scholarly journals The Value of Information

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J Vilela
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
New Information ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Additional Form ◽  
The Ideal

Value of information is a methodology that aims to determine whether it is worth acquiring new information. The acquisition of new data may reduce the uncertainties of the input parameters that define the value of a project. Such a reduction can increase our expectations and consequently the value of the project. The acquisition of data is justifiable only if their cost is less than the project value increases due to an increase in the certainty of the parameters. This article reviews the concepts and methodology of the value of information when the uncertainty is due to a lack of information and discusses an example of this methodology. A decision tree is built for the ideal perfect and imperfect information cases in the example shown and both results are contrasted. It is shown that, in the example discussed, it is worth acquiring the data if their cost is less than the calculated threshold. This article also introduces an additional form of uncertainty that occurs because of ambiguity and will be discussed in a future article.

scholarly journals The perfection of mimicry: an information approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1724) ◽  
pp. 20160340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Sherratt ◽  
Casey A. Peet-Paré
Keyword(s):  
Value Of Information ◽  
Animal Coloration ◽  
Information Approach ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Stripe Order ◽  
Future Value ◽  
Perception Function

We consider why imperfect deceptive mimics can persist when it appears to be in the predator's interest to discriminate finely between mimics and their models. One theory is that a receiver will accept being duped if the model and mimic overlap in appearance and the relative costs of attacking the model are high. However, a more fundamental explanation for the difficulty of discrimination is not based on perceptual uncertainty, but simply based on a lack of information. In particular, predators in the process of learning may cease sampling imperfect mimics entirely because the immediate pay-off and future value of information is low, allowing such mimics to persist. This outcome will be particularly likely when the model is relatively costly to attack and/or the discriminative rules the predator has to learn are complex. Information limitations neatly explain why predators tend to adopt discriminative rules based on single traits (such as stripe colour), rather than on combinations of traits (such as stripe order). They also explain why predators utilize certain salient discriminative traits while ignoring equally informative ones (a phenomenon known as overshadowing), and why imperfect mimics may be more common in phenotypically diverse prey communities. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

scholarly journals A Constraint-Based Hypergraph Partitioning Approach to Coreference Resolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emili Sapena ◽  
Lluís Padró ◽  
Jordi Turmo
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Coreference Resolution ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Relaxation Labeling ◽  
Hypergraph Partitioning ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
New Information

This work is focused on research in machine learning for coreference resolution. Coreference resolution is a natural language processing task that consists of determining the expressions in a discourse that refer to the same entity. The main contributions of this article are (i) a new approach to coreference resolution based on constraint satisfaction, using a hypergraph to represent the problem and solving it by relaxation labeling; and (ii) research towards improving coreference resolution performance using world knowledge extracted from Wikipedia. The developed approach is able to use an entity-mention classification model with more expressiveness than the pair-based ones, and overcome the weaknesses of previous approaches in the state of the art such as linking contradictions, classifications without context, and lack of information evaluating pairs. Furthermore, the approach allows the incorporation of new information by adding constraints, and research has been done in order to use world knowledge to improve performances. RelaxCor, the implementation of the approach, achieved results at the state-of-the-art level, and participated in international competitions: SemEval-2010 and CoNLL-2011. RelaxCor achieved second place in CoNLL-2011.

Classifications in Psychiatry: A Conceptual History

1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
German E. Berrios
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Conceptual History ◽  
Empirical Inquiry ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
New Information ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Time Frames

