracts rather than formal integration to control their business organizations. Franchised chains replaced formal ownership and employment with contractual mechanisms known as vertical restraints (contractual controls on separate firms, such as price and supplier restrictions) to achieve uniformity and control over their outlets, without directly owning them. While most existing accounts of franchising focus on efficiency reasons for the evolution of the business form, this paper identifies a policy and legal mechanism: the relaxing of antitrust prohibitions on vertical restraints. These policy and legal changes were heavily lobbied for by franchising firms themselves. Whatever the efficiency implications of franchising, the increasing legalization of vertical restraints also had the benefit for franchising firms of allowing them to pull in the legal boundaries of the firm, leaving workers and other stakeholders outside. At the same time that they pursued franchising as a kind of vertical integration by other means, franchisors lobbied to preserve the legal benefits of having franchisees considered separate firms under a variety of laws, such as access to Small Business Administration loans and exclusion of workers at franchised establishments from access to collective bargaining and other rights against them.