Background: Historical accounts of psychiatric classifications have hitherto been written in terms of a ‘received view’. This contains two assumptions, that: (i) the activity of classifying is inherent to the human mind; and (ii) psychiatric ‘phenomena’ are stable natural objects. Objectives: The aim of this article is to provide an outline of the evolution of psychiatric classifications from the perspective of conceptual history. This is defined as a theoretical and empirical inquiry into the principles, sortal techniques and contexts in which alienists carried out their task. It assumes that all psychiatric classifications are cultural products, and endeavours to answer the question of whether classificatory models imported from the natural sciences can be applied to man-made constructs (such as mental illness) definitionally based on ‘personalised semantics’. Methods: Exemplars of classificatory activity are first mapped and contextualised. Then, it is suggested that in each historical period crafting classifications has been like playing a game of chess with each move being governed by rules. This is illustrated by offering an analysis of the 1860–1861 French debate on classification. Results and Conclusions: (1) Medicine is not a contemplative but a modificatory activity and hence classifications are only valuable if they can release new information about the object classified. (2) It should not be inferred from the fact that psychiatric classifications are not working well (i.e. that they only behave as actuarial devices) that they must be given up. Conceptual work needs to continue to identify ‘invariants’ (i.e. stable elements that anchor classifications to ‘nature’. (3) Because mental disorders are more than unstable behavioural epiphenomena wrapped around stable molecular changes, ‘neurobiological’ invariants may not do. Stability depends upon time frames. Furthermore, it is unlikely that gene-based classifications will ever be considered as classifications of mental disorders. For once, they would have low predictive power because of their lack of information about the defining codes of mental illness. ‘Social’ and ‘psychological’ invariants have problems of their own.

scholarly journals Playing Card-Based RTS Games with Deep Reinforcement Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Liu ◽  
Zijie Zheng ◽  
Hongchang Li ◽  
Kaigui Bian ◽  
Lingyang Song
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
State Space ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Playing Card ◽  
Board Games ◽  
Deep Model ◽  
Game Ai ◽  
Rts Game

Game AI is of great importance as games are simulations of reality. Recent research on game AI has shown much progress in various kinds of games, such as console games, board games and MOBA games. However, the exploration in RTS games remains a challenge for their huge state space, imperfect information, sparse rewards and various strategies. Besides, the typical card-based RTS games have complex card features and are still lacking solutions. We present a deep model SEAT (selection-attention) to play card-based RTS games. The SEAT model includes two parts, a selection part for card choice and an attention part for card usage, and it learns from scratch via deep reinforcement learning. Comprehensive experiments are performed on Clash Royale, a popular mobile card-based RTS game. Empirical results show that the SEAT model agent makes it to reach a high winning rate against rule-based agents and decision-tree-based agent.

scholarly journals Curiosity, latent learning, and cognitive maps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maya Zhe Wang ◽  
Benjamin Y. Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Value Of Information ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Latent Learning ◽  
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Information Availability ◽  
New Information ◽  
Flexible Behavior

ABSTRACTCuriosity refers to a desire for information that is not driven by immediate strategic or instrumental concerns. Latent earning refers to a form of learning that is not directly driven by standard reinforcement learning processes. We propose that curiosity serves the purpose of motivating latent learning. Thus, while latent learning is often treated as an incidental or passive process, in practice it most often reflects a strong evolved pressure to consume large amounts of information. That large volume of information in turn allows curious decision makers to generate sophisticated representations of the structure of their environment, known as cognitive maps. Cognitive maps facilitate adaptive and flexible behavior while maintaining its adaptivity and flexibility via map updates based on new information. Here we describe data supporting the idea that orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) play complementary roles in curiosity-driven learning. Specifically, we propose that (1) OFC tracks the innate value of information and incorporates new information into a detailed cognitive map; and (2) dACC tracks the environmental demands and information availability to then use the cognitive map for guiding behavior.

scholarly journals Testing the Information–Seeking Theory of Openness/Intellect

2020 ◽  
pp. per.2271
Author(s):  
Hayley K. Jach ◽  
Luke D. Smillie
Keyword(s):  
Information Seeking ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
European Association ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
New Information ◽  
Uncertainty Intolerance ◽  
Reward Value ◽  
Domain Level

Why are open people open? A recent theory suggests that openness/intellect reflects sensitivity to the reward value of information, but so far, this has undergone few direct tests. To assess preferences for information, we constructed a novel task, adapted from information–seeking paradigms within decision science, in which participants could choose to see information related to a guessing game they had just completed. Across two studies (one exploratory, n = 151; one confirmatory, n = 301), openness/intellect did not predict information seeking. Our results thus do not support a straightforward version of the theory, whereby open individuals display a general–purpose sensitivity to any sort of new information. However, trait curiosity (arguably a facet of openness/intellect) predicted information seeking in both studies, and uncertainty intolerance (inversely related to openness/intellect) predicted information seeking in Study 2. Thus, it is possible that the domain–level null association masks two divergent information–seeking pathways: one approach motivated (curiosity) and one avoidance motivated (uncertainty intolerance). It remains to be seen whether these conflicting motivations can be isolated and if doing so reveals any association between information–seeking and the broader openness/intellect domain. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

NEW INFORMATION ABOUT FUNGI RECORDED ON MICROBIOTA DECUSSATA KOM. IN THE CONDITIONS OF CULTURAL BREEDING

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
I.G. Bogachev ◽  
◽  
А.V. Bogacheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
New Information ◽  
First Time

For the first time, five species of fungi of various systematic groups have been noted on the Microbiota decussata in the collection of the Botanical Garden Institute. Some of them were found in Russia for the first time, but are not rare. These findings, in our opinion, clearly demonstrate the poor study of microbiota consorts and the lack of information about substrates and distribution of saprotrophic and pathogenic fungi in Russia.

scholarly journals Employee imagination and implications for entrepreneurs

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-152
Author(s):  
Usman Talat ◽  
Kirk Chang
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Change ◽  
Change Management ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Organization Studies ◽  
Organizational Change Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
New Information ◽  
Organizational Experience ◽  
Research Findings

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine employee imagination and implications for entrepreneurs of China. In 2015, the European Group of Organization Studies released a call for papers highlighting poor knowledge of employee imagination in organizations. To address this need, the current study hypothesizes employee imagination consisting of seven conditions common to the organizational experience of Chinese Entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach The current paper reviews the Chinese enterprising context. Cases from China are used to illustrate the effects of proposed conditions and their value for entrepreneurs and innovators in businesses undergoing change. Findings Employee imagination underpins and conditions how Chinese employees make sense of their organizations and better understand the process of organizational change. From the viewpoint of human resource management, emphasis on coaching and developing imagination enables businesses to stay competitive and adapt to environmental demands such as lack of information, too much information or the need for new information. Research limitations/implications The proposed conditions apply to the Chinese context; however, their application to wider contexts is suggested and requires attention. Practical implications Employee imagination was found to be a powerful tool, which facilitates the process of organizational change management. Originality/value Theoretically, the research adds new insights to knowledge of a poorly understood organizational behavior topic – employee imagination. Practically, the research findings provide mangers with knowledge of conditions, which could be adopted as powerful tools in facilitating organizational change management.

Study on the Application of Data Mining in the Reliability Evaluation of Structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 243-249 ◽  
pp. 5699-5702
Author(s):  
Wei Bing Hu ◽  
Yan Fang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Reliability Evaluation ◽  
Fuzzy Cluster ◽  
New Method ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
New Information ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Structure Code

This paper studies several factors that affect the reliability of established structures .The theory of Data Mining is introduced into this paper as a new method to study the evaluation of established structures. New information is ultimately mined from “Data Sea” filed up in existed structures. According to the Chinese Structure Code and engineering experience, the factors affecting the reliability of structures are properly qualified as input parameters. This paper mainly researches with engineering structural examples on the theory of fuzzy cluster, which belong to the field of Data Mining. According to the analysis of the methods， it is found that the method put forward in this paper is practicable, reliable and effective.

scholarly journals Neurocomputational mechanisms underlying the subjective value of information

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel X.-A. Goh ◽  
Daniel Bennett ◽  
Stefan Bode ◽  
Trevor T.-J. Chong
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Information Model ◽  
Information Value ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
New Information ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Subjective Preference ◽  
Multiple Stages

AbstractHumans have a striking desire to actively seek new information, even when it is devoid of any instrumental utility. However, the mechanisms that drive individuals’ subjective preference for information remain unclear. Here, we used fMRI to examine the processing of subjective information value, by having participants decide how much effort they were willing to trade-off for non-instrumental information. We showed that choices were best described by a model that accounted for: (1) the variability in individuals’ estimates of uncertainty, (2) their desire to reduce that uncertainty, and (3) their subjective preference for positively valenced information. Model-based analyses revealed the anterior cingulate as a key node that encodes the subjective value of information across multiple stages of decision-making – including when information was prospectively valued, and when the outcome was definitively delivered. These findings emphasise the multidimensionality of information value, and reveal the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying the variability in individuals’ desire to physically pursue informative outcomes.

